After the Northern Wei Dynasty established its capital in Luoyang, how did the Xianbei people live in Luoyang?

Most of the descendants of the ancient Xianbei people have integrated into the Han people, a small number have integrated into the Khitan people, and an even smaller part have evolved into the Xibo people.

The Xibe people are descendants of the ancient Xianbei people. The Xibo people were originally nomadic in the eastern foothills of the Daxingan Mountains, and they have made a living by hunting and fishing for generations. After being incorporated into the "Eight Banners" of Mongolia in the 16th century, its social organization underwent drastic changes, and production shifted to a stable agricultural economy. In the mid-18th century, in order to consolidate the northwest frontier defense, the Qing government moved some Xibe people to Xinjiang. Later, these Xibe people settled in the Ili River Valley and opened up their second hometown.

“Xibo” is the self-proclaimed name of this nation. It is called siwe in spoken language and sibe in written language. Historically, there have been different transliterations of "Xubu", "Shiwei", "Shiwei", "Shibi", "Xibo", "Xibo", "Xibei", "Shibo", "Xiwo", etc. They are all homophones of siwe. The ancestor of the Xibo clan is Tuoba Xianbei of the Donghu clan. As early as before the Eastern Han Dynasty, they had been active in the area centered on "Gashan Cave" in the northern section of the Daxingan Mountains, with "livestock migration and hunting as their occupations". After 48 AD, they moved from the Daxing'an Mountains to the Hulunbuir area. After that, they migrated southward. In 386, most of the Tuoba Xianbei people entered the Central Plains and established the Northern Wei Dynasty, while another part of them took the name "Shiwei" and operated in the Chuoer River, Taoer River and other river basins on the left bank of the Nen River. Some of them, Shiwei, became Xibo ancestors of the clan.

In the Tang Dynasty, the ancestors of the Xibo people in the Chuoer River Basin belonged to the Tang Dynasty. In the Liao Dynasty, under the rule of the Khitans, most people began to engage in agriculture. After the fall of the Liao Dynasty and the rise of the Jin Dynasty, the ancestors of the Xibo tribe were again under the rule of the Jurchens. In the Yuan Dynasty, it began to be ruled by the Mongols. From the Yuan, Ming and early Qing dynasties, the Xibo people were under the jurisdiction of the Fuyu Guards among the three guards of the Mongolian Uliangha. In 1593, the Xibe people sent troops to form a nine-unit coalition army (30,000 troops) with Horqin, Yehe, Hada and others. They fought with Nurhachi and were defeated. From then on, the Xibe people began to partially belong to Manchuria. From 1636 to 1648, the Xibe soldiers and civilians, together with the Horqin Mongolians, were incorporated into the banner soldiers by the Qing government and became part of the Eight Banners of Mongolia. In 1692, the Mongol ruler Horqin donated the soldiers and civilians of his Xibe tribe to the Qing government. Since then, the Xibe tribe got rid of the rule of the Mongolian ruling class and began to be controlled by the Manchu ruling class. They were incorporated into the Eight Banners of Manchuria and moved to various places in Heilongjiang and Jilin. In 1764, in order to strengthen the garrison force in the Ili area, the Qing government transferred more than 3,000 Xibe soldiers and civilians to move to Ili. Since then, the Xibe people have formed a situation where the east and west are separated, with small settlements and large dispersions.

After the Xibe soldiers and civilians moved to Qapqal area, they have been shouldering the heavy task of establishing land and guarding the border. From the formation of the Xibo Camp in 1765 to the Yili Revolution of 1911, the Xibe people have been engaged in wartime conquests, producing in peacetime, and living a quasi-military life. For more than 200 years, it has made great contributions to defending the border, quelling civil strife, resisting foreign aggression, and building the border.

The Qapqal Xibe people have long maintained their own traditional culture and customs