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Buddhism

Buddhists

one of the three major religions in the world, which is alongside Christianity and Islam. Sakyamuni was founded in ancient India in the 6th century BC. As far as the route of its spread is concerned, it can be divided into northern Buddhism and Southern Buddhism; In terms of the different emphasis and characteristics of its teachings and rituals formed in different development stages, it can be divided into Hinayana Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism. After Buddhism spread to all parts of Asia, it quickly merged the cultures of all ethnic groups, forming a religious cultural system with the same characteristics of its great world religion without losing the differences of all ethnic groups.

Buddha and his teachings, Sakyamuni, mean the sage of Sakyamuni. Its real name is Siddhartha Gautama. After gaining enlightenment, he was called the Buddha, which means the awakened one for short. It is often called the Buddha-the Buddha who preached to women. The murals in Ajanta Grottoes in India are respected by all heaven and man. In the era when Gautama lived, the dominant thought was Vedic religious culture, while the social structure was caste hierarchy. However, the development of social economy makes the middle and lower castes have new political requirements. There is a critical trend of thought brewing in the society to the traditional religion of Brahmins. Religious concepts such as dharma, karma, reincarnation and liberation in Buddhism all come directly from Brahmanism. However, Gautama totally rejected the concept of God and soul self, and made a completely different explanation for the realistic situation and value goal of life. He believes that life is painful, and the root of pain lies in bad karma, which is caused by people's inherent defects, such as greed, confusion and stupidity. The only way to get rid of this unreasonable thing is to cultivate. The fundamental point of monasticism is to have a correct understanding and ensure the ethical motivation of goodness. Man's liberation ultimately lies in entering nirvana, which depends on himself, neither god's will nor fate can create. At the age of 29, Gautama gave up the prince's affluent life, abandoned his family and sought Taoism. After six years of hard exploration, he gained enlightenment at the age of 35, and spent the next 45 years trekking in the middle and lower reaches of the Ganges to preach his teachings.

Buddhism can be regarded as the core of primitive Buddhism and the basis for the development of Mahayana Buddhism theory later, which includes the so-called four truths, eight right paths and origin, impermanence and selflessness. Buddhism believes that the world is full of pain and life is a collection of painful experiences; Pain has its inevitable reasons. It stems from the fundamental troubles such as greed; Pain can be eliminated by the truth that can be proved into nirvana; There is a path that tends to nirvana and get rid of the pain of reincarnation according to personal practice, that is, the eight right paths. The Eighth Path emphasizes that people who practice Buddhism cannot lose morality and legitimacy from their heart to their actions, from their means of practice to their way of life. It can be considered that the theory of origin is the core of Buddhist doctrine, and the mutual treatment arising from origin can explain the Buddhist doctrine of impermanence and selflessness; From the analysis and explanation of the origin, we can draw a set of theories of Mahayana Kongzong on the middle way, reality and two truths; From the exploration of the essence of origin, we can see that Mahayana has a doctrine about Tathagata-Tibet and Araiye's knowledge of origin; Even the Mahayana tantric Buddhism follows the saying that the origin is empty. It is characterized by more symbolic techniques and secret incantations such as initiation to pursue becoming a Buddha. Of course, Buddhist teachings have gradually formed their own characteristics in various regions and sects, but its liberation theory and its basic value judgment for the world and life are consistent.

splitting and spreading Buddhism is a system including the founder Buddha, religious theory and religious organizations. In the end, the Buddha only exists in the world as an ideal personality or a sacred idol, and as a theory, Buddhism can only be preserved and developed by relying on the Sangha Sect. The original intention of the Monk League was to escape from the secular society, and its members were originally a group of disciples who were prepared to practice the teachings of the Buddha with the same oath. But the monks still have to be supported by the society, and the Sangha members still reflect the requirements of the society in twists and turns. When the Buddha was alive, there were all kinds of differences among the monks. After the death of the Buddha, members inside naturally have different understandings about his teachings and the discipline he laid down for the monks. A hundred years after the Buddha's nirvana, an argument broke out around the suitability of precepts and the spiritual characteristics of practitioners. As a result, Buddhism was divided into two fundamental sects: the Bodhisattva Sect and the Popular Sect. In the next hundred years, the two major schools argued and split again and again on the discipline or philosophical issues related to spiritual liberation, and finally formed eighteen schools or twenty schools. Around A.D., some Buddhists who believed in Bodhisattva gradually split up. They were different from previous Buddhists in classics, ideals and practice. They called themselves Mahayana and called previous Buddhists Hinayana. During this period, many Mahayana classics centered on Prajna sutras appeared in Indian Buddhism. Based on these classics, the thoughts of "emptiness" and "middle way" have become the core concepts of the newly emerging Mahayana Empty Sect. Thinker Long Shu and disciple Tipo systematically developed the Prajna theory and created the Middle School. During this period, Hinayana Buddhism said that everything has a department and the Ministry of classics continued to construct and improve their theory. After the 4th century A.D., Wuzuo and Shiqin, who came out of "You Bu", criticized the theory of You Bu and the theory of Kongzong, and created the school of yoga. It is also called Mahayana Sect. The basic proposition of religion is that knowledge is boundless. The core of the theory is the origin of Reye and the three natures and three asexuals. After the 7th century, Buddhism increasingly turned to secret multiplication. Tanism flourished in the 9th century. Then it gradually declined in India. Buddhism was introduced into Sri Lanka in the 3rd century BC. From 4th to 6th century, it spread to Burma, Fu Nan, Malay Peninsula, Java and Sumatra. In the 14th century, Buddhism in the upper seat, based on Ceylon Temple, finally established its dominant position in Indo-China countries. Later, Sri Lanka and large areas of Southeast Asia have always believed in Southern Buddhism. Buddhism from northwest India to the east along the Silk Road via Central Asia is called Northern Buddhism. Buddhism entered China at the beginning of A.D. and reached its peak after the 7th century. In the late 4th century, Buddhism spread to the Korean peninsula. It was introduced to Japan from the Korean Peninsula in the 6th century. The formation of various Buddhist sects in Korea and Japan was deeply influenced by Buddhism in China. After the 19th century, with the strengthening of cultural exchanges between the East and the West and the awakening of oriental nationalism, Buddhism spread to Europe and America with Asian immigrants and missionary groups.

Buddhist classics. Buddhist classics are collectively called Sanzang. Hidden, originally meant to be baskets and other utensils for holding objects. Sanzang refers to the three parts of Buddhist scriptures: classics, laws and theories. Classics are the teachings of the Buddha himself; Law is a disciplinary provision made by the Buddha for the collective reason of the monk group. On the other hand, it is an explanation of the main points in the classics and laws. Immediately after the death of the Buddha, the church of the Buddha's legacy recited the first collection, but at that time there were only two parts: scriptures and laws. On Tibet, it was gradually formed after the division of ministries. About all the Buddhist sects have their own Sanzang classics. In the early Buddhist scriptures, Sanzang used different languages because of different sects in different regions. Sanskrit was gradually adopted in the 2nd and 3rd centuries. About the 1st century BC, Buddhist scriptures were written in writing. With the spread of Buddhism in various parts of Asia, there have been Sanzang in different language families. Generally speaking, it can be divided into two systems: Pali in the south and Chinese and Tibetan in the north. Sanzang was called the All Sutra in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and it was also called the Tripitaka Sutra after the Sui Dynasty. In addition, there are also Tibetan Tripitaka in Manchu and Xixia translated according to the Tibetan Tripitaka in Han Dynasty. There are also Tripitaka in Burmese, Sangha Tam, Thai and Japanese translated or transcribed according to the Pali Tripitaka in the south.

the sangha system and rituals. Buddhist monks are called sangha. As early as the Buddha's time or even before, there were many groups of monks and shamans in Northeast India. A group of abandoned practitioners follow a mentor and get together during the rainy season in July and August every year. Buddhism's rain settlement is the same as this situation. At that time, in the peaceful place, the Buddhist disciples lived in separate houses, but they had the same sense of belonging. Every full moon and new moon, they gathered to recite the precepts and repent each other, which was the origin of Busa Day. A hundred years after the death of the Buddha, a fixed temple was established, and Yu Anju gradually gave up. By the time of Ashoka, the number of large temples with fixed income from temple production increased a lot. In the 5th century, there was even a temple academic center like Nalanduo. Many large temples in China's Han and Tibetan areas also have the same function of giving lectures and preaching. The same temple system also spread to Southeast Asia, Japan and North Korea with monks coming and going, but it changed slightly. For example, the temple statues have absorbed the gods from all over the world as protectors; In the layout of the temple, Zen Hall and Mituo Hall were built according to the needs of the Sangha. In China, there used to be two kinds of temples: Shifang Jungle and Descendants Temple. The former was a large-scale lecture center, while the latter was a village cultural center distributed in rural areas. The rituals in the Sangha include the Shami Ring and the Bhikkhu Ring, which are possessed by Mahayana Buddhism. There is also the Bodhisattva precept in Mahayana, which is suitable for Buddhists at home who are eager to learn Buddhism and seek three conversions. There is an initiation ceremony in secret Buddhism. In addition, the Sangha also provides services to the society with religious ceremonies. In China, there are confession, land and water dharma, yoga, Yan Kou, and Bonsai. There are also sayings of turning scriptures in Tibet; Folklore believers in various countries in Southern Buddhism often invite monks to recite the mantra sutra at home to avoid disasters.

Buddhist ethics and cultural Buddhist ethics have followed the principle of not going to extremes from the beginning. Buddhists openly declare their conversion to the Three Treasures and then practice the lifestyle pointed out by the Buddha. Buddhism regards compassion and charity as essential qualities. "All evils should be avoided, all good practices should be followed, and self-purification is all Buddhism" is considered as the basic purpose of Buddhism mentioned by the Buddha. Buddhism believes that people are completely equal in kindness and ultimate enlightenment (see Buddha's nature) except for differences in understanding ability. Buddhism has a strong sense of reverence for life, which is manifested in the creed of not killing. It advocates that compassion should benefit all sentient beings, and the manifestation of love is not only to give alms, but also to teach people with Buddhism (dharma) and share their merits with others (return).

Buddhism, as an ideology, has profoundly influenced the life ideal, life interest and behavior of Buddhists and non-Buddhists. At the same time, different artistic means used by Buddhism to express and publicize its ideas, myths and legends have had an important impact on the history of human civilization. Buddhist art, including paintings, sculptures and statues, is wonderfully embodied in Buddhist grottoes, temples and pagodas all over Asia. Buddhist temple buildings and various pagodas show different characteristics with the artistic styles and styles of different countries and nationalities; Many Buddhist classics are beautiful literary works in themselves, and Buddhist classics directly affect the style, artistic conception and vocabulary in literary creation in various countries. In short, when Buddhism has completely penetrated into the spiritual level of people's lives in Asian countries, it is no longer just a religion, but an organic part of national spirit and culture.