I wrote the history of my family going to Jieyang.

Jieyang Ancient County is one of the oldest counties in Guangdong Province, with a long history of more than 2,000 years. The Rongjiang River Basin in its territory was once the regional center of ancient eastern Guangdong and southern Fujian, and also the birthplace of Chaoshan culture. In this paper, the organizational system evolution, social economy and culture of Jieyang in different periods before 1840 (the lower limit of China ancient history) are preliminarily explored for reference.

First, from ancient times to Qin and Han Dynasties

This period is the period when Jieyang County began to establish and administer the widest area in history.

Jieyang is named after Jieyang Ridge, one of the five mountains (Wuling: First, Dayuling, Shi 'anling, Linheling, Guiyang Ridge and Jieyang Ridge; The other is Dayuling, Yuechengling, Mengzhuling, Qitianling and Dupangling, which was first seen in the thirty-third year of Qin Shihuang (2 14 BC). After Pai Renxiao and Zhao Tuo Nanping, Nanhai, Guilin and Hunan counties were established, and Jieyang garrison was established in Chaoshan area of Nanhai County, Meizhou City and parts of southern Fujian. Therefore, Professor Chong Yirao said, "The oldest things can be picked from the tide because of Qin's defense." . (1) At the end of the Qin Dynasty, the governors rebelled and went to Nanhai County to comfort them and make them seriously ill. On the basis of analyzing the military politics of the world and Lingnan, they believed that Lingnan could establish a country, so they advised Zhao Tuo to stand on its own feet. After Ren Tao's death, Zhao Tuo ruled Lingnan according to his words and deeds. In 204 BC, he established his own country, South Vietnam, and appointed a historian as Jieyang Order, so the political system was established here. Six years ago (11), Ding Yuan pacified South Vietnam and established Jieyang County in the former Jieyang area. Chaoshan area belongs to Nanhai County, and began to have a political system directly under the Central Plains Dynasty, which lasted until the year of Jin Jiu (4 13), when Jieyang was established in Yi 'an County. So today we are talking about the history of Jieyang before Jin Dynasty, that is, the history of Chaoshan and its surrounding areas today. There are few documents about this period, especially the society in Jieyang area before Qin Dynasty, which can only be understood with the help of archaeological materials.

Since the 1930s, generations of archaeologists and cultural workers have done a lot of archaeological exploration and excavation in Jieyang, eastern Guangdong, and found a large number of archaeological and cultural sites and remains. Through these materials, we can get a glimpse of the social features of ancient Jieyang:

In the 1990s, archaeologists excavated a number of striking stone products in Xiangshan, Nan 'ao Island at the mouth of the Han River. These stone products were small, flat and thin. According to the archaeologist Professor Ceng Qi, this era was about 8,000 years ago. (2) This is the oldest human cultural relic found in eastern Guangdong so far, and some hornfels have also been found at the Shi Ye site of Yuhu Lake in Jieyang today. Professor Ceng Qi thinks that their beating techniques are similar to those of Xiangshan small stone tools. It shows that as early as 8,000 years ago, the ancestors had already produced and lived in this land in eastern Guangdong. Of course, with the in-depth development of archaeological work in the future, relics older than Xiangshan site may be found, so the history of ancient eastern Guangdong will be advanced to 8000 years ago.

Near them, the ruins of Chaoan Chenqiao North Hill, Chihu North Hill and Jieyang Honggang are 5,000 to 6,000 years ago. From the bones and shells of a large number of animals such as pigs, cattle and fish found in these sites, it can be seen that the pre-democracy in this period mainly relied on fishing and hunting to obtain living materials, and the discovery of many bone grinders such as bone knives, bone cones and bone needles shows that there are more ancestors here. In the late Neolithic pottery production site of Hutoupu, Mianyuan Village, Guang Tai Town, Puning, it was found that there were 17 pottery kilns in the same period, which fully showed the developed degree of ceramic industry here about 4000 years ago.

Up to now, the most common and widely distributed archaeological remains in prehistoric archaeology in eastern Guangdong are waterfront archaeological cultural remains, and dozens of them have been found. Geographically, it is mainly distributed in Rongjiang, Hanjiang, Jiulong and Jinjiang in eastern Guangdong. Rongjiang river basin is a place where floating bank cultural relics are densely distributed. There are 5 sites in Jieyang County (now Jieyang), and 33 sites have been discovered. (3) This is probably a sign that Rongjiang River Basin will become the regional center of eastern Guangdong since Qin and Han Dynasties. Professor Qiu Licheng, an archaeologist, believes that the era of Fu Bin culture is equivalent to the Western Zhou Dynasty. (4) The rich cultural relics on the floating bank reflect the history of the transition from the former society to the slave society in eastern Guangdong and its relationship with the culture of the Central Plains: from the form of the floating bank tombs, the tombs are in different directions and disorderly, reflecting that the blood ties of the people on the floating bank have been broken, and the burial methods are based on the differences in power, rank and wealth; (5) There are pottery spinning wheels, a large number of pottery and Tao Pai among the cultural relics unearthed in Fu Bin cultural site, which shows that Fu Bin people have been able to engage in ceramic production, and the production has reached a certain scale (because seven Tao Pai pieces have been found in Dongkengzi site in South Australia), and they can produce huge pottery, such as Dakouzun, in which glazing technology has been used, which is a manifestation of the development of productive forces; Bronze hairpin, bronze fragments and bronze slag have also been found in some relics on the floating shore, indicating that the owner of the floating shore has cast and used bronzes, and the extensive discovery of bronze burial in tombs around the country should reflect the development of bronze production to some extent; Among the unearthed cultural relics, weapons such as Shi Ge and He Shi were found, indicating that wars still occurred frequently here during this period. In addition, stone teeth were found in the waterfront site of Xianqiao in Jieyang. As a kind of "ritual vessel" originated from the Central Plains, the tooth palm is used as a scepter for the success of the ancestors. On the one hand, the discovery of Shizhang in Xianqiao site shows that there are obvious hierarchical differences in people's society living in waterfront areas, on the other hand, it also shows that the culture in waterfront areas obviously contains the factors of commercial culture in the Central Plains. (6)

After Fu Bin culture, it entered the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. With the opening of Jieyang Ridge, South Vietnamese culture penetrated into the local area with strong momentum, which changed the cultural outlook of the indigenous people here. The most obvious sign in archaeology is that, following the pontoon type, geometric printed pottery in the Hanjiang River basin has made a comeback, and a large number of pottery-Kuiwen pottery, which archaeologists consider to be the unique symbol of the South Vietnamese, has been used. (7) During this period, with the migration of South Vietnamese, advanced rice cultivation techniques were introduced. Today, a checkered pottery pot with traces of rice ears was found on the mountain next to Chexi, Xinhenglong, Jieyang. The largest rice ear reached 23. Stone shovels and triangular perforated plowshares were found in Wuduishangang site in Quxi, and various farm tools such as stone axes, stone shovels, hoes, shovels, knives, stone mills and pestles were generally found in other areas, indicating that hoeing agriculture continued to develop. (8) Because the ploughshare, hoe, shovel, shovel and other agricultural tools and bronze agricultural tools appear in stone agricultural tools, (9)

Although the establishment time of Jieyang County in ancient times has been controversial, it seems that more and more scholars have accepted the view that it began in Nanyue State in Qin Dynasty and was decided by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty in recent years. Now there is a question: where was the city site (county administration) of Jieyang County in Qin and Han Dynasties? Due to the lack of clear records in history books. Tidal researchers have been debating this issue since the 1980s. Some people think that in today's Jiexi River slope, some people think that in today's Fengshun Tangkeng, others think that in Chenghai Guishan and so on. But all kinds of statements lack strong evidence. If we want to talk about the river slopes and soup pits, why have Jiexi and Fengshun never found any relics such as rope tiles in the Han Dynasty, let alone the ruins of ancient cities in the Qin and Han Dynasties? (10) Although the architectural site of the Han Dynasty was found in Guishan, Chenghai, the location of Guishan was a hill protruding from the sea more than 2,000 years ago, and there was no brief terrain. As the political center of Jieyang in ancient times, its jurisdiction is tens of thousands of square kilometers, which is very safe. (1 1) According to the Summary of Reading Historical Places compiled by Gu Zuyu in Qing Dynasty: "The old county of Jieyang is in the northwest of the county and south of Ling Jie. Han Zhijun, in the name of Ling Jie. " "Jieyang Mountain is 150 miles northwest of the county seat ... and Ling Jie is also a day. ..... Shilu stayed at home to uncover the ridge, or thought it was this mountain. " Combined with the route of Qin attacking Baiyue and Hanping South Vietnam and the geographical situation of Jieyang in Qin and Han Dynasties. The author thinks that it is possible that the site of the old town of Jieyang should be in the north (or northeast or northwest) of ancient Jieyang County. This point is also mentioned by Professor Tsung i Jao in Chronicle of Chaozhou River Evolution: "In Qin and Han Dynasties, the Bohai Sea was below Yixi, and the north of coastal alluvial land was the boundary, while Jieyang Mountain was far away in Jiangxi. So Shilu stayed at home, passed through Guilin, and Wuyang became an official in Xiangxi. When we knew the Han Dynasty, the political center of Jieyang County should be north of Chaojun, while the coastal area was called wasteland. Of course, the author's assertion and the specific location of the city site in the north will be confirmed by more detailed and specific documents (such as ancient regional maps) collected by our tidal researchers. ) and objects excavated by archaeologists, such as Qin bricks and Han tiles.

There are few documents about the social, economic and cultural conditions of Jieyang ancient county in Han Dynasty, and archaeological discoveries are less than before Qin and Han Dynasties. So far, only a dozen sites of the Han Dynasty have been found in the whole Chaoshan area. From the distribution of these sites, we can see the infiltration process of the Central Plains culture into the ancient Jieyang area in the Han Dynasty: in the early Western Han Dynasty, there was only one site in the Chaoshan area, Guishan Mountain in Chenghai, which was occupied by the Han people like an island, but in today's Rongjiang Beijiang Valley in Jieyang, there are relatively dense indigenous Vietnamese remains. By the middle and late Han Dynasty, the influence of Han culture seemed to have penetrated into the south river basin of Rongjiang River in the mainland, and the wooden tomb of Baolianzhai Mountain in Baita, Jieyang showed Lingbei culture. The tomb of the Chinese Yue people around the pine and cypress in Puningli Lake shows that in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the influence of Chinese culture was further promoted to the upper reaches of the Rongjiang South River. (12) From the cultural relics unearthed from these Han sites, we can get a glimpse of Jieyang society in the Han Dynasty: a large number of ironware, such as axes, cymbals, scrapers, chisels, hooks, knives, cones and nails, have been unearthed in the sites. This shows that the iron imported from the Central Plains has been widely used here, and the use of iron is a symbol of the development of productive forces; The unearthed pottery has more seal patterns and more colored glazes, including blue glaze, yellow glaze and green glaze, which shows that the manufacturing technology of pottery has been greatly improved than before. The most common bronze ware is five baht copper coins, which shows that the commodity exchange here has the circulation of coins, which is the performance of the development of commodity economy; Ornaments such as agate pearls and agate Erzan found in the site are generally believed to have been imported from overseas, reflecting the import of overseas articles in the Han Dynasty into Chaoshan area, which is the physical witness of Chaoshan area's participation in the "Silk Road" activities in the South China Sea. ( 13)

Second, from Jin Dynasty to Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

This period was the period when Jieyang County, which had been established for more than 600 years, was abolished.

From the end of the Han Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Central Plains was constantly in war, and the southeast region was relatively stable. Many prominent families in the Central Plains moved south to escape the war, which formed another climax of people crossing south after Qin and Han Dynasties. Many tombs of the Southern Jin Dynasty with the color of the Central Plains were found in eastern Guangdong, and it can be concluded that eastern Guangdong was the main settlement of "refugees" who moved south at that time. Immigrants from the Central Plains have brought great changes to the social life in eastern Guangdong. On the one hand, Zhongyuan people brought advanced technology, which promoted the development of coastal transportation, strengthened exchanges between eastern Guangdong and the mainland, and promoted social and economic development. On the other hand, with the increase of population, in order to strengthen management, it is necessary to add counties, so the original administrative divisions are adjusted. In the first year of Xianhe (326), East Guangdong and Jincheng were divided into Dongguan County and Jieyang County in Nanhai County. In the sixth year of Xianhe (33 1), Jieyang County was divided into four counties: Haiyang, Chaoyang, Haining and Sui 'an. In the 9th year of Emperor Yi Xi of Jin 'an (4 13), it was divided into Dongguan County, and Yi 'an County was established in the former Jieyang County, and Haiyang County was under its jurisdiction (now five counties including Chaoan, Raoping, Rongcheng, Jiedong, Jiexi and Chenghai). ), Chaoyang County (now Chaoyang, Puning, Huilai, etc. ) and Zhao Yi (Zhao Zhao). Later, the organizational system in this area evolved like this: During the Southern Qi Dynasty, Yi 'an County added a county to Chengxiang, and * * * governed six counties. In the 10th year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (590), Yi 'an County was merged, and Yi 'an County was only located in the original county. The following year, Yi 'an County was changed to Chaozhou, which governs six counties: Haiyang, Chaoyang, Sui 'an, Haining, Zhao Yi and Chengxiang. In the third year of the Great Cause of Sui Dynasty (607), Chaozhou was called Yi 'an County and was under the jurisdiction of Yangzhou. In the fourth year of Wude (62 1), it was renamed Chaozhou and abandoned Yi 'an County. In the first year of Tianbao in Tang Gaozong (742), Chaozhou was changed to Chaoyang County. The first year of Gan Yuan (758), also known as Chaozhou, still governed Haiyang, Chaoyang and Chengxiang counties. In the second year of the late Jin Dynasty (945), Cheng Xiang was upgraded to Jingzhou, and Chaozhou only governed Haiyang and Chaoyang counties until the Northern Song Dynasty.

Although the ancient Jieyang County was abolished in the ninth year of Yi Xi, the Emperor of Jin 'an, for a long time afterwards, people used to call Jieyang Yi 'an County and Chaozhou, which were later renamed.

Third, the Song and Yuan Dynasties

This period is the recovery of Jieyang county, but the area is much smaller than before, and the social economy and culture have entered a period of all-round development.

In the third year of Song Xuanhe (1 12 1), Yongning, Yande and Chongyi in Gehaiyang County were located in Jieyang County, and the county was located in Huang Liu Village (now Fengshun Liu Liu Town). In the second year of Shaoxing (1 132), Jieyang county was abolished and the whole territory was merged into Haiyang. In the same year, Chaoyang County was also incorporated into Haiyang. So far, Chaozhou has only one county's territorial sea. In the tenth year of Shaoxing (1 140), Jieyang county resumed its organizational system, and the county administration was initially located in Bai Ji Village (now Yuhu Jinggang). Later, it moved to Yujiao Village (now Rongcheng), and Chaozhou was renamed Chaozhou Road in Yuan Dynasty, belonging to Jieyang County.

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the Central Plains culture became the mainstream culture in Chaoshan, and the Chaoshan area entered a period of all-round development. In the Song Dynasty, due to the frequent wars in the north, it caused great damage to the Central Plains and even the south of the Yangtze River, and people went into exile in large numbers. At this time, the relatively stable social environment and a large number of undeveloped farmland in the southeast coastal areas attracted northern scholars who were eager to live and work in peace and contentment. Therefore, the scale of southward migration in this period greatly exceeded that in the Han, Jin and Southern Dynasties. When Jieyang withdrew from the county, it was the time when a large number of immigrants from the Central Plains and the South of the Yangtze River moved into Chaoshan area through Fujian. Because of its fertile land and small population, there is still a lot of land for reclamation and planting, which has become a migration point for immigrants. During this period, the immigrants who moved to Jieyang from Fujian coast and Chaozhou mainly lived in the border area between hills and plains along the Yangtze River, where they could "cultivate foreign fields, eat river fish and burn firewood" and had excellent living conditions. Others live in higher areas of the plain. (14) The immigration of a large number of immigrants greatly increased the population of this county. The population of Jieyang in Song Dynasty reached 60,000. On the other hand, it has brought labor and production technology to the development of this county. Because there are a large proportion of Jiangnan nationalities among the immigrants who moved south at this time, people with rich experience in paddy field farming are the new force to cultivate water towns. After a period of reclamation, Jieyang has become a "coastal halogen-free gypsum soil", and a large area of land has been intensively cultivated. Tunnels and canals were built in various places, and rice was planted in a large area with excellent double-cropping rice varieties such as white-shelled Zhan, yellow-shelled Zhan and red-shelled Zhan introduced from Zhancheng (now south-central Vietnam). The output has greatly increased, and the Rongjiang River Basin has become a rich granary. Besides supplying the local population, grain is also exported. At that time, in addition to planting rice, mulberry and sericulture were also planted on a large scale, and the landscape of "peaceful days, Sang Ma everywhere" appeared. (15) has formed a diversified management situation focusing on grain production. At that time, Jieyang had fertile land, so many celebrities had to exclaim that "Chaozhou was the last stream in the old days, but now the scenery in the south is absolutely unique" (16).

Handicraft and mining also developed during this period. Although few documents are recorded, many porcelain kiln sites (17) were found at the junction of Chaojie and Shuigangzai Mountain in Shidetang Village, Putian, indicating that porcelain production was very common at that time. Archaeological identification of some Song Dynasty utensils and ironware unearthed in Chetian, Ma Shuo, Hou Ling and Shidetang mines is the site of Song Dynasty mines. (18) proves that there was a mining industry in Song Dynasty.

Economic development promotes urban and rural construction. Rongcheng, the county magistrate, has gradually become the political, economic and cultural center of the county. The inner and outer walls of the county government, Gong Xue, commonly known as the Forbidden City, and a number of famous temples and famous temples such as Shuangfeng and Fenghua have been established one after another. More than a dozen long-span stone bridges, such as Mianhu Bridge, Deqiao Bridge, Shenpu Bridge and Xianqiao Bridge built in the Song Dynasty, show that the construction technology at that time has reached a considerable level.

On the basis of social and economic development, cultural education has also been improved. In the 10th year of Shaoxing in Song Dynasty (1 140), the establishment of Gong Xue was the beginning of official school in Jieyang County. In addition, the academies and bookstores set up by Xiang Xian also make Jieyang people more and more eager to learn. More and more people take part in and take part in the imperial examinations. According to Qianlong's Records of Jieyang County, in the Song Dynasty, Jieyang was recommended or promoted as a scholar in the three subjects of "moral integrity, excellent academic performance and meticulous service", with as many as 19 people. In addition, there are a number of gold-winning literati in Huai Yu. Among them, Chen was called "Guangnan Master" because of his outstanding performance in official management and writing. In his later years, he opened an academy to give lectures in Huang Qishan, which opened the wind of "scholars learning for knowledge" in Jieyang. Zheng Guohan and Dali scholar Zhu are scholars on the same list. After becoming an official, they built Lantian Bookstore in Feiquanling, Tangkeng, and Zhu personally gave lectures. Wang Zhonghang devoted his whole life to promoting learning and worshipping culture, and the Chaozhou Scroll (also known as Chaozhou Ji) edited by him is the earliest historical record of Chaozhou. There is also a "transcendental interest", and Gao Shiwu, who made friends with the second Soviet Union (Su Shi and Su Zhe), is one of the eight sages in Chaoshan. Jieyang was also called "Zou Lu by the Sea" in the Song Dynasty because of its increasingly prosperous writing style and numerous celebrities.

In the Yuan Dynasty, Jieyang maintained the county-level organizational system, but Mongolian aristocrats practiced the policy of discriminating against other ethnic groups and massacred the general public. In the winter of Song Jingyan's third year, Yuan soldiers captured Jieyang City, set fire to it, and slaughtered it for three days, and corpses were everywhere, turning the bustling Rongcheng into the ruins of "several households in Jingyi survived after the fire was depressed" (19). The high-handed policy of the Yuan Army aroused the people's struggle against Yuan. All these greatly reduced the population of Jieyang in the Yuan Dynasty. According to Qianlong's Jieyang County Records, the number of Jieyang households in Yuan Dynasty was only 1767 1, and the social economy and culture were once stagnant or even backward.

Fourth, from the Ming Dynasty to the middle of Qing Dynasty.

During this period, the organizational system of Jieyang County did not change, but because Chenghai and Fengshun were located in the neighboring new county, some areas of Jieyang County were cut down, making the area of Jieyang County smaller than that of Song and Yuan Dynasties. But this period is the peak of the county's economy and culture.

In the second year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1369), Chaozhou Road was renamed Chaozhou House, which belonged to Guangdong Province, and Jieyang County was one of the four counties under the jurisdiction of Chaozhou House. In the forty-second year of Jiajing (1563), the capital of Longxi, which was cut off from Jieyang, belonged to Haiyang, and Jieyang, Topp and Pengzhou were merged into Chenghai County. Chaozhou Prefecture was still established in the early Qing Dynasty, and it was subordinate to Jieyang County, which lasted for three years (1738). Nine maps and twelve maps of Jieyang Lantian merged with a part of Haiyang to form Fengshun County. So far, the area of Jieyang County has been reduced by nearly five capitals compared with the three townships and thirteen capitals in the Northern Song Dynasty. From then on to the end of the Qing Dynasty, the organizational system and territory of Jieyang County remained basically unchanged.

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the population of this county was still increasing. According to Qianlong's Jieyang County Records, in the twenty-four years of Ming Hongwu (139 1), the population of this county was 69,660. During the twenty-first year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1542) and 150 years, the population increased to 1006 14. Since Jiajing was divided into Haiyang and Chenghai counties in the forty-second year, the number of households has decreased by one third. After Wanli, due to the resurgence of pirates in Yamaguchi, especially in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the population of this county decreased sharply. From 66,856 in the ten years of Wanli to 50 in the five years of Chongzhen, the population decreased to 53,555. After the Qing Dynasty established state rule, the economy resumed development. The population has increased again. By the twentieth year of Jiaqing (18 15), the population of Jieyang had increased to 338,459. The reasons for the population growth in Ming and Qing Dynasties are, on the one hand, the immigration of a large number of immigrants, on the other hand, the natural growth of the original registered population.

Stimulated by the rapid population growth, the county's agricultural economy also expanded on a large scale in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. With the promotion and supervision of farmland water conservancy construction and the increase of population, the government can invest more manpower in farmland water conservancy construction, so farmland water conservancy construction has made great progress. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the water conservancy facilities in Jieyang County were mainly completed as follows: in the seventh year of Jiajing (1528), at the initiative of Xue Kan, Haiyang and Jieyang, two counties and seven capitals, jointly dug the Zhongli River, from Longxi to Taoshan, with a total length of 1900 feet, connecting Yuanzhou River and Xixi River, which was beneficial to irrigation and water transportation; In the 26th year of Wanli (1598), Shimei Canal levee was built in Haiyang and Jieyang. (20) There is also a lake slope in Lantian, 90 miles northwest of the county seat in the late Ming Dynasty, which can "irrigate almost 100 hectares of land"; (2 1) In the second year of Qianlong (1737), citizens Zheng Wenhai and others advocated leading villagers to dig streams along the coast, build long dikes outside, and irrigate fields to attract tide, turning thousands of acres of barren land into barren land; (22) In the twenty-sixth year of Qianlong (176 1), Sun Rongguang, a squire of Yuhu City, advocated the construction of the Jinggang levee, starting from Jingdong and ending at Linxi Port. The levee is more than fifteen miles long and seven feet high. It is salty and salty. It has been dug for fifteen minutes and irrigated for hundreds of hectares (23) for forty years (1775). Liu Yeqin, a magistrate of a county, sent juror Li to the director's office to build more buildings in case of a hundred feet. (24) These water conservancy facilities have transformed a large area of fertile land and expanded the cultivated land area of the county. By the early Qing Dynasty, Jieyang had more than 6,470 hectares of cultivated land. The planting area of rice is larger than before, and the yield has also increased. Jieyang has become a famous "rice county", and its rice output not only meets the needs of this county, but also has a large number of exports. Not only exported to Chaoshan Fucheng and other counties, but also exported to Fujian Province. At that time, there was a popular saying in Jieyang: "Eat Jieyang rice first after crossing Tangpudu", "Jieyang has no rice for three days, and Chaozhou Fucheng is in famine". This reflects from another side that Jieyang had a lot of rice production at that time.

In addition to rice production, other crops such as sugarcane, citrus, litchi, longan and other fruits and vegetables are also planted on a large scale. By the middle and late Ming dynasty, the tendency of commercialization of rice and crop production became more and more prominent.

During this period, Jieyang's handicrafts, such as mining and metallurgy, textile industry and various handicraft manufacturing industries, also developed further. Mining and metallurgy owners mainly smelt iron and copper, and there were about 12 iron mines in Jieyang County in Ming Dynasty. In the textile industry, Jieyang produced ramie cloth, kudzu vine cloth, linen cloth and banana cloth at that time, among which ramie cloth was the best. "There are nine kinds of bamboo cloth, and women weave in the countryside. The essence is called' white on board', and the price can be doubled. " (25) Others include wood carving, stone carving, furniture manufacturing and tourism equipment industry. During this period, Rongcheng gathered many blocks according to production categories, such as bronze and tin production in Beijukeng area, bronze and iron processing in Datong Street, shipbuilding in Nanbeikeng and Beimen, awning bamboo products in the south gate, oil slurry industry in the east gate, washing and dyeing of Xiabu in Jinxianmen, carpentry and painting in Shi Xiang Street, gray kiln industry and Guanyin in the west of the city.

With the development of agricultural economy and handicraft production, it has promoted the prosperity of commerce. County governs Rongcheng. With smooth traffic and convenient freight transfer, it has the reputation of "business travel" and is the commercial center of the county. As early as the Song and Yuan Dynasties, Rongcheng had two cities, the north and the south, which were the distribution centers for the means of subsistence and the supply and demand of agricultural products. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the prosperity of urban industry and commerce, in the twenty-six years of Qianlong (176 1), six cities were added, namely, Dajie City, Xinshitou City, Dongguan City, Beiguan Outer City and Xiguan Outer City. Among them, Dajie City, Xinshe City and the former Heather City mainly engaged in daily necessities and consumer goods, while the rest cities mainly sold agricultural and sideline products and farm tools. Such as Chai Street, Cao Street, Datong Street, Grey Powder Street, Street and Furniture Street. (27) In addition to town fairs, by the late Ming Dynasty, a large number of large markets had appeared in rural areas, including Tianbu, Hepo, Qiangang, Xianxi, Mashan, Dajing, Hutou, Taoshan, Tangkou and Mianhu. (28)

From the Ming Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, Jieyang's foreign trade was mainly the export of rice and sucrose. At that time, Jieyang Port became the most important grain export port in Chaoshan, and the volume of grain transactions was so large that officials of the Ming Dynasty specially collected land tax for grain transactions in Jieyang, which was not available in other counties. The other is the export of sucrose. According to the county records, "sugarcane ... is called bamboo cane, which can be refined into sugar and sold to wuyue, and many people take it as a profit". "Sugar: sugarcane pith is ground with ox carts and refined into brown sugar, granulated sugar and white sugar, which are sold by merchants to wuyue by sea, with rich profits". (29) In the Qing Dynasty, after the cancellation of the maritime ban, Jieyang's overseas trading countries exported more diversified products.

The prosperity of economy promoted the prosperity of culture and education, and the Ming and Qing dynasties were the period when Jieyang's culture and education flourished and talents came forth in large numbers. After Ding Ding in the Ming Dynasty, in order to recruit talented people, it was to revive the universe and start a career. Jieyang County School was rebuilt during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, and then it was continuously expanded and built. County schools have become places where urban middle school students emphasize learning. In the early years of Jiajing, there was a social school of 10, and in the late years of Chongzhen, there were Xishetang and Wen Qi Academy in the Han Temple. At this point, the educational institutions in this county have begun to take shape. In the early Qing Dynasty, Jieyang encouraged learning from others on the basis of following the imperial examination system of the previous generation. As a result, a large number of academies were established. The newly-built academies in Qing Dynasty include Rongjiang Academy, Lantian Academy, Meigang Academy, Sing Tao Academy, Baofeng Academy and Shenshan Academy. The upsurge of school education led to the heyday of the imperial examination. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were as many as 43 scholars in Jieyang, 282 in Chinese and 77 in martial arts. Among them, in the first year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty (1628), Yi people Guo, Song Guangzuo, and Gu Chao were recommended as middle school scholars, known as "four outstanding men in Chen Wu" in history, and Lin Deyong won the first place in martial arts during the Kangxi period, all of which were beautiful talks in Jieyang's imperial examination history. Among these imperial examination talents, some are famous for their official management. Among them, Weng Wanda, the minister of the Ministry of War in the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, was praised as the "first minister in Lingnan" all his life, "Deng Yong in Nanping, punishing Anda in the north, building a border town of 800 miles, and helping 200,000 hungry people"; During Zheng De's reign, Xue Kan was a scholar, and historian Wang Yangming was well versed in his theory of conscience and made indelible contributions to the spread of Wang Xuejiao in Chaoshan and even Lingnan. There is also Wang Ang, who is called "Jieyang Gong" by Jiangxi people. (30) Ming Shi called him "a descendant of everyone, a family member, knowledgeable and brave, and respecting the law"; Yang Zhongyue, editor-in-chief of Chaozhou Fuzhi in Qing Dynasty, studied politics in Fujian, and Fujian people still miss him. Zheng Dajin became the governor of Zhili because of his rich knowledge of official studies and so on.

Throughout the historical development of ancient Jieyang County, it can be said that it has a long history. Since the Song Dynasty, the culture has been developed and rich. As the chronicle says: "The wind of Zou Lu, the legacy of Zhao Han, is irreplaceable from generation to generation", and it is worthy of being a famous historical and cultural city in Guangdong.

Precautions:

(1) Zong Yirao: History of Chaozhou Prefecture.

(2) Ceng Qi: Research on Two Ancient Sites in South Australia, published in Tidal Research No.2, Shantou University Press1July, 994.

(3) Qiu Licheng and Ceng Qi: The Lost Floating Shore Culture, published in the 6th issue of Tidal Research, Shantou University Press 1999.

(4) Qiu Licheng: A Brief Introduction to the Ancient Tombs of Fu Bin and Lianrao, an Olympic explorer, published by Guangdong Tourism Publishing House 1989.

(5) Same as (3).

(6) For the above viewpoint, please refer to Zong I's "Looking at the Regional Expansion of Ancient History from the Distribution of Teeth", published in Tide No.2, Ceng Qi's "Xianqiao Zhangshi: Also on the Influence of Central Plains Culture on Lingnan in the Pre-Qin Period", Shantou City Records No.4, 1996.

(7) Ceng Qi: Prehistoric Archaeology in Hanjiang River Basin and the Source of Chaoshan Culture, published in Tidal Research, No.2.. 1, Shantou University Press. 1993.

(8) A Brief History of Guangdong, edited by Jiang Zuyuan and Fang Zhiqin, 48-49 pages, published by Guangdong People's Publishing House, 1993.

(9) The History of Chaoshan, edited by Ting Huang and Chen Zhanshan, has a total of 63 volumes, published by Guangdong People's Publishing House 200 1.

(10) Qiu Licheng: The architectural site of Guishan Mountain in Chenghai was first known, and it contained the Chaoshan elegant collection "Exploring the Olympics in Ren Chao".

(1 1) Chen Liming: Looking at Chaoshan from Archaeology, the third series of Chaoshan history and culture.

(12) The above viewpoints refer to the Chaoshan Han Dynasty Ruins written by Ting Huang and Chen Zhanshan.

(13) Qiu Licheng and Yang: "Exploring the ancient maritime" Silk Road "in Chaoshan area from archaeological data", published in the second issue of Tidal Research. ..

(14) Li Duo: "A survey of immigrants from the Central Plains who settled in Jieyang in past dynasties", contained in the second episode of Jieyang History Collection.

(15) This poem comes from five songs "Pukou Village Live Well" written by Song when he was an official in Chaozhou magistrate Peng Yannian, and is contained in Liu Yeqin's Jieyang County Records and Arts.

(16) Song Yang Wanli: The middle section of Jieyang Road, which contains Qianlong's Chaozhou Fu Zhi Wen Yi.

(17), (18) Zhang, Jieyang Cultural Relics, Chapter 2, Section 3.

(19) Total Record of Xie Ming: Crossing Rongcheng, which contains Qianlong's Chaozhou Fuzhi Literature and Art..

(20) The above two items are from Liu Yeqin: Gan Long Jieyang County Records and Arts.

(2 1) Yu Fang, Jieyang County, Qianlong County.

(22) In the 16th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, Wang Xiuxiu and Li Xinghui compiled "Continued Records of Jieyang County People".

(23) is the same as (2 1).

(24) Same as (22).

(25) Liu Yeqin: Gan Long's "Records of Jieyang County".

(26) See "Rongcheng Town Records Shang Zhi" edited by Sun.

(27) See Chen Xiancheng: "The Formation of Rongcheng Old Town Street and the Origin of its Name", contained in Lingnan Literature and History (Jieyang Literature and History Special Issue), No.4, 1999, a total of 52 issues.

(28) See Chapter 9 "Investigation of Chaozhou Rural Market in the Late Ming Dynasty" in Chapters 3 and 4 of Ting Huang and Chen Zhanshan's History of Chaoshan.

(29) Chen: Yongzheng "Jieyang County Records, Products".

(30) Wang Ang was called "Jieyang Gong" because of his outstanding achievements in serving as the magistrate of Yongfeng County in Jiangxi Province during Hongzhi's reign, and was listed as a famous minister after his death in order to worship the local Confucius Temple.

Excerpt from the proceedings of the fifth international symposium on tidal research.