What is the storage capacity of the following water bodies from large to small? Lake underground fresh water underground salt water ocean glacier water.

View junior high school geography knowledge outline

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In figure 1, the shape and size of the earth is an irregular sphere with a slightly flat bipolar website, with an average diameter of 637 1 m.

The latitude and longitude on the earth, along the east-west direction, revolve around the earth, called latitude. All similarities are round. The so-called latitude circle and latitude circle are long and short, and the longest equator is gradually shortened to two poles to one point. Latitude indicates the east-west direction.

The equator is the longest latitude, about 4 million meters. This is the same distance between the two hemispheres of the earth, divided into two hemispheres: the north and the south. The equator is the zero latitude dividing line. The latitude north of the equator is called north latitude, and it is customary to use "n" as the code name; Latitude is south of the equator, south latitude, and "S" means habit.

3. The meridian and longitude connecting the north and south poles on the earth are called the same meridian perpendicular, also called meridian. All the longitude lines are semicircular in length, indicating the north-south direction.

The zero-degree meridian is called the prime meridian. From the prime meridian to the east and west, it is divided into 1800 and 1800 respectively. The east belongs to longitude and is the code on the earth. This is the customary "e", and 1800 belongs to the code of western classics.

It is customary in the world to use 200W and 1600E passing coils as the boundary to divide the eastern and western hemispheres.

4. The earth rotates, alternating day and night, and the axis that keeps rotating when the earth rotates is called the direction of the earth's rotation from west to east. Rotation around 24 hours, that is, one day. This has produced the phenomenon of alternating day and night.

The revolutionary earth is spinning and the seasons are changing. At the same time, the earth revolves around the sun, and the direction of the earth's revolution is naturally from west to east, and the rotation time is one year. The orbital plane always keeps an angle of 66.50 with the earth axis. Because of the rotation of the earth, the seasons have changed.

In the south, the phenomenon of direct sunshine all the year round, the ground sunshine, the hot climate all the year round, the tropical five areas between the Tropic of Cancer. The Tropic of Cancer is the dividing line between tropical and temperate zones.

The cold zone is in the north and south of Arctic Circle, Antarctic Circle, Extreme Night and Extreme Day. Polar circle is the dividing line between cold zone and temperate zone. In the area between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle, there are extreme days and nights in a year. The sunshine in the Arctic Circle and geothermal zone is less than that in the tropics and frigid zones, and the climate changes obviously between the four seasons and temperate zones.

7. Proportion, legend and labeling of the three elements of the map. The smaller the scope drawn on the map, the more detailed the content is, and the larger the scale should be chosen. On the contrary, the smaller the optional scale is. On the map, it is usually "north south, left west and right east"

As shown in Figure 8, the height of the ground is calculated by the method of vertical height from the ground. The vertical distance from one location to another is called relative height.

9, the line is connected to the contour line of each point at the same height, which is an contour line. Each contour has a corresponding height value. Steep slope, contour and density; The local slope is gentle and the outline is sparse.

In June, 5438+00, the land and sea distributed globally accounted for 7 1% of the ocean area on the earth, but only 29% of the land area. The mainland and nearby islands are collectively called the mainland. All these are located in the northern hemisphere, Europe and North America. most

People who study habits are at the forefront of the Urals, ural river and the Great Caucasus Mountains, the dividing line between Europe and Asia. The dividing line between Asia and Africa and Suez Canal. North America and South America are in the Western Hemisphere, America. The Panama Canal is the dividing line between North America and South America. Antarctica is mainly located in the Antarctic circle, surrounded by the ocean.

1 1, the terrain is divided into five basic types: mountainous area, plain, plateau, basin and hill.

The height of the mountain is usually more than 500 meters, with undulating ridges, undulating peaks and steep slopes, and some mountainous areas are distributed in strips. Among them, the most prominent is the combination of some tall mountains and huge mountains: one is the Alps-Himalayas system across the central and southern parts of Eurasia; The other mountain runs through North and South America, the Rockies and the Andes.

Plain with flat terrain or little fluctuation is not high, generally below 200 meters, which is often used to describe "endless plain". The Amazon Plain in South America is the largest plain in the world.

The topography of Europe and Africa is relatively simple, with plains and plateaus, while that of Asia is relatively complex, with high center, low periphery and large area? Plateau, mountains and plains are distributed in the surrounding areas of the mainland.

12, the internal forces of the earth caused by the forces that promote the topographic changes are called internal forces, crustal movements, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, etc. These are all manifestations of the internal forces of the earth. Volcanoes and earthquakes in the world are mainly concentrated in the Pacific coast and the Mediterranean-Himalayan region where crustal activity is active. Forces from outside the earth are called external forces, water, wind, waves and glaciers.

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13, weather climate weather is a very short time confrontation, wind, rain, hot and cold atmospheric conditions. It's time to change. Climate is an average weather condition that has hardly changed for many years.

In figure 14, the temperature changes throughout the day, sometimes high and sometimes low. After the highest temperature on land, at noon 12( 14:00), the lowest temperature generally appears around sunrise. The annual average maximum temperature in most parts of the global land month is July in the northern hemisphere and 65438+ 10 in the southern hemisphere. The average minimum temperature in the northern hemisphere this month is 1, and in the southern hemisphere it is July. The difference between the highest value of a place and the monthly average temperature in a month and the annual average temperature and the lowest average temperature is called the ground.

15, the global temperature distribution gradually decreases from the low latitude to the poles; What is the temperature of the sea and land at the same latitude? It's different. Land and ocean temperatures at high temperatures in summer. The opposite winter. Temperature also affects the influence of high and low topography. As the altitude of the mountain increases, the temperature will gradually decrease. About every altitude 100 meters, the temperature drops by about 0.6℃.

16, as a general rule, precipitation is distributed all over the world: the precipitation in equatorial regions is less than polar regions, on both sides of southern cancer, on the west coast of Chinese mainland, on the east coast of African continent, in mid-latitude coastal areas and in inland areas.

17, change the precipitation season in rainy areas all year round: in equatorial areas, such as Singapore, it is an arid area all year round, and in inland areas, the monthly precipitation in polar regions is very small, such as Cairo and Egypt; Rainy areas in summer: the north-south latitude is 300-400 near the east coast of Beijing, China and other continents. It is rainy in summer and dry in winter. Rainy areas in winter: 300? The 400-latitude area on the west coast of the mainland is relatively dry near rainy days in winter and summer, such as Rome and Italy, and the perennial humid areas: the north and south latitudes and 400? 600. Areas affected by the west wind blowing from the ocean all the year round have wet months and moderate rainfall, such as London.

18, main climate types and distribution in the world

It belongs to subtropical climate type.

It belongs to the tropical rain forest, and the climate is mainly distributed in the equatorial region, with high temperature and rainy weather all year round.

2. The tropical grassland climate is mainly distributed in the north and south sides of the equatorial rainforest climate in Africa and South America. High temperature all year round, in this year's dry season and rainy season.

The most important climate in South Asia is the tropical monsoon climate, the Indian Peninsula in the southeast and the Indian Peninsula in zhina. This climate is hot all year round, and it can also be divided into dry rain, autumn and monsoon all year round. Dry season, sea, land, drought, rainy season wind, sea wind, land, rainfall concentration.

4. It has a tropical desert climate, mainly distributed in the inland areas near the west coast of the mainland and the southern Tropic of Cancer. This climate has little precipitation, is hot and dry all year round, and has a large area of desert ground.

Second, the temperate climate types

1, temperate and subtropical monsoon climate zone, located in eastern Asia. Summer is hot and rainy, and winter is cold and dry. The 0℃ isotherm of the average temperature around 65438+ 10 belongs to the northern temperate monsoon climate and the southern subtropical monsoon climate.

The Mediterranean climate is mainly located on the Mediterranean coast on the west coast of the mainland, distributed in low latitudes, with hot and dry summers and mild and rainy winters.

The temperate continental climate is mainly distributed in the mid-latitude, Leng Xia fever in winter, temperature change in summer and precipitation concentration.

The temperate maritime climate is located on the west coast of the mid-latitude continent, which is the most widely distributed in western Europe, with moderate rainfall and relatively small changes in temperature and annual precipitation.

19, natural resources, land with human use value, sunshine, water, minerals, forests, etc. Are all natural resources. Their formation characteristics can be divided into two categories: one is renewable resources; A non-renewable resource. Renewable resources can be renewable energy or renewable resources in a short time. Non-renewable resources refer to resources that cannot be copied in human history.

20. Cultivated land, woodland, grassland, construction land and other land use types can be divided into.

2 1 Distribution of land resources The temperate humid plain is the main distribution area suitable for developing agriculture because of its flat terrain and warm climate? Cultivated land in the world. Large areas of coniferous forests and tropical rainforests are preserved in cold and humid climate, sub-cold zone and hot and rainy tropical areas. The main distribution area of tropical and temperate grasslands in the vast semi-arid areas is world animal husbandry.

Water resources are distributed in three forms on the earth: seawater, terrestrial water and atmospheric water. Land water, glacier water, groundwater, lake water, swamp water, river water and biological water. On the earth, there is more than 96% of the total seawater. Freshwater resources include water stored in glaciers, widely used freshwater resources, major rivers, lakes (fresh water lakes) and groundwater. The main ways to protect water resources are: protect and rationally use water and reduce water waste; Prevent water pollution, plant trees and prevent soil erosion; Desalinate seawater and expand fresh water sources.

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On the 23rd, the atmosphere of the general dispatching room, air purification, subtle and natural forest adjustment composed of water, increased air humidity, and wind speed. The function of soil and water conservation. Therefore, people call forest "natural air-conditioned room". What is the world forest area? 400 million hectares of land, mainly concentrated in coniferous forests and broad-leaved forests. Global forest resources are mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere.

The distribution of iron ore, coal, oil, iron, coal and oil in the world is as follows:

1, iron ore in the world is mainly distributed in Russia, Malaysia, China, Australia, India, Canada and the United States. These seven countries account for about 90% of the world's iron reserves.

2. Coal is mainly distributed in Eurasia, in the northern hemisphere and central North America, in all countries of the world, in the world coal reserves, China, the United States, Russian and other countries.

The distribution of world oil resources is very concentrated, and the Middle East accounts for more than half of the world oil reserves. Mainly exported to Japan, Europe and North America.

On 25th, the world's population growth rate varied from continent to continent, with Africa accounting for the fastest population growth rate, followed by South America and Europe, with the slowest growth rate. 2% in Europe, 0/5% in Asia, 0/0% in North America, 0/7% in South America, 0/4% in Oceania and Africa, and 27% in Africa.

26. World population migration after World War II, the smaller population migration mainly takes three forms. The first is the migration of skilled immigrants from developing countries and a large number of high-quality talents to developed countries. The second is the export of labor services. From developing countries to developed countries, the flow of foreign workers is from poor countries to rich oil exporting countries. The third is international refugee migration.

On the 27th, the world population was distributed in eastern and southern Asia, Europe and eastern North America. The most densely populated areas are mainly distributed in coastal plains at low latitudes. It is sparsely populated in cold tundra, ice sheets and vast cold coniferous forests, tropical rain forests in the middle and late development period, arid desert areas, and mountainous areas with high terrain and high altitude.

On the 28th, this part of the population moved to cities, and the problems caused by the urban population in a country's total population are often one of the standards to measure the development level of a country. More than 70% of the developed countries in the world have urban population, while the urban population in developing countries is only a little over 30%. The phenomenon of large-scale migration from rural areas to cities mainly occurs in developing countries.

On the 29th, the skin color, eye color and hair color of all races in the world are white, generally with light wavy hair, thin nose, thin lips and much body hair. They are mainly distributed in Europe, North America and Oceania. Yellow people have yellow or brown-black skin, straight black hair, flat face and medium body hair. They are mainly distributed in East Asia. Black people have dark skin, curly hair, thick lips and little body hair. They are mainly distributed in Africa, Oceania and the United States.

There are 30 countries in the world1more than 90 countries. What is the largest area of this country,170,000 square kilometers? Russia. ? China, with an area of about 96,000 square kilometers, ranks third. The smallest is the Vatican.

3 1 boundary and national territorial boundary, land, territorial sea, territorial sea and airspace, territorial reference. There is a meridian block boundary with Argentina in South America and the Andes in Chile as the boundary, the United States and Canada as the east of the lake center, and the west longitude as the boundary.

32. The world's burial areas are divided into 13 areas. Drawings, books read, volume 1, page 83.

See page 85 for an overview of East Asia. East Asia is located in the east of Asia and in the western Pacific Ocean, including China, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, Japan and other countries. Mongolia plays an important role in animal husbandry. Japan is a country with developed modern industry. East Asia is one of the regions with the most remarkable monsoon climate in the world, and the north wind prevails in winter. The winds blowing from the cold Siberian and Mongolian plateaus and the Pacific Ocean are very strong, and the climate in most affected areas is cold and dry. Southerly winds prevail in summer, bringing abundant precipitation, and winds from the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean and inland coastal areas are used to alleviate the hot climate. In East Asia monsoon climate zone, temperature and precipitation can be divided into temperate monsoon climate zone and subtropical monsoon climate zone. The average temperature last month was below 0℃, and the rainy season was short. The average temperature of the latter is above 0℃ in June 5438+ 10, and the rainy season is longer.

What are the main distribution areas of East Asian population and East Asian economy? Most of the yellow people in the world are yellow people residents. East Asia is one of the fastest growing and most dynamic regions in the world.

35. The natural geographical feature of Japan is an island country. It is relatively small and densely populated in the territories of the four major islands and some small islands in East Asia, Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu. Japan is mountainous, and more than three-quarters of the country is mountainous and hilly. The Kanto Plain near Tokyo Bay is the largest plain in Japan. The Pacific coast of Honshu Island, Kobe and Yokohama are famous seaports in China. The Japanese archipelago is located in the ring of fire in the Pacific Ocean, where earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur frequently. Mount Fuji is one of the famous active volcanoes and the highest mountain in Japan. The monsoon climate in Japan is warmer than that in the Asian continent in winter, cooler in summer and more abundant in precipitation. Most of the country is covered by forests, and the rivers in mountainous areas are short and urgent, with abundant water resources. But mineral resources are scarce. See volume P90.

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? 36. Japan's economy, Japan's largest trading partner is the United States, followed by Asia and Western Europe. Kobe and Yokohama, the two largest foreign trade ports in Japan. The trade between Japan and China has developed greatly. Commodities imported from China, such as clothing, oil, coal, cotton, aquatic products and vegetables. China's merchandise exports, steel, electronic products and other industrial products.

Japanese industry is mainly distributed in the narrow Pacific coast and Seto Inland Sea. Tokyo, south of Kanto Plain, is the capital of the northwest coast of Tokyo Bay. The sea area near Hokkaido, Japan is a world-famous fishing ground. Japanese fishing boats often rank first in the world. Rice production is self-sufficient. Vegetables and fruits also need to be imported from abroad.

37. For Southeast Asia and drawings, please refer to P94. Located in Southeast Asia, in Southeast Asia, including Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago. The southern strip of Indochina Peninsula extends to the equator, which is called Malay Peninsula. Southeast Asian countries, except Laos, are all landlocked countries, and others are coastal countries or islands. The largest of these is Indonesia. The territory consists of more than13,000 islands, making it the largest archipelagic country in the world. The most volcanic activity in the world. Known as "the country of volcanoes". Most of the southern Malay Peninsula, the Malay Archipelago, is located near the equator and has a tropical rainforest climate. Indo-China Peninsula and northern Philippine Islands belong to tropical monsoon climate.

38. Residents and Economy Indonesia is the most populous country in Southeast Asia, with more than half of its population located in Java Island. Southeast Asia is China and overseas Chinese, and most of their ancestors are China residents, with the largest concentration in Guangdong and Fujian. Southeast Asia is the largest producer of natural rubber in the world. Palm oil, coconut, banana hemp and tropical cash crops, such as rice, are the staple foods of the country's residents. The most important minerals in Southeast Asia are tin and oil. Singapore is called "Garden City".

South Asia map copy 39 P 108. South Asia is the birthplace of Buddhism and Hinduism. The towering Himalayas in the northern South China Sea. This part is called "South Asian subcontinent". Alluvial main agricultural areas and densely populated central Indus and Ganges plains in South Asia. Most of the Deccan Plateau is occupied by the Indian Peninsula. Due to the influence of monsoon rainfall in South Asia, from June to September every year, the rainy season prevailing in the southwest monsoon is 10 to May of the following year, when the northwest monsoon is dry.

India has a vast area of cultivated land, which is the largest in Asia. The main food crops in India are rice, wheat, cotton, tea, jute and other cash crops. India mainly has coal, iron, manganese and other minerals. Mainly distributed in the Deccan Plateau in the northeast. The capital, New Delhi. Calcutta is rich in jute, which is the textile industry center and important seaport of India. One of the most populous cities in India. Mumbai, located on the west coast, is India's largest seaport and center of cotton textile industry.

4 1, Central Asia, Central Asia is located in the middle of Eurasia and lives in a simple Asian land. The terrain is hills and plains. An inland river in central Asia. The west is close to the largest tidal lake and sea in the world. Pasture in Central Asia and South Central China is the third largest cotton production base in the world after China and the United States. Uzbekistan, known as the "Platinum Country", is rich in cotton, with fine-wool sheep and mutton sheep as animal husbandry. At the same time, mining, metallurgy and military industries are also quite developed.

42. West Asia and North Africa, West Asia and North Africa are located at the hub of Asia, Europe and Africa, and the Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean regions are very important. The Dead Sea Lake is -400 meters above sea level, which is the lowest point on the land surface of the world. Most areas have a tropical desert climate. The highest temperature occurred in Aceh Zia, Libya and North Africa (57.8 degrees Celsius). The total precipitation is very small. Only on the Mediterranean coast is the typical Mediterranean climate.

43. The Sahara Desert is the largest desert in the world. Atlantic Ocean on the west coast, Red Sea in the east, Mediterranean coast in the north, savanna in southern Sudan, Africa about 1/4. High temperature and little rain all the year round, the desert is scarce in plants and rich in oil.

In West Asia and North Africa, Arabia and Islam are a multi-ethnic region, mainly white. Common Arabic, these countries are called "Arab countries". West Asia is the birthplace of Islam, Christianity and Judaism. Mecca in Saudi Arabia is called the holy city of Islam Jerusalem, and Islam, Christianity and Judaism all regard it as the holy city.

45. The largest oil in the world is the oil production and export in ancient Asia and North Africa. With the Persian Gulf in West Asia as the center, it forms a huge oil with Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait and Iraq, and is the main oil producer in West Asia. Oil reserves account for 1/2 of the world's total oil reserves, and the output accounts for 1/4 of the national total output. The oil produced is mainly exported to western Europe, the United States, Japan and other countries and regions. Morocco, a country's phosphate rock reserves account for 3/4 of the world.

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? 46. Animal husbandry and agriculture. Dates are the representative plants of oasis agriculture.

47. Pakistan is located in the west of Arabian Peninsula, and it is the transportation hub of Europe, Asia and Africa. Drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation technology.

48. Egypt is located in northeast Africa, and Sinai Peninsula is in Asia, which is the territory of Egypt. More than 90% of the whole territory is desert, and cultivated land, population and cities are mainly concentrated in a plain along the Nile Delta and an estuary. The Nile, which is more than 6,600 kilometers long, is the longest river in the world. It originates from the plateau in eastern Africa and flows into the Mediterranean Sea from south to north. Cairo, the capital, is the most populous city in Arab countries. Alexandria is an important port along the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. In the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, Suez Canal, the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea connect the Indian Ocean, sail to the Atlantic Ocean, bypass the Horn of Africa, and shorten 8000- 10000 km. In the past, Egypt was a country dominated by agriculture, and it has always been a famous export commodity of Egyptian long-staple cotton. In recent years, Egypt's oil, canals, remittances and tourism revenues have surpassed cotton to become Egypt's main economic pillar. The pyramids and other historical sites in Egypt are the main tourist attractions.

49. Sub-Saharan Africa is home to the black world. On the whole African continent, the East African Rift Zone starts from Zambezi River in the south, passes through the plateau terrain near the Dead Sea in the Red Sea in the north, and extends to West Asia. An extinct volcano, Kilimanjaro, the highest peak in Africa. The Rift Valley in East Africa is a fault formed in the process of crustal movement. The ocean of Madagascar, the largest island in Africa, is a prominent sharp corner, known as the Cape of Good Hope. It is widely distributed in Africa and tropical continent? The savanna climate in sub-Saharan Africa. Animals zebra, antelope, giraffe, lion and leopard. The reserves and production of gold and diamonds account for the vast majority of South Africa's gold production. Guinea has the highest bauxite production, while Nigeria and Zambia are important copper producers and major oil exporters.

50. Population and Economy Before World War II, South Africa, Egypt, Ethiopia and Liberia were three independent countries. Namibia declared its independence on 1990. The whole economy is based on the primary product economy.