The Soviet Union was expelled from membership on June 5438+0939+February 14 due to its invasion of Finland.

The winter war (also known as Sufen War, Sufen Winter War, Sufen Winter War) broke out on1939165438+1October 30th, three months after the outbreak of World War II in Europe. At that time, Soviet troops invaded Finland, and at the same time, the Soviet Union was expelled from the League of Nations at Finland's request on February 14 of the same year. Stalin hoped to end the fighting in June 1939, but due to the resistance of Finland, an armistice agreement was not signed until March 1940, and Finland ceded 10% of its territory to the Soviet Union.

This war, both sides have losses, Finland lost the land around Lake Ladoga, Sufen War.

The Soviet Union gained a buffer zone around Leningrad, but lost the support of international public opinion, exposing the shortcomings of the Red Army's combat capability and increasing Hitler's confidence in launching a war to attack the Soviet Union later. /kloc-The Sufen Peace Treaty in March of 0/5 prevented the Anglo-French alliance from providing assistance to Finland through Norway, and also stimulated Nazi Germany to attack Denmark and Norway on April 9 of that year. The performance of the Soviet Red Army in the winter war made Stalin realize that controlling the army by political means could not enhance its combat effectiveness. After the war, the Red Army revived competent military commanders and strengthened the modernization of the army. It played a great role in resisting Nazi Germany later.

The cause of war

The arrogance and incompetence of Soviet officers is also an important factor in the development of the war. At that time, the Soviet Union thought it would win soon. According to historical records, the Soviet army even marched arm in arm on the front line of Finland to the sound of the national anthem. During the purge, 80% of Soviet officers were replaced, and all the recruits were loyal to Stalin and did not know how to direct the war. Stalin used political commissars to supervise officers and only directed the battle according to the script. Many Soviet defeats were caused by improper command. The Soviet army did not have the equipment to fight in the forest in winter, and used a large number of chariots. These vehicles must be kept running for 24 hours to ensure that the oil will not freeze. After the Soviet Union's 44th Infantry Division (about 25,000 men) entered the forest, it was surrounded and annihilated by Finland's 9th Division (about 6,000 men), resulting in about 23,000 deaths, while Finland only lost about 800 men and captured 43 tanks, 7 anti-aircraft guns, 29 anti-tank guns, 260 trucks and 260 trucks. Due to the arrogance and ignorance of Soviet policy makers, they failed to invest decisive power at the beginning of the war: Finland concentrated 6.5438+0.3 million people and 500 guns on the main battlefield, while the Soviet Union only invested 200,000 people and 900 guns. Although there were 654.38+0,000 tanks, they were not used well and suffered heavy losses. Due to the lack of equipment in Finland, at the beginning, only soldiers with the most basic training had uniforms and guns, and other combatants could only wear signs on their clothes, so they tried to use the captured weapons. Due to the poor leadership and insufficient training of the Soviet army, a large number of weapons fell into the hands of Finns.

Stalin's racial prejudice and distrust

Due to Stalin's racial prejudice, the Soviet troops who participated in the winter war were mainly the Winter War Museum.

Composed of troops from the south, he didn't trust the troops on the border of Sufen at that time, fearing that they might be related to Finns or have the same cultural history, but the troops from the south didn't adapt to the cold winter in Finland and the fighting in the forest. /kloc-in the 1950s, most Finns still lived in the countryside, and their own warm clothes were enough for them to fight in the severe winter, which was one of the three coldest winters recorded in Finnish history. The Finnish Air Force is much smaller than the Soviet Air Force, but their training is solid and demanding, and the exchanges between pilots and other countries are also very common. At this stage, the Finnish Air Force has begun to use four aircraft formations as the basic preparation of their air combat. This formation is similar to the basic concept of tactical formation developed by Germany during the Spanish Civil War. Two of the four planes fought in teams. Usually, experienced pilots lead the team and take the initiative in the battle. The other is operated by less experienced pilots, who are responsible for covering and waiting for the opportunity to attack enemy planes. This tactical formation was gradually adopted by countries during World War II and became the basis of modern fighter formation.

Foreign support

Because the Soviet Union's behavior was an obvious aggression, it aroused the dissatisfaction of many foreign groups and sent materials and medicines to help Finland. Many Finnish immigrants in the United States and Canada came back to fight. In the battle, Danish Volunteers 1, 0 10, Norwegian Volunteers 895, British Volunteers 372, Finnish immigrants overseas 346, and volunteers from other countries 2 10 participated in the battle. There are also many foreign journalists reporting in Finland. Sweden was not a neutral country at that time and claimed to be a "non-aligned country", but it also supported Finnish military supplies and cash. There are 8,700 Swedish volunteers preparing to fight in Finland, including an air force with 12 fighter, five bombers and eight logistics planes, accounting for 1/3 of the Swedish air force at that time. They gave up their Swedish ranks and prepared to fight in Finland, including 90. In mid-February, 8,402 Swedish volunteers took part in the fighting and 33 people died.

Edit the role of Britain and France in this paragraph

It was not until February 1940 that the Allies decided to help Finland. On February 5, the Allies considered landing 65,438+10,000 British troops and 35,000 French troops in northern Norway on March 20, and entering Finland through Sweden, provided that the Finnish government requested it. On March 2, a formal request was made to the governments of Norway and Sweden, hoping to bring these two neutral countries into the allied side. But in June+February, 5438, Hitler was already in the Winter War Museum.

Please pay attention to the Swedish government, if the allied forces set foot on Swedish land, it means that Germany will attack Sweden immediately. At that time, the Swedish and Norwegian governments disagreed with the demands of the Allies. The documents disclosed after the war confirmed that the Allies had no intention of going to war with the Soviet Union at all, but only wanted to occupy the iron ore in northern Norway to block the source of strategic materials for Germany. Sweden rejected the request of the allied forces to enter the country, and also rejected Finland's request of the Swedish regular army to participate in the fighting, and made it clear that it could not provide further assistance to Finland. Now Finland is in a dilemma. The Allies hoped that the war would continue to drag on, while Sweden hoped to end the war as soon as possible, fearing that the fish in the pond would be affected. Germany also hopes to end the war as soon as possible. At that time, countries were urging Finland, Britain and France to commit 20,000 troops, Germany and Sweden wanted to commit to peaceful conditions, and the Finnish army commander was pessimistic about the development of the war, so the Finnish government made up its mind to start peace talks on February 29th. I heard that Finland started negotiations, and Britain and France promised to send 50,000 troops, but in fact only 6,000 people were prepared to help Finland, and the rest were prepared to seize Norwegian iron mines and ports. This information reached the decision-making department of the Soviet Union and promoted the rapid conclusion of the peace agreement.

The Finnish government called for a truce.

At the end of winter, Germany urged Finland to negotiate with the Soviet Union as soon as possible. The Soviet Union also suffered heavy losses and was isolated by the international community. On February 12, 2002, Finland received the draft peace agreement. Not only Germany but also Sweden hope that the war will end as soon as possible so as not to be affected. King Gustaf V of Sweden publicly announced that he would no longer give Finland military assistance. By the end of February, Finland's military supplies were almost exhausted, and the Soviet army had broken through the Manoheim line. On February 29th, the Finnish government agreed to negotiate. On March 5, the Soviets advanced to 10- 15km, approaching the suburb of Viborg. The Finnish government demanded a truce, but Soviet troops did not stop attacking until the agreement was signed on March 5.

The Soviet Red Army suffered heavy losses.

The Soviet Red Army suffered heavy losses in this war. Soviet People's Committee Chairman Meeting Winter War Museum

Molotov, a member of the People's Committee for Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union, mentioned in his report to supreme soviet of the ussr on March 28th, 1940 that the Red Army suffered 48,745 casualties and was injured158,863. Because this report is public, it has always been regarded as a propaganda tool of the Soviet Union, reflecting not the actual casualties of the Soviet Union at that time, but the greatly reduced data. 1970, Khrushchev, general secretary of the Central Committee of the former Soviet Union (Su Fendong served as general secretary of Ukraine during the war and was an old partner and friend of Soviet commander-in-chief Timoshenko during the winter war) said in his privately published personal memoir "Memoirs of Khrushchev" that "we lost millions of people". According to more recent Russian military historians, for example, sokolov said in "100 battles that affected the world": "According to the statistical list after the Great Patriotic War, there were 1939- 1940 people who did not return from the battlefield in Finland. According to other data, therefore, the exact figure may be 654.38+07,000 ","The Red Army is likely to have more than 500,000 wounded and sick people ",the Soviet army lost about 200,000, and the total casualties were more than 700,000. There are no accurate figures. First, the accuracy of the Soviet Union's statistics of casualties has been very poor, "statistics can only be accurate to a million" (sokolov said in the Secret Archives of World War II). Second, the Soviet Union has always had the historical habit of tampering with archives. According to Pikhoya, the former director of the Russian President's Archives, in the 1950s 199 1, the National Archives destroyed 272 million preserved files, and in March/,the decision to destroy 65 million Party documents and files was passed (ргпр. For example, in "Frozen Hell" published by William Roth in 2000, the death toll of Soviet troops was "250,000", that is, 250,000 people. Finnish veterans often boast that the fall of a Finnish soldier brought 10 the life of a Soviet soldier. In addition, the Soviet Union lost 2000 tanks. The general of the Red Army said that in this war, "we have obtained enough land to bury the fallen soldiers".

Edit this paragraph of the Moscow Peace Agreement.

According to the Moscow Peace Agreement of March 12, Finland lost Karelia, including Viborg, the second largest city in Finland, 0/0% of cultivated land in Finland and 0/5 of industrial output value in15. 222,000 residents, accounting for 12% of Finland's total population, lost their homes and were sent back. Only a few people chose to stay and join the Soviet Union. Finland also ceded the Ribach Peninsula in the Barents Sea, four islands in the Gulf of Finland and a part of the Sarah region, and leased the Hanko Peninsula to the Soviet Union as a naval base for 30 years. This agreement is very harsh for Finland. Only one year later, with the support of Germany, a continuous war broke out with the Soviet Union.