What is the information about Marshal graziani?

Graziani, R. (1882.8.11~1955.1.1) Italian field marshal, war criminal of World War II. 1908 joined the army. Participated in the first world war. 1930 was the commander-in-chief of the Italian army in Libya. 1935 is at the discretion of the Somali governor. Ethiopian war of resistance against italy was the commander of the southern army in the early days, and later served as the governor of Ethiopia and the commander-in-chief of the Ethiopian army, brutally killing local soldiers and civilians. Jin Yuanshuai is in 1937. 1939 served as the army chief of staff. From June 65438 to June 0940, he served as commander-in-chief of the Italian army in North Africa, commanding the Italian army in Libya to attack Egypt. He was dismissed because he was defeated by 194 1. 1September, 943, served as the defense minister of the "Italian Social Republic" in the German-occupied area of northern Italy, crusaded against guerrillas and suppressed the people. 1945 was captured by guerrillas in April. 1950 was sentenced to19 years' imprisonment by an Italian military court in May. In August of the same year, he was released by Amnesty.

Blink of an eye Poland, the war broke out.

1In the early morning of September, 939, the Battle of Poland broke out. Under the cover of night, the German army launched a surprise attack on Poland with the support of more than 2,300 planes. The Bode War and the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in China mean a world war-the full-scale outbreak of World War II. The aviation and armored forces became one, and the world first learned "Blitzkrieg". On September 3rd, Britain and France declared war on Germany. Although Britain and France promised to ensure Poland's security before, the Polish army's struggling resistance did not receive any effective military support from Britain and France. In the end, the Polish army was defeated by well-equipped Germans. On September 6, the Polish government fled Warsaw. /kloc-in September of 0/7, the Warsaw Defence War started, and almost on the same day, the Soviet Red Army entered eastern Poland. On September 27th, the Germans occupied Warsaw. Poland was carved up again. Poland disappeared again after 20 years of restoration.

At the same time, the French-German border on the western front was silent. Britain, France and other countries violated the promise that "if the German Empire dares to invade Poland, the British and French allied forces will go straight to the Ruhr Valley", but they hid behind the reinforced concrete fortifications and watched helplessly as a Don Quixote-style small country resisted the aggression of a powerful neighbor. On the contrary, this is just a diplomatic condemnation. From1September 1939 when the war broke out to1May 1940 1940, a formal conflict broke out between the German Empire and Britain and France. This peacetime is called "sit-in war" by Germans and "fake war" by the West. After Hitler occupied Poland, he hit the nail on the head to the appeasement of the west: "Poles should thank their friends in Britain and France for this ending."

Invasion of northern Europe

1940 on April 9th, Germany launched "wiesel exercise" to attack Denmark and Norway. The Germans claimed that this was to prevent Britain and France from occupying Norway, an originally neutral country, first, thus cutting off the road for Germany to import minerals from Sweden. The British navy successfully blocked the Norwegian port and landed in Norway. The Germans retreated to the hinterland of Norway and held their ground. The British army could not destroy the Germans. With the outbreak of the war on the western front and subsequent retreat, Norway was occupied by Germany.

Edit this passage and cut it with a sickle to conquer western Europe.

1940 10 in may, the Germans decided to adopt the improved schrieffen plan (also known as the manstein plan), which was divided into three army groups: a, b and c, bypassing maginot line and invading Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and France.

The first stage of operation: On May 13, German Group A entered France through Ardennes, where France's defensive strength was weak, according to manstein's intention. Due to the sudden attack of the Germans, the allies could not organize effective resistance in the Ardennes. German tank divisions crossed the Maas River and captured Sedan, a strategic place in southern France, on May 13. At the same time, German Army B invaded the Netherlands and Belgium with the cooperation of airborne troops, so as to attract and contain the main force of the Anglo-French Coalition forces in the Belgian plain, and enable Army A to pass through the flank of the main force of the Anglo-French Coalition forces from northern France more smoothly, forming a big encirclement planned by manstein. By May 19, 2009, the German Armored Division had arrived only 50 miles from the English Channel. On May 24th, German armored forces approached the northern French port of Dunkirk, but they were ordered to stop. This order proved to be a fatal mistake, and the besieged allies began to implement the "generator plan", that is, the Dunkirk retreat. A fleet of 850 ships of various models, power engines and sizes crossed the sea and concentrated in Dunkirk. On May 27th, the first batch of soldiers were evacuated. By June 4, more than 330,000 people had successfully escaped, of which 230,000 were British expeditionary forces. Although this retreat avoided the tragedy of total annihilation for Britain, it also lost a lot of materials and weapons and equipment, and morale was once low.

The second stage of the battle: On June 1940, the Germans began to formally invade France. Because most of its military strength was lost in low-lying countries, German armored forces held racing competitions one after another and soon went deep into the center of France. /kloc-in June of 0/7, the capital Paris was captured. On June 25, in order to humiliate the French, according to this regulation, two-thirds of the territory in central and northern France was actually occupied by German armed forces, while the Vichy government, a vassal regime ruled by Petain, was established in the southern region.

It took only six weeks from Germany's attack on the western front to France's defeat, and the power of blitzkrieg made France realize the shame of national subjugation. The defeat of France forced Britain to face Germany alone.

After the occupation of France, the German Air Force concentrated in northern France to prepare for the possible landing in Britain (Sea Lion Project). Germany decided to destroy the Royal Air Force by air combat first, that is, the Battle of Britain. But in fact, many people think that the landing war is simply unrealistic, because even if the German Air Force can drive the Royal Air Force out of southern England, the remaining British Air Force may still pose a threat to the German landing in central and northern England, and the German landing troops are likely to be cut off by the British naval and air forces and then destroyed one by one.

But the Germans don't seem to realize this. On August 5, they launched the "Eagle Project", that is, a large-scale air strike against Britain, thus clearing the way for the army to land. At the peak of the campaign, from August 24 to September 6, the Germans dispatched more than 1000 planes every day on average to attack the exhausted RAF pilots. Although Britain has advanced radar technology, they still lost a quarter of air force pilots.

The British Air Force also bombed the European continent at night from time to time. On the evening of August 25th, the Royal Air Force bombed Berlin for the first time. Germany decided to change its strategy at a critical moment. They began to bomb major cities in Britain, hoping to destroy the enemy's confidence and make the enemy surrender quickly. This provided British pilots with a breathing space. However, the explosion also had a serious impact on Britain. Almost all British industrial towns were attacked, and London was bombed for 57 consecutive nights from September 7 to1October 3. Other cities attacked include Coventry and Birmingham, as well as some ports and naval bases.

At that time, there was no major ground conflict on the European continent, so air combat became the main war. The final result of the Battle of Britain was that 17 September, Hitler ordered the "indefinite postponement" of the sea lion project, and Germany's attempt to land in Britain failed. Another main reason for Hitler's cancellation of the sea lion plan is that he shifted his strategic goal from Western Europe to the Soviet Union.

Balkan Peninsula

1April 7, 939, before the full-scale European War broke out, Italy began to invade Albania, and then attacked Greece on 19401October 28, but Italy failed to occupy Greece, and the Greeks invaded Albania instead on1October 28,1944. But then Germany began to intervene in the war. 1941April 6, the Germans began to fight the Greeks and attack yugoslavia at the same time. Although the British supported Greece, they could not win in the end. German troops entered Athens on April 27th. After that, Germany began to attack Crete. On June 1 day, the airborne battle in Crete ended, and German paratroopers successfully seized the island from the British. But this operation was not very smooth for Germany, and Germany never used paratroopers to attack again.

On June 1 day, the last armed forces of Britain and Greece retreated to Egypt. After the Balkans fell into Nazi hands, Hitler was finally able to attack the Soviet Union without any worries.

East Germany battlefield

★ Barbarossa

194 1 on June 22nd, Germany assembled an unprecedented large force, including 190 divisions, 37 12 tanks, 7 184 cannons, 600,000 transport vehicles and 4,950 planes, totaling 5.5 million. The Soviet Union called this war "the Great Patriotic War", also known as the Soviet Patriotic War.

In addition to Germany, Italian, Hungarian and Romanian troops also attacked the Soviet Union at Hitler's request. Another country involved in soviet strike is Finland. As the Soviet Union invaded Finland when establishing the "East Line" and occupied part of Finland's land, Finland announced on June 25th 194 1 that it would recover the land lost in the winter war two years ago. Finland stopped attacking after recovering the land occupied by the Soviet Union at the beginning of the war. In addition, the Finnish army also participated in the siege of Leningrad. This conflict, known as "continuing the war", lasted until 1944.

The first few weeks of the war were undoubtedly a disaster for the Soviet Red Army. Because Stalin's estimation of the time and direction of attacking Germany was seriously wrong, and many Red Army generals were killed or exiled in Stalin's counter-revolutionary actions, the Soviet Union was caught off guard by the blitzkrieg against the German Empire, which led to heavy losses in the early days of the war. The "East Line" established by the Soviet Union before the war was run over by German tanks, and a large area of land was lost. Major cities such as Minsk, the capital of Belarus, and Kiev, the capital of Ukraine, were successively occupied by Germany, and Leningrad (now St. Petersburg), the second largest city in the Soviet Union, was also surrounded, and German troops arrived at the gates of Moscow. It is worth mentioning that in the battle of defending Kiev in 194 1, the Soviet Southwest Army was besieged on a large scale in Kiev, and only 600,000 Soviet troops were captured. This battle was also the largest encirclement and annihilation war in human history, which led to the collapse of the Soviet southwest defense line.

Although the Germans played very well at first, there were major loopholes in the Barbarossa plan itself, the most serious of which was the logistics supply. The vast territory of the Soviet Union means that if the Germans move too fast, the logistics supply will not be able to keep up in time. Therefore, although the Kremlin was in sight in early June 194 1 1, and the Soviet government and foreign embassies had moved to kuibyshev (now Samara), 800 kilometers east of Moscow, Stalin still held the October Revolution Day in Red Square on June165438+1October 7 as usual. By19411February 5, when the German offensive stopped, their logistics supply line had reached its limit. Coupled with the continuous destruction of Soviet guerrillas in the rear of the front line, the offensive of the front line troops was unsustainable, and the myth that the German army was invincible was shattered. When the Barbarossa Plan was first formulated, it was thought that the Soviet Red Army would collapse before winter came, but the reality was that the Soviet army was always able to organize effective resistance. This wrong estimate seriously affected Germany's plan. In addition, when the Soviet army retreated, it took scorched earth and persisted all the time, which made the logistics problem of the German army more prominent. Winter came, and a large number of German soldiers died because of the Soviet winter and the Soviet counterattack.

Although the Germans finally had to stop the attack plan because of insufficient supplies and cold winter, they still occupied a large territory in the western part of the Soviet Union, and the Soviet Union did not completely recover its lost territory until the end of 1944.

When the Germans occupied most of the land in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the biggest tragedy of this war began: the siege of Leningrad. When the armies of the German Empire and Finland arrived at the periphery of Leningrad from the south and the north respectively, Hitler ordered that Leningrad must be "wiped out from the earth" and all the people in the city should be wiped out. The Germans began to surround Leningrad, cut off external relief supplies, and were bombarded and bombed by the Air Force. The siege lasted for 900 days, and in the atmosphere of hunger, cold and fear, about 1 10,000 civilians died-800,000 of them died of hunger; But Leningrad never gave in to the Nazis. Shostakovich, a famous musician, wrote the world-famous Seventh Symphony (also known as Leningrad Symphony) to show the heroic struggle of Soviet soldiers and civilians in the defense of Leningrad and the great sacrifices they made for it.

After enduring the cold winters at the end of 194 1 and the beginning of 0942, the Germans began to prepare for further offensive actions. Attack Stalingrad (now Volgograd) in Caucasus and Volgograd. The Germans never completely occupied the city and suffered heavy losses in the attack.

Hitler's indecision, the dissatisfaction of senior generals with changing plans, the long supply line and the tenacious resistance of the Soviet Union made the street fighting in Stalingrad a nightmare for German soldiers. When the Soviet Red Army launched a counterattack, 20 German divisions (and 2 Romanian divisions) were cut off from their retreat, and the German Sixth Army was completely besieged. With the consumption of food, fuel and ammunition, the German positions became smaller and smaller until the last part of the German army surrendered at the beginning of 1943. In order to ensure that front-line officers would not surrender, Hitler promoted friedrich paulus, commander of the Sixth Army, to field marshal (no German field marshal ever surrendered). Paulus didn't surrender, but he didn't "fight to the last single soldier, one shot and one bullet" and was captured by the Soviets. The Battle of Stalingrad goes down in history as the bloodiest battle in history. Both sides suffered heavy losses, with about 2 million people killed, including 500,000 civilians. This battle and the Midway naval battle became the most important turning point in World War II.

After the Battle of Stalingrad, the Germans gradually lost the initiative in the battlefield, while the Soviets did not form an effective offensive force because of the huge losses in the war. From 1943, the Soviet army gradually turned to counterattack on the battlefield. 1in the summer of 943, the Soviet and German armies assembled in Kursk, and the German army led by General manstein prepared to launch a large-scale attack, and the Battle of Kursk started. The Battle of Kursk was the last large-scale German attack on the Eastern Front and the biggest tank battle in history. Because the Soviet Union obtained the information in advance, it made a large-scale plan for the defense of Kursk salient. Under their resistance, the German armored forces only advanced 17 miles at most. After the battle ended with the victory of the Soviet Union, the Red Army always controlled the dominance of the war and launched a series of fierce offensives (known as ten assaults in Soviet history) until it occupied Berlin on June 2, 1945.

Battle for Atlantic transport lines

Whether the European war zone is fighting on the eastern front or the western front is closely related to whether Britain and the United States compete with Germany for the traffic arteries in the Atlantic.

The so-called transportation line refers to the maritime transportation route to transport goods from other regions to Britain or other parts of Europe, of which the part from the American continent to Britain and Europe is the most important. The transportation line from the American continent to Britain is responsible for maintaining the strength of Britain's continuous operations and accumulating all the resources it needs to return to the European continent. The transportation route from the American continent to Europe can be divided into two parts, the larger part is the transportation route to the Soviet Union, and the second part is the transportation route directly transported to the port by the Allied forces after landing in Europe.

Edit this part of the battlefields in North Africa and the Mediterranean.

The battlefields in North Africa and the Mediterranean Sea were military operations during the Second World War, in which the armed forces of Italy and Germany on the one hand and Britain and the United States on the other fought for important strategic areas and targets and for control of North Africa, the Near East and the Mediterranean Sea.

Italy has launched two military groups on the African continent, one in Northeast Africa (300,000 people) and the other in North Africa (236,000 people). The number of British troops in these two areas is 32,500 and 66,000 respectively. In northeast Africa, Italian troops began to attack Sudan, Kenya and the hinterland of British Somalia from Ethiopia in July and August of 1940, and occupied many areas. However, the stubborn resistance of Sudanese and Kenyan troops and Ethiopian guerrillas forced the Italian army to turn to defense. According to the situation of the war zone, military operations were carried out in the coastal zone with a width of 50-80 kilometers, from1September 940 13 to1May 943 13.

The war situation in North Africa can be roughly divided into six stages:

The first stage (1940 September13-1February 8th)-Italian attack. Under the unified command of Marshal Barbo (Marshal graziani since August), two Italian army groups started in Libya: 10 army group (commander is General Berti) on the border between Libya and Egypt, and the fifth army group (commander is General garibaldi) confronted each other in Tunisia. 13 September, 10 army under the command of General Wavell (there are 66,000 people in Egypt) began to attack the British "Nile" army. The British army has only 1 division on the border between Egypt and Libya.

The second stage (1940 65438+February 9-19465438+March 30, 0)- British attack. On February 9, 65438, the British army advanced more than 800 kilometers in two months (Libya campaign). By February of the following year 1 1, the British army had reached the front line east of Aguilar and Marada and turned to defense. The victory won has not been developed. The British government decided to transfer its troops to the Balkans and take advantage of the failure of the Italian army in Greece to establish a strategic base in Greece and seize the Balkans. A British army was transferred from North Africa to Greece. This saved the Italian army from complete defeat.

The third stage (1941March 31-11October17)-German-Italian allied forces attack. Rommel (the fox of the desert) led the German African Corps into North Africa. On March 3 1 day, the Italian Germans began to attack the British army in order to cross the border between Libya and Egypt and capture Selum. The allied attack took the British high command by surprise. British troops retreated to the Egyptian border within two weeks, leaving their troops in Tubruk. As a result, the garrison was besieged by the allies. Rommel had expected to attack Cairo after getting reinforcements, but he didn't get reinforcements because Germany was preparing to invade the Soviet Union.

The fourth stage (1941118-1942120)-British attack. The fierce battle between the Soviet Union and Germany and the defeat of the German army in the Soviet Union created favorable conditions for the British army to seize the strategic initiative in North Africa. 1941118, the British army launched the "Crusade" campaign, crushed the enemy groups face to face, rescued the bloody defenders and completely liberated cyrenaica (eastern Libya). The British army advanced nearly 800 kilometers in the two-month battle, but failed to complete the main task of annihilating the German and Italian troops stationed in North Africa. The fleet ensured the supply of the British army and the fire support of the coastal flank, which greatly promoted the depth of the British army.

The fifth stage (1942 65438+1October 21-65438+1October 22)-German and Italian troops attack. The fascist high command took advantage of the scattered and unprepared defense of the British army to change the deployment of troops and launched a counterattack on June 65438+1October 2 1 day. 1before February 8th, 942, German and Italian troops advanced 600 kilometers to the front lines of Gazal Ha and Bir Hakim, where the front line remained stable until the end of May.

The sixth stage (1942 65438+1October 23rd-1943 May 13)- Battle of El Alamein, Torch Operation and Anglo-American Attacks. 1in the autumn of 942, the German group suffered heavy losses on the eastern front, especially near Stalingrad. The battle of Stalingrad was once again in trouble, and Marshal Rommel could not be given the necessary military and military technical equipment support. 1943 May 13, German and Italian troops surrendered in Tunisia, and the last battle of the North African War ended.

The Mediterranean battlefield was an integral part of the Second World War, from June 1940, when Italy officially entered the war, to September 1943, when the Italian naval fleet surrendered to Britain in malta island. It lasted three years and three months. The Mediterranean naval battle is mainly a battle between the allies led by Britain and the United States and Italy and Germany around the Mediterranean traffic line. The Italian and German navies lost a total of 389 ships with a tonnage of 306,423 tons; Merchant ship loss 132 ships, 2 10652 1 ton. The Anglo-American Allied Navy lost 349 ships with a tonnage of 50,6061ton.

Italian battlefield

1943 in July, the allied landing in Sicily forced Mussolini's fascist government to collapse, and the new government composed of bardo Leo began secret negotiations with the United States and Britain. However, due to the bargaining and repeated delays between the two sides on whether to "unconditionally surrender", Hitler gained sufficient time to strengthen his troops in Italy. The day after Mussolini's downfall, Hitler ordered the occupation of all the mountain passes in the Alps on the German-Italian border and the French-Italian border, and quickly assembled eight German divisions from France and southern Germany, called Army Group B, with Marshal Rommel as the commander, ready to March into Italy. In early August, Rommel led his troops across the border into northern Italy to support the eight German divisions of Marshal Kesselring stationed in southern Italy.

17 After the Allied forces captured Sicily in August, they decided to continue attacking Italy. On the ground, attack force is the 15 army group under the command of Alexander, a British general, and has jurisdiction over the eighth army of the British army in Montgomery and the fifth army of the American army under the command of Clark.

On September 3, Italian representatives and allied representatives secretly signed an armistice agreement. Early that morning, the British Eighth Army crossed the narrow Messina Strait from Sicily, landed on the Italian Apennine Peninsula, and quickly advanced to southern Italy. On September 8, the BBC broadcast the official announcement of Italy's surrender. In the early morning of September 9th, Clark's 5th Army landed in Salerno Bay. The alert Germans immediately disarmed 800,000 Italian troops, arrested a large number of Italian army officers, and occupied Rome on September 10, taking control of Italy as far south as Naples. The Italian king and Bardoglio fled to the allied occupied area at the southern end by submarine. 13 In September, Hitler sent SS commandos to rescue Mussolini who was imprisoned in the Grand Sasso Peak Hotel. Subsequently, with the support of Hitler, Mussolini set up a puppet government of "Italian society and country" in northern Italy to confront the government of Badoglio. 10 June 13, Badoglio officially withdrew from the Axis alliance and declared war on Germany. At the same time, the governments of Britain, the United States and the Soviet Union also issued declarations recognizing Italy as a party fighting against * * * *.

At the beginning of 1944, in order to break the deadlock and speed up the fighting process, the 15 army group commanded by Alexander decided to launch a landing operation with some troops in the southern Roman town of Anzio at the same time, breaking through the German defense line from behind.

Kesselring immediately dispatched troops from France, Germany and Yugoslavia after learning that the allied forces had landed in anzio. By the 28th, four divisions were facing the 6th Army of the United States, ready to fight back. By February 2006, 16 German divisions had surrounded Ancio's allies. On February 28th, the Germans launched a large-scale counterattack, trying to drive the Allies into the sea in one fell swoop. However, it was attacked by the Allied Air Force on a large scale, and Kesselring had to stop the counterattack on March 4th to maintain the encirclement of the American troops.

1June 4, 944 Rome was liberated. 1in April, 945, the western allies and the Soviet Union launched a powerful offensive against Germany at the same time, and the German army faced the crisis of total collapse, and the Italian battlefield became active again. On April 9, the British Eighth Army and the American Fifth Army launched an attack from the east and west wings. The Germans were demoralized, unable to resist and losing ground. Then, the Allies crossed the Po natural barrier, conquered mantua and Verona on 26th, and occupied Genoa on 27th. On the same day, guerrillas caught Mussolini and his mistress trying to escape to Germany in Lake Como and shot them before the Americans arrived. The next day, their bodies were transported to Milan and hung upside down in the central square. On April 29th, the 5th Army of the United States was stationed in Milan, and the 8th Army of Britain was stationed in Padua. On the same day, the representative of Fitinghoff, commander of German C Army Group, signed an unconditional surrender in Casetta, which took effect on May 2. At this point, the Italian campaign is all over.

In the whole Italian campaign, the allied forces suffered more than 320,000 casualties, wiped out 658,000 Germans, and contained the forces of 1 German army group, which played a powerful cooperative role in the allied forces' operations on other battlefields.

= = = Allied strategic bombing of Western Europe = = =

1942 In February, Lieutenant General Harris took over as Commander of the Royal Air Force Bomber Force. It advocates a thorough and large-scale bombing of Germany's big cities in order to defeat Germany's people's hearts and morale and force Germany to yield. So Harris began to study new tactics. In the past, when the Royal Air Force attacked Germany, most of the methods were divided into multiple batches and small formations. Harris believes that using this method, the bombs are spread too much and the bombing effect is weakened. This is a strategic bombing. From 65438 to 0943, the United States launched a strategic bombing campaign against German occupation of Western Europe, which can be said to be the first sustained campaign, and implemented Du Hei's thoughts in his navigation rights works on a large scale. Due to the size and technical problems of the air force, the Soviet Union's influence on destroying German industry and production capacity was very limited, and the Soviet Union did not have the opportunity to carry out strategic bombing in World War II. The strength of the German Air Force was also irretrievably hit hard in the process of strategic bombing, and finally the air superiority of the entire western line and the eastern line was surrendered.

European Western Front Battlefield 1944- 1945

After years of hard struggle, the allies finally began to counterattack. 1on June 6, 944, the allied forces launched the Normandy landing campaign, and the allied forces fought fiercely with the Germans for more than two months. After the allied forces landed in Normandy, Hitler appointed Kruger as the commander-in-chief of the German Western Front and increased the number of troops stationed in France to 26 divisions in an attempt to stop the allied forces. However, these divisions are under-equipped (there are only 900 tanks and less than 500 aircraft). Lugar defended the mouth of the Seine with 65,438+04 divisions, Coman defended the coast of Derette Strait with 65,438+00 divisions, and two divisions were stationed in Brittany Peninsula.

In order to liberate the northwest of France, the Allied Forces concentrated four group armies [including 24 infantry divisions,1/kloc-0 armored divisions and 4 airborne divisions, 4,000 tanks and 6,500 planes]. 1July 5, 944, the first American army took the lead in launching an attack. After breaking through the German defense line, we advanced 50 kilometers in depth and reached the Seine area. 1 in August, Barton commanded the third army of the United States to advance to Brittany Peninsula with the cooperation of French guerrillas. Due to the weak resistance of the Germans, the main force of the American army moved eastward and turned to the Seine area south of Paris for a surprise attack.

Facing the allied attack, the German Seventh Army tried to fight back, but failed. The allies continued to attack from both wings. By the end of August, the allies had reached the Seine River and established a landing point in Hedong. At this time, except for a few ports, the allies have occupied the whole northwest of France. When the allied forces approached Paris, the French resistance movement and the citizens of Paris cooperated with the allied forces to launch an armed uprising. After four days of fighting, Paris was liberated on August 25th. In the afternoon, the second armored division of the French army accepted the German surrender in Paris. The next day, Charles de Gaulle led the army into Paris, and the French interim government was established. On the 28th, Toulon and Marseille in the south of France were liberated one after another. On September 1 1, the French army joined forces with the vanguard of the American Third Army, which was advancing eastward from Paris, and the Germans who stayed in the south of France surrendered. The remaining Germans fled to the northeast and retreated to siegfried line, the German-French border, and France was completely liberated.

After mid-September, the western European front has expanded from northwest France to the Mediterranean Sea in the south, to the vast area at the mouth of the Rhine River in the north, and approached the Dutch border. The Allied Command decided to launch the Dutch campaign with the British and Canadian allied forces under the command of Marshal Montgomery. 17 September, with the cooperation of airborne troops, the 30th British Army made a front-line assault on Nijmegen and Anan in the Netherlands (operation market garden), and the 8th British Army and 12 Army cooperated from two wings. The British army went smoothly at first and arrived in Nijmegen on the 20th. Because the Germans concentrated their forces on both sides of the British army, the British and Polish airborne troops who cooperated in the battle suffered serious losses due to improper use, and the situation turned sharply, and the British 30 th Army was in danger of being encircled. On September 27, the British army was forced to turn to the defense west of Anan on the south bank of the Rhine. 10 days later, the reinforced British army launched an attack again, breaking through the German defense line 20 or 40 kilometers ahead and advancing 80 kilometers in depth. Canadian troops also occupied the ports of Buren and Calais. 10- 1 1 In June, the allied forces launched the "Autumn Campaign" in the German border area and began to push the battlefield to Germany.

In order to avoid complete collapse, Hitler concentrated 25 divisions (250,000 people) of the "B" Army in Ardennes, including the 6th SS Tank Army, as well as 900 tanks and self-propelled artillery, in an attempt to defeat the Dutch and Belgian allies with a sudden counterattack, stabilize the rear and free up troops to engage with the Soviet troops on the Eastern Front. 1944, 12, 16 at dawn, the Germans started the Ardennes campaign. The Germans suddenly attacked under the cover of hundreds of searchlights, and the unprepared American troops retreated hastily without organizational resistance, which caused heavy losses. The Germans organized a task force, dressed in American military uniforms, to sneak into American defense lines to carry out sabotage and riots, which caused great confusion to the American army. After the Germans broke through the American defense line, they pushed in the direction of the Maas River. In order to stop the German advance, the British and American troops adjusted their deployment and carried out large-scale air strikes against the German army with aviation, and finally stopped the German advance only 4 kilometers away from the Mas River. After the German army was frustrated, it still didn't give up its counterattack plan. 1 945 65438+1October1,the Germans dispatched 1000 planes to bomb allied positions and airports, blow up 260 allied planes and launch an attack on the allied forces in Strasbourg. The new German attack made the war tense again. While the Allied High Command organized a counter-offensive, Churchill called Stalin and asked the Soviets to attack from the eastern front in advance to attract the Germans and reduce the pressure on the Western allies. On June 5438+/KOOC-0/October/KOOC-0/2, the Soviet army launched a powerful offensive against the German army for/KOOC-0/200 km from the north to the Baltic Sea and south to the Carpathian Mountain. Hitler was forced to help the Soviets on the Eastern Front, and the Anglo-American Coalition forces took the opportunity to advance rapidly, driving all the Germans back to their original starting point, and the German counterattack in the Ardennes was completely shattered.

According to statistics, the number of German casualties and missing persons reached 82,000, and 600 tanks, assault guns, 65,438 aircraft+0,600 and 6,000 other vehicles were lost. Allied forces lost 77,000 people, 2 1000 people were captured and missing, and a large number of weapons and equipment were destroyed. After the Battle of Ardennes, the morale of the Germans was even lower and they completely lost their counterattack ability. Since then, the Allies have firmly grasped the initiative in the Western European battlefield. Hitler tried to win a decisive military victory in western Europe, which completely defeated his attempt to force the allies to compromise. Soon, the Soviet and American armies marching east and west joined forces on the Elbe River. The Soviets conquered Berlin and Hitler committed suicide. 1945 At the beginning of May, Hitler's successor karl doenitz, as the head of state, ordered the Germans to stop attacking all the allies except the Soviet Union and surrender. 1in the early morning of may 9, 945, Nazi Germany formally surrendered to the allied forces. Nazi Germany perished. Twenty-six years later, Germany once again became a defeated country in the world war.