Eastern China with Marine Civilization

Mount Tai is not particularly high in China, only 1000 meters. Why is it the sacred mountain with the most humanistic value in ancient China? Dawenkou culture may have established its sacred position. The Neolithic age in the eastern region is mainly composed of Dawenkou culture and Longshan culture.

A Tengzhou site was found in the southwest of Shandong Province, near Henan Province. It is "earlier than Dawenkou culture, and this type is similar to Peiligang culture discovered later". This is not surprising. From the topographic map, those are the nearest two "islands", and there should be a "lake and sea" between them. We may need to guess that the communication between the two places is realized by boat and boat.

Qingliangang cultural site in Huai 'an, northern Jiangsu Province also has its own characteristics, which is earlier than Longshan culture.

Up to now, Dawenkou cultural site 100 has been excavated. Although these sites appear in eastern Shandong, northern Anhui and even central Henan, their cores are distributed in Shandong and northern Jiangsu. And most of these sites are cemeteries, not houses.

My summary of Dawenkou culture and its surrounding oriental culture is: partial marine characteristics. The reason why there are many cemeteries to be excavated is that they live more on ships, which are their residence. Or their houses are built on or near water. This way of life determines that the place where they live will be more difficult to find than Yangshao culture, and the graves will be different. Even in the last century, before the founding of New China, many fishermen almost refused to go ashore except to buy and bury their relatives, and almost became two different nationalities with the people on the shore. There must be such a group in ancient times. Why is this happening? Maybe it doesn't make sense, just tradition, or it may make sense, such as avoiding all kinds of imaginable dangers. Of course, don't mistake Dawenkou culture for pure marine culture. They also develop agriculture. Any group seeking development must have realized the indispensability of agriculture at that time, so they are likely to be an "amphibious" group as a whole. Where do Dawenkou people come from? This question is very important and sensitive, because it means an answer to the root of oriental civilization.

"According to the research on the population of Dawenkou and Xixia Site (Qufu, Shandong Province), it is inferred that its residents are Polynesians, which is obviously different from Yangshao residents at the same time." But some China scholars disagree with this conclusion. Polynesians are a nation that is good at sailing, otherwise they wouldn't live on a small island in the Pacific Ocean. In fact, I also think that this nation is closely related to the maritime nation or Phoenicians who rose in the Middle East later, which is another story. It makes more sense to contact Latin American women among cavemen in Beijing, because Latin American women are basically in the Polynesian cultural circle. In other words, both the Dawenkou culture in Shandong and the cavemen in Beijing seem to be the same Polynesian, or in other words, they are all in a broader category of "South Island Culture". In other words, the southern and eastern parts of China were more exposed to or simply a kind of "South Island Culture" with a marine background in the early days. Later, in the long years, many other cultural colors were added and finally settled down in the "three generations". The direct roots of three generations are in the Middle East.

In the past thousands of years, I believe that these people living in the ocean have merged and differentiated, forming some new nationalities and cultures, and some groups have even disappeared, completely being contained by other cultural colors. For example, Three Generations is a typical example. They are not the crystallization of a single nation or culture. Finally, only one or two aspects can be analyzed, and it is difficult to make a comprehensive summary due to the lack of information. Please allow me to make a small supplement here. I have always accepted the "African Uniqueness" of human origin. Of course, Austronesian languages (including Polynesians) also went out from Africa.

During the Quaternary Glacier Period, human activities in this area, including China, disappeared for about 40,000 years, but during this period, Polynesians in the Pacific lived freely because they lived near the equator, and they made great progress based on those warm islands. During the melting of ice and snow 65,438+10,000 years ago, they may have spent hundreds or even thousands of years cruising to the caves at the top of Beijing near the sea at that time, and some of their descendants were also distributed in Taishan Mountain in Shandong Province. Taiwan Province Province plays an important transit role in this traffic road. Many researchers believe that Taiwan Province Province is the birthplace of "South Island Culture", which may be related to this important role. Because the exchange and conflict of civilizations in Chinese mainland is much higher than that in Taiwan Province Province, the original Austronesian culture, as the lowest layer, is completely concealed in the mainland, and what we can easily see is the influence brought by the crowd later. Taiwan Province's "South Island Culture" is relatively pure, so it is easy to see. Dawenkou culture, which has a decisive influence on China in the future, can be divided into three periods: 4300- 3500 BC, the second period before 2900 BC and the third period before 2400 BC. In the last issue, sites such as the Hou of Xixia appeared, black pottery began to appear, jade and stone cymbals appeared, and some well-known axes and symbols of the sun and the moon appeared.

During this period, the northern Hongshan Culture with Chifeng as the core should have had contact with Dawenkou, and the closer the time, the closer I think Hongshan and Dawenkou are, the more influence they have had on each other. I prefer to divide the front and back of Hongshan into two stages, Yangshao in the early stage and the eastern coast in the later stage.

Songze, Majiabang, Hemudu and Liangzhu in Hangzhou Bay, Wuxian County, southern Jiangsu Province have similar considerations, and they contact Hongshan Culture through Dawenkou. A line along the east coast. The above-mentioned eastern areas are likely to be related to the South Island culture. Therefore, in the past 65,438+/kloc-0,000,000 years, it is really a question whether Chinese mainland developed Austronesian culture and gave it back to Austronesian in the Pacific Ocean through Taiwan Province Province, or whether Austronesian continued to migrate to northern East Asia. But the key is to realize that from the beginning of Longshan culture, oriental culture has been gradually covered by new cultural layers, which has disturbed our sight.

If there is eagle worship in Hongshan Culture, it seems that Hemudu culture in the south also has phoenix culture. China's dragon and phoenix culture, which continues to this day, seems to have little connection with Yangshao culture in the northwest. In other words, Yangshao culture, which has always enjoyed a good reputation in China, is likely to be replaced by oriental culture, especially covered by the "three generations" that laid the foundation of Chinese civilization. Today, China people may inherit more Yangshao culture than the eastern marine culture. Of course, this statement is quite arbitrary, but it is really worth mentioning. The origin of Longfeng culture is still a mystery. As a symbol of Longshan culture, black pottery seems to have appeared in all parts of the northwest except Yangshao, including Daxi in the south and Qujialing in Hanshui. Hemudu is characterized by black pottery (in Zhang Guangzhi). This shows a certain unity between the eastern, southern and eastern parts of China, and the differences between them and the northwest.

Mr. Zhang Guangzhi said: "By about 4000 BC, alluvial fans in the lower reaches of the Yellow River had basically formed. With the gradual narrowing of the ground gap on its edge until it finally disappears, the land exchange between Yangshao culture and Dawenkou culture is bound to be convenient. " . "There are clear signs that in about 4000 BC, both in the south and the north, these distinctive cultures began a process. In this process, the links between various cultures have been strengthened. The time is below 1000 in the north and below 1500-2000 in the south. These regional cultures are expanding outward, really touching each other and interacting culturally, which essentially shows signs of increasing interaction ... ". It may be meaningful to pay attention to the different periods of the North and the South. It may imply the inevitability of some basic conditions, such as the improvement or even emergence of transportation at this time. Why south 1, after 2000? What are they waiting for? I think it might be boats, boats and cars. It may also be that the appearance of bronzes is beneficial to the reclamation of dense forests in the south.

Mr. Zhang Guangzhi believes that these different Neolithic cultural regions have become "interconnected cultures" under the "interaction". For this interactive concept of time and space, Mr. Zhang believes that it was "formed in 4000 BC, ranging from the Liaohe River Basin in the north, the Pearl River Delta and Taiwan Province Province in the south, the eastern coastal areas in the east, and Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan in the west ... In the process of forming the historical civilization of China, which unified the Qin and Han Dynasties, various regional cultures played a certain role". Although Mr. Zhang is a supporter of the independent origin theory of Chinese civilization, he is obviously a man with an open and developmental vision. He always sees the impact of new materials on the prehistoric old hypothesis. I have to say that here Mr. Zhang expressed the tendency that China's later civilization originated from the Neolithic civilization mentioned above, and this understanding has certain limitations. Mr. Zhang, like most independent speakers of Chinese civilization, only saw China's complete "sequence" and reveled in it, but paid insufficient attention to the introduction of carriages, the introduction of bronze smelting technology, the sudden emergence of porcelain (non-pottery) in the Shang Dynasty and the rapid development of characters in the late Shang Dynasty. Most importantly, the premise of China's theory of civilization independence is based on the fantasy that there are also apes in China who evolved into China before the application of DNA technology. When we locate the origin of human beings in the single origin theory of Africa, many inferences will inevitably be shaken. But Mr. Zhang didn't see the results of DNA research today, so he didn't have a chance to change his conclusion. It's a pity. But Mr. Zhang's vision is always open, and I have always felt this and was encouraged by his spirit.

In the past tens of thousands of years, there should be a steady stream of people from outside who came to China for various reasons and settled down. The civilization they brought has been communicating and localizing with the local civilization. People in the early Neolithic period laid a part of Chinese civilization, but not all of it, because the "three generations" that brought new civilization have not yet arrived.

Longshan culture began after Dawenkou, and Liangzhu culture near Hangzhou Bay in the south was also famous in the same period. The black pottery of Liangzhu culture and the unique jade pattern with big eyes (or big ears) indicate that it is directly related to Longshan culture or Shang culture. One of the characteristics of Liangzhu culture is those excellent jade articles. Hongshan Culture in the northeast is another area famous for jade. Although we can't see any connection between the two from the decoration, people who are also keen on and good at jade carving are wondering whether there is a deep connection between them. Since Hongshan Culture is in the front and Liangzhu is in the back, considering the climate cooling during that time, this conjecture is even more reasonable. Of course, I don't think this is a pure migration, but more likely a kind of integration and communication.

Generally speaking, there is a very obvious jade tradition in eastern China, but it seems that only pottery culture prevails in northwest China. This is the obvious difference between the eastern and western parts of China in the Neolithic Age. Longshan culture is wrapped in "three generations" civilization.

During the Longshan period, some sites began to appear widely on the plains, indicating that the sea disappeared, the swamp began to shrink, and more and more people moved to the Central Plains. The sudden increase of land makes the whole East Asia look very different from the past. There are many developed kingdoms in Egypt and the two river basins, and ambitious politicians with strategic vision in the Middle East will not fail to pay attention to the huge fat of East Asia. And more businessmen and even business families are ready for this.

Archaeology shows that the civilization in East Asia accelerated about 5000 years ago, and some qualitative changes are about to take place in the social life here. One of the signs is that "the number of spears and arrows is unusually large". Violence and war began to appear formally. During this period, some new civilization factors appeared. For example, the famous jade cong in Liangzhu culture, no one has found its origin so far, and no one has even said its exact meaning so far. Those strange features and shapes also appeared suddenly, when they appeared, they were mature and there was no transition. Where they came from, no one explained. But the fact that these places are located along the coast still gives us a lot of imagination.

It is true that similar jade articles have not been found in the two brilliant basins of the Middle East and ancient Egypt, but the cosmology of a round place is popular in the Middle East. As for which civilization these jades belong to, I don't think it is necessarily a famous big civilization plate, but it may be a small branch, or even a civilization that has sunk into the sea for thousands of years. We can't cling to the belief that every civilization can find its own origin, and it is certainly appropriate to try to find its own origin. The origin of black pottery culture is also a problem. In the east of China, from south to north, there are almost all black pottery, even the phoenix nose in Taiwan Province Province.

Culture also has black pottery. But what is certain is that besides China, there are also sporadic black pottery discoveries near the Middle East, including Indian ones. Since all these problems originated from the seaside in China, I think we should return to the sea.

A netizen named "I thought" spoke after seeing my above comments in Susan's living room:

One: China's east, south, southeast Asia and south India are all black pottery cultural areas, which are connected into a large area. Black pottery is accompanied by wetland agriculture, and painted pottery is accompanied by dry land agriculture. In the Stone Age, there was little communication between the two cultures. Since we want to discuss marine culture, it is suggested to focus on the black pottery cultural circle.

Two: You said that "Pacific blacks did not appear in Henan Plain until the late Shang Dynasty". They are Australians who arrived in East Asia earlier than the yellow race. Compared with modern East Asians, they were neither foreign nor migrated, but were swallowed up. There are still many genes left in the surrounding ethnic groups, such as Japanese, Tunguska and Tibetans. After reading the accumulated textbook texts, I will design the following teaching plan according to the cognitive level, emotional psychology and value orientation of senior one students: Introduction: Make a billboard with a picture of "Greek and Phoenician colonies in the Mediterranean" in Chambers Atlas of World History, so that students can distinguish Phoenicia from Greek colonies by looking at the picture. The overseas colonies that make up Phoenicia are distributed in North Africa and the southern coast of Spain. Among them, Carthage developed into the overlord of the western Mediterranean and became a strong opponent of ancient Rome. Greek colonies are distributed in Sicily, southern Italy and the southern coast of France, and Marseille is its outpost, so this area is called "Greater Greece". Finally, I found a "king of thailand" in the Black Sea. The Greeks vividly compared the Mediterranean to a big pond, while the Greeks were big frogs living around the big pond and echoing each other. Take Qian's Roman Empire when Trajan died in A.D. 177, and compare the Roman Empire in its heyday with Rome in the 3rd century BC, so that students can draw a conclusion: Red Rome is different from Greece in the process of overseas colonization, and it developed gradually from one point. Through war and conquest, Rome was gradually expanded into a big empire spanning three continents. If the Greek spirit lies in culture, freedom and democracy, then the characteristic of the Roman spirit is action. Then it shows the overseas colonization of Phoenicians, Greeks and Romans in 2000 BC, 700-500 BC, 400-44 BC and 177 BC. How did you make such overseas colonies spread all over the Mediterranean? What is the reason for promoting overseas colonization on such a large scale? What did colonization bring to maritime countries, especially Greece?

The teacher pointed out that Phoenicians used maritime trade, most Greeks immigrated to establish a country, while Romans relied on military conquest.

Students will point out that there are other reasons because of the pressure of population. Teacher's analysis: In addition to all residents forcibly drawing lots, some people who are in debt and bankrupt go out to wander; Some politically frustrated people were forced to leave; Those who expanded their business opened up the market. The most important factor is geographical environment.

On the basis of students' discussion, the teacher concluded that the most prominent thing in this colonial wave was the integration of Greek and oriental civilizations; Constitute the Mediterranean trade circle; Make it the Greek soul of China: be brave in pioneering and good at seeking; Strengthen exchanges throughout Europe; Relieved the contradictions within the Greek city-state. The spread of Greek culture, from the "Crescent Bay" two river basin civilization and the Aegean civilization, can clearly distinguish the inheritance of Greek civilization: from east to west, the Mediterranean gradually widened. The Greek colony is a copy of the Greek mother state. Greece's winding coastline, rocky and uneven terrain have created nearly 200 Fiona Fang city-states all over Greece. This city-state cultivated the democratic political system of Athens through Solon and Pericles. Solon's reform laid the foundation of Athenian democracy, and Pericles's reform pushed Athenian democracy to a climax. Aristotle investigated 150 city-states and wrote his masterpiece Politics. Thucydides' Perikles Speech in the History of the Peloponnesian War summed up the democratic system as follows: "It is not imitated from others, but part of its own way of life, which can only be imitated by others, not by Athens." This speech fully shows respect for the people and ordinary people and allows ordinary people to participate in political life. The whole talk is about people's interests and respecting people's opinions. Because the contents of Solon's reform and Perikles's reform in textbooks are missing, it is advisable to supplement materials to explain the background of the above reforms: they occurred during the Greek-Persian War and the Peloponnesian War. The prosperity of Athens is related to war. The contents of the reform: "sovereignty lies with the people" and "taking turns to govern". The conclusion is that the democracy in Athens is very rough and primitive. It is a kind of "direct democracy", and the people have the final say, which often turns into "majority tyranny". Socrates' death is an example. But Athenian democracy is one of the sources of European civilization, which is contradictory and dialectical.

The Greek colony is a child state copied from the mother state. How was the Greek city-state formed?

Present a "Greek landform map": the coastline is tortuous, rocky and the plain space is not big. Greece's geographical conditions help her become an open and imaginative place; The polis is naturally formed, and they live according to their own conditions. Every city-state is a "free" town, independent of each other, and the original "democracy" was born in this unique environment. Such a geographical environment is not easy to unify politically. Nearly 200 city-States, dozens of miles, can be called "all over the sky" and "a small country with a small land and a large population"

How many forms does the political system have? Students will point out three kinds: tyrants, oligarchs and democracy. The teacher should point out that Athens, known as wisdom, is "democratic politics" and the brave Sparta is the representative. Athens gave birth to the most developed democracy in history. Solon's reform in 594 BC laid the democratic political foundation of Athens: 1 Abolish debt slaves. 2. Divide the ranks of citizens and distribute civil rights according to the amount of property. Set up a Senate and a 400-member Council-"Two Anchors on Solon's Ship". The first jury court. Then, Pericles's reform pushed the democratic politics in Athens to a climax: 1 A citizens' assembly (500 people) was established-the highest power decision-making body. Draw lots to produce city-state officials 3. Enjoy allowances when holding public office. An eighteen-year-old man has civil rights. 4 shells (pottery pieces) were cast into exile.

Provide relevant materials for the above reform measures respectively, and reproduce the scene of democracy in Athens in PPT form. Details are as follows:

Pottery exile law: Athens holds a special citizens' meeting every year, using pottery or shells as votes to decide the fate of democratic threats. If someone gets more than 6000 votes, he will be exiled abroad 10 years, but his family will not be implicated, and he will also recover his citizenship after the expiration of exile. This is an effective way to oppose the enemies of democracy in a democratic way.

Qualification examination of public officials: the citizens' assembly is held 40 times a year, of which 10 is the fixed topic to examine the performance of public officials and vote to decide whether to stay or not. This means that a public official has to go through 10 mass qualification examinations during his one-year term. The remaining 30 meetings were on state affairs and individual complaints of citizens.

General Assembly Debate: The most important procedure of the General Assembly is to debate the bill. The Athenians believed that although the tedious debate prolonged the decision-making time, it could avoid the disaster caused by reckless behavior. In order to ensure the efficiency and order of the debate, the Athenians drew up a set of rules for the debate. Eloquent speech depends on rich knowledge, so fierce debate promotes the reverence for knowledge and the development of oratory, and Athens has become an ancient country full of surprises for great orators.

Selection of members of the 500-member conference: selected by lottery, and the quota will be distributed in proportion to the number of citizens in each grass-roots unit. Citizens over the age of 30 can be elected twice in their lifetime for a term of one year. This shows that it takes an Athenian 18 years to become a citizen and a public official 12 years.

Jury court: the judges of the court are selected from citizens over 30 who have no public debt or criminal record. There are 6,000 judges, and generally 500 people make up the court to handle all kinds of lawsuits. This is the largest group of judges in the world.

Gu Zhun's narrative in The Greek City-State System is supplemented: "Direct democracy is only possible in a narrow city-state. When you go to town to attend the town meeting, you can run back and forth, get familiar with each other, and the government affairs are relatively simple, so it is easy to discuss and vote at the town meeting. The Citizen Army is equipped with its own armor, weapons and horses. It can be seen that the city-state system and direct democracy are interdependent and mutually conditional. ..... The democratic life in Athens has made the Senate, jury court and citizens' assembly widely used as the art of speech, that is, eloquence. Eloquence makes an ordinary citizen a leader of the people. Under this circumstance, the overall academic culture of Athens is very active, Athenian citizens have gained extensive support in political life, and intellectuals from all over Greece have also flocked to Athens. "

On this basis, please talk about your views on democracy in Athens (gains and losses): On the basis of sorting out students' answers, the teacher summed up:

Cradle of democracy

The product of twists and turns and constant innovation.

Direct democracy: the democracy of collective management operation

Rough primacy: democracy of male citizens

Majority tyranny: most people make mistakes, and sometimes the truth is in the hands of a few people. ?

Sovereignty lies with the people: it will be very efficient to let everyone be the master.

Take turns to govern:: the idea of being both ruler and ruled?

Operation mode: differential election system, tenure system, proportional representation system, parliamentary system and so on.

Finally, it is concluded that the city-state democracy has stimulated the enthusiasm of citizens and promoted the economic and cultural prosperity of Athens. In the next chapter, we will learn about the splendid Greek culture. The overseas colonization learned in this lesson led to the development of handicrafts, commerce and navigation, and laid a material foundation for city-state politics. This is our overall grasp of this class. (Thucydides's Speech at the Funeral in Pericles is divided into two versions, Chinese and English, for those who have spare capacity to expand their study. )