Episode 25 reorganization of follwed

This is a map of emperors drawn by Yan, a famous painter in the Tang Dynasty. It depicts the images of thirteen emperors from the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Sui Dynasty for more than 700 years, including Liu Bei and Sun Quan. They were all independent regimes, but one dynasty was ignored and despised, that is, the emperor Wang Mang of the new dynasty. This new dynasty, established between the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty, has only 14 years left, which is a short-lived dynasty in the history of China. However, people ignored the new dynasty, not because it enjoyed a short country, because compared with the new dynasty, the Qin dynasty was only 15 years, and the new dynasty obviously could not be compared with the historical Qin dynasty. Wang Mang, the emperor of the new dynasty, was later identified as a traitor to usurp the Han Dynasty by Ban Gu, a historian of the Eastern Han Dynasty. This view was almost adopted by all historians in later generations. People don't want to call this period a new dynasty, but a new dynasty. It was not until nearly two thousand years later that people re-examined the new emperor. Some modern scholars, such as Hu Shi, began to agree with Wang Mang's three policies of state-owned land, equal production and abolition of slavery. So what kind of person is Wang Mang and what kind of regime is the new dynasty established by Wang Mang?

Daming county Old Town is located in the east of daming county. In 45 BC, Wang Mang was born here. Perhaps because of the historical position of Wang Mang's usurpation of the throne, it is different from the hometown of other emperors. There is neither an ancestral temple nor a statue of this emperor. Only in daming county Local Records Museum can we find a few written records about Wang Mang, and there are one or two thousand volumes of daming county chronicles collected in these years.

Wang Mang's family background is recorded in Daming County Records. Wang Mang's background is impressive. His Wang family was a consort family in power at that time. There are nine people, five of whom are Fu. Most of the family members live in luxury, and they are arrogant and extravagant. Only Wang Mang lost his father in his early years, and he was lonely and worshipped the famous Rupei County at that time. Chen Shen studied The Book of Rites. This laid a public opinion foundation for him to get ahead. General Wang Feng is follwed's uncle. When he was ill, Wang Mang took good care of him, and he was unkempt for months. Wang Feng was deeply moved. Wang Feng, an important official of the dynasty, specially recommended follwed to the emperor before his death.

In 22 BC, 24-year-old Wang Mang was appointed assistant minister of Huangmen. He was not only an official who served the emperor and issued imperial edicts, but there were not many records about Wang Mang serving as assistant minister of Huangmen in history. However, this period of time is very important for Wang Mang. It was during his tenure that he met Liu Xin, an official of the same dynasty who managed books in Tianluge. Liu Xin followed his father Liu Xiang in collating and collating royal classics since childhood, and came into contact with a large number of newly discovered classics written in ancient pre-Qin scripts, which were not based on official studies. He deeply felt that these classics shared the likes and dislikes of saints and could correct the disadvantages of Confucian classics, which were gradually becoming rigid and mythical. These classics are China classics.

Confucian classics in Han Dynasty can be divided into modern Confucian classics and ancient Confucian classics. Modern Confucian Classics is recognized by the imperial court and has an official position, while ancient Confucian Classics is a school with unclear inheritance, which is hidden in the secret government or among the people but has no official position. By the end of the Western Han Dynasty, some scholars began to oppose the monopoly of Confucian classics on official studies, thinking that Confucian classics was strict, suppressing and excluding other schools, and was degenerating into a tool for vested interests. Not only that, but the study of Confucian classics also misinterprets its meaning at will, making it a vassal of real politics, leading to confusion among people.

While the study of Confucian classics in modern literature is becoming more and more stale and conservative, the study of Confucian classics in ancient literature, which is in opposition, has shown great vitality, and it is during this period that Wang Mang and Liu Xin are closely linked.

(Sun Xiao, a researcher at the Institute of History, China Academy of Social Sciences: At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xin and Wang Mangcha found a point of convergence in this respect. Their age and hobbies are similar, and the concept of social governance is consistent with the way to find social governance methods. Therefore, they began to look for some new social governance methods from China's ancient classics. ")

Wang Mang and Liu Xin are staunch supporters of China's classical studies. Both of them are people with lofty ideals. They were extremely disappointed with the chaotic social order and dilapidated state system in the late Western Han Dynasty, and hated the political compromise of China's modern classics. So, based on the study of China's ancient classics, we began to plan an ideal political blueprint. Liu Xin is a designer, and Wang Mang will become a practitioner.

(Sun Xiao, a researcher at the Institute of History, China Academy of Social Sciences: Liu Xin can be said to be a theorist of Wang Mang. Liu Xin has done a lot of work in sorting out the classics, especially China's ancient classic books and some theories. Wang Mang is a practitioner of the new theory of China's classical works. He is a politician. He is a combination of theorist and politician. ")

Wang Mang began to get more and more support. Because of his low status and reputation, his uncle Wang Shang wrote that he was willing to give part of his fief to Wang Mang. The move was widely supported by the ruling and opposition parties, and Wang Mang was tired of moving to serve the riding captain and Dr. Guanglu.

In 16 BC, Wang Mang was designated as the new capital city Hou. Even though his position was high, Wang Mang continued to pay tribute to this noble corporal, often distributing his salary to the people and civilians, and even selling his car to help the poor. He was deeply loved by the people and the court. In 8 BC, Wang Mang became a fu at the age of 38. At this time, Wang Mang was not only the leader of foreign dynasties, but also the leader of academic circles. Together with Liu Xin, he began to urge Confucian Classics to become an official school, which would lead to major changes in the whole social order. However, only one year later, Emperor Hong of Han Dynasty ascended the throne, Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty succeeded to the throne, and two consorts, Ding and Fu, came to power, which dealt a heavy blow to the Wang family. So Wang Mang was dismissed from office and took refuge in Xindu (now Xinye, Henan Province), and Doumen held his own.

At this time, Liu Xin also met with stubborn resistance from traditional forces. Big Sikong and others vilified Liu Xin, changed the old chapter, and did not destroy the former emperor. Because follwed was dismissed, Liu Xin lost the most powerful alliance and was almost killed. Liu Xin had to leave the capital, and was removed from his post several years later due to illness.

(Sun Xiao, a researcher at the Institute of History of China Academy of Social Sciences: After the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Confucian classics were monopolized by a few people. They have mastered the official right to speak in this official sense. These intellectuals who have not entered this group and have not obtained the legitimacy of this righteous explanation do not have a high status in society. Even a man like Liu Xin, though a librarian in the Royal Archives, is hard to get into the core of this political group of Confucian classics. ")

Although Wang Mang returned home from his post, he did not leave people's field of vision. He is still a new capital. Something happened that made Wang Mang become the focus of the world's attention again. One day, Wang Mang's second son killed a handmaiden, which was not a big deal in the eyes of the literati at that time, because the handmaiden's status at that time was similar to private property and could be bought and sold as a tool at will. However, follwed himself is serious. He thought that the life of a handmaiden was no different from that of ordinary people, so he forced his second son to commit suicide, which made Wang Mang a scholar.

Wang Qifa, a researcher at the Institute of History of China Academy of Social Sciences: Wang Mang's son killed a slave, and then he gave his life for it. In fact, this is what we call putting righteousness above family interests and practicing one of his moral standards in order to realize our own ideals. ")

At this time, Wang Mang was not only a moral model, but more importantly, people saw the hope of reorganizing rivers and mountains and reviving society from Wang Mang's behavior.

The Western Han Dynasty began to govern the country from the founding emperor Liu Bang. After the rule of Wenjing, the vigorous promotion of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty and the promotion of Zhao Xuan, the Western Han Dynasty began to decline. The four emperors, Yuan, Cheng, Ai and Ping, ruined the prosperous times step by step, and the people were miserable everywhere, and social contradictions became increasingly acute. As consorts took turns to govern, eunuchs tended to play politics, and ministers were mostly deposed, mostly corrupt officials who stayed in the court. As a result, the place has become darker, and it is very important for local officials to make friends with powerful ministers, which makes them unscrupulous and increases the burden on the people. Population explosion and frequent disasters are also aggravating social contradictions. According to historical records, the population in the early Western Han Dynasty was only130,000, and by the time of Emperor Pingdi in the Western Han Dynasty, it had reached more than 60 million. In some densely populated areas in Guangdong and Guanzhong, the average number of people per kilometer exceeds 1000. In the era when there is no innovation in production methods, the population is growing rapidly, and the same land is overwhelmed and cannot provide enough food to meet the needs of the hungry.

(Sun Xiao, a researcher at the Institute of History, China Academy of Social Sciences: Social unrest, increasing number of refugees, famine, all kinds of problems, and social contradictions are also very prominent. Then the traditional Confucian classics can't come up with a solution to these problems. At that time, some promising intellectuals, such as Liu Xin and Wang Mang, began to look for some theories that could support social and political governance from other ancient books, not from ancient books in China, and looked for some methods of social governance from these theories. ")

In 2 BC, under the strong appeal of many officials, Wang Mang returned to Beijing again. A year later, Emperor Ai died of illness, and Wang Mang once again became a fu, holding real power in internal affairs and foreign affairs. At his suggestion, nine-year-old Emperor Han Ping ascended the throne. In AD 3, Wang Mang's daughter became a queen, and his dominance was further consolidated. He thought that the time was ripe to change the ideology of the dynasty, and Wang Mang quickly formed a handy team. Follwed, of course, also won't forget like-minded Liu Xin, so he transferred Liu Xin from the local to the central government and appointed him. This newly created official name originally meant the legendary sun god, and later became the official name of Confucian scholars. Liu Xin became the supreme leader of thought and academic culture at that time.

A large-scale propaganda campaign to learn China's ancient classics has been launched all over the country. Liu Xin and Wang Mang and Qi Xin worked together to remember Luo, and at the same time kept it, making the study of "Left Turn", "Ancient Chinese Classics" a part of the national orthodoxy, which means that many Confucian scholars who have been suppressed for a long time will have the opportunity to enter the official establishment of the country and realize their ambitions. Later, Wang Mang also established the Jing Yue, which increased the number of doctors in the books "Poetry", "Book of Changes", "Spring and Autumn Annals" and "Jing Yue" to 5, 30 doctors in the Six Classics, 360 doctors in various books, and * * students 10800.

To this end, Wang Mang began to build 10,000 houses for scholars in Chang 'an, and vigorously promoted the education of rites and music. Inspired by Wang Mang, Confucian scholars and people devoted themselves to voluntary labor. After 65,438+10,000 people's hard assault, 1 10,000 houses were actually completed in 20 days. Not only that, Wang Mang's kindness also spread to more ordinary people. He built five houses in Chang 'an, with 200 residential areas for refugees to live in. At this time, Wang Mang hopes to build a society that can benefit the most people. Wang Mang once said in a letter that in ancient times, there was no price in the city, officials had no prison proceedings, there were no thieves in the city, there were no hungry people in the wild, and men and women had no way. The ancient system should be presented to the world for people to abide by. This is actually the ultimate ideal of Wang Mang. He wants to build a well-off society that pays tribute to people's wealth according to Tang Yu's theory followed by three generations in ancient times.

(Wang Qifa, a researcher at the Institute of History, China Academy of Social Sciences: The relationship between Wang Mang and Confucian Classics mainly lies in his proposal to take Zhou Li's theory and system as the institutional reform, which established the core theoretical and institutional foundation for the Xinmang regime and also a continuation of the political development of Confucian Classics in the Western Han Dynasty. ")

One of the great events of Wang Mang's retro "Zhou Li" is the construction of Tang Ming, which is the place where the emperors of Zhou Dynasty received princes and princes, and also the symbol of Zhou Li. There is a bronze statue of Wang Mang in Shanghai Museum, and the words on it confirm this history. This is a bronze mirror of Wang Mang's period.

(Zhou Ya, Director of Bronze Research Department of Shanghai Museum: The significance of this bronze mirror is that the inner ring of the mirror has a week's inscription. The most important words in this inscription are the new Biyong Architecture Hall of Fame. At that time, he implemented a retro policy. He just wants to restore Zhou Li's system, and one of the most important points is to establish a Hall of Fame. These words are similar to the record of Jian Biyong in Wang Mang's retro policy. ")

In the first month of the 5th year, thousands of princes and royal children held a sacrificial ceremony in the newly-built Biyong Tang Ming. The scene is grand and solemn, and the light of ideals fills everyone's heart. Wang Mang became a saint in their hearts. For this reason, 900 ministers asked the court to give Wang Mang the Nine-Life Tin, a symbol of supreme courtesy, and the drama of regime change began.

Sun Xiao, a researcher at the Institute of History, China Academy of Social Sciences: Nine is a special contributor of ancient kings to these princes. It expresses a reward for your contribution. Whoever gets the Nine Xi becomes a usurper. Wang Mang was given nine tin titles, and he finally replaced Han. ")

In AD 6, Emperor Han Ping died suddenly, and Liu Ying, who was only two years old, succeeded to the throne. The queen mother ordered Wang Mang to temporarily act as the emperor's regent. At this time, although Wang Mang was a fake emperor (agent), his power was almost equal to that of the emperor, which led to the rebellion of the opposition forces dominated by Liu's imperial clan. After successfully removing these obstacles, Wang Mang may further realize that his chance to become an emperor has come, even if he does not want to usurp the throne, but if he wants to carry out drastic reforms in the system to realize himself.

So he created an atmosphere more intensively, which is the atmosphere that God wants to award the dynasty to Wang Mang, and it is reflected in various auspicious signs. During Wang Mang's regency, all kinds of lucky one poured in, and people in government and public advised Wang Mang to proclaim himself emperor and change the dynasty in different ways. Zhang Ai, a Zitong student studying in Chang 'an, simply made a bronze niche, on which it was written that Wang Mang was the true son of heaven, and the empress dowager should comply with her destiny. He also wrote down the eight ministers of follwed, the people he made up, and his own names * * * eleven people. At dusk, Zhang Ai, dressed in yellow, came to Gaozu Temple and gave it to the official on duty. After learning this, Wang Mang went to Gao Temple to meet the bronze niche and went to the front hall of Weiyang Palace.

Du Weiming, Dean of Peking University Institute of Advanced Humanities: Wang Mang, through his own efforts, is a young man with great academic attainments and affinity for people, so he cannot be said to rely entirely on his political power. In fact, he won a large number of people by virtue of his personality charm. Not only that, but many Confucian scholars accepted his idea and were willing to make him change. This is a fact, and public opinion is quite strong. "

This is the site of Weiyang Palace in Chang 'an in Han Dynasty. It was here that Wang Mang accepted the last emperor of the Western Han Dynasty on 9th 1 month15th. After Emperor Liu Ying abdicated, he became an emperor, changed from a fake emperor to a real emperor, and changed a new title. In China's history books, most people don't think this is the replacement of a dynasty, but regard Wang Mang's move as a chaotic political usurpation. However, some people think that Wang Mang must ascend to the throne in order to realize his ideal, which is a last resort. From then on, the Western Han Dynasty, which lasted for more than 2 10 years, ended, and the era of follwed really began. On behalf of the Han Dynasty, follwed stood out, creating a precedent for being an emperor in the history of China.

Du Weiming, Dean of Peking University Institute of Advanced Humanities: He really won the right to speak. The right to speak itself is strength and power, and the power of this right to speak is also closely related to the political development at that time. "

Wang Qifa, a researcher at the Institute of History of China Academy of Social Sciences: In the traditional sense, he is still a persecutor of the Han Dynasty. For example, the boy was very young, and then his rights were given to him. Therefore, from the current history books, I really don't see any powerful figures in Liu regime competing with him for this right. ")

Wang Mang received the widest support in the ruling and opposition parties and took over the political power by peaceful means. The Western Han Dynasty disappeared in the Millennium, and a new dynasty called the New Dynasty was born in the Millennium. There was hardly any bloodshed when the two dynasties handed over. When he became emperor, Wang Mang was ambitious to realize his ideal in the whole country. In order to show his political innovation, Wang Mang changed the names of many government agencies and officials according to Confucian classics, especially Zhou Li.

In addition, according to ancient records, he changed the rank of Lu to the title of the country and became five princes according to the legendary Zhou system. If all political reforms are formal changes, then Wang Mang's economic reforms are more comprehensive and profound, but they also face greater risks. In order to eliminate the common disadvantages of land merger in the late Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang promoted the "Wang Tian" system throughout the country, that is, restored the mining field system similar to that of the Zhou Dynasty, and the whole country was nationalized, and he was not allowed to buy or sell land himself. The purpose of Wang Tian system is good. The purpose of curbing land merger is to make a large number of farmers who bear the burden of state labor have cultivated land, rebuilt and merged, and become greedy and humble. The strong rule thousands of fields, and the weak have no place to stand and are destroyed.

Sun Xiao, a researcher at the Institute of History of China Academy of Social Sciences: After the land is concentrated in the hands of these big bureaucrats, big landlords and big businessmen, a large number of civilians are displaced and become refugees because they have no land, and this society will not be very stable. Wang Mang adopted Wang Tian. He said that all the fields were owned by the state and I could share them equally. Didn't you infringe on the interests of these big landlords by taking their fields? ")

At the same time, Wang Mang changed the name of handmaiden to private ownership, banned the sale of handmaiden, changed the status of handmaiden and cattle and horses, and restrained a large number of farmers from becoming handmaiden. However, this policy also encountered trouble in the implementation process, and the final result was unpopular.

Sun Xiao, a researcher at the Institute of History, China Academy of Social Sciences: Abolition of slavery is to save slaves from big landlords. On the one hand, it is to weaken the influence of these big landlord groups. The second is to let the country get more labor, but also because the policy is not thorough. ")

The policy of "five averages and six budgets" has also been fully implemented, that is, the government unifies prices to balance market supply. Wang Mang set up five officials in six major cities, namely Chang 'an, Luoyang, Handan, Linzi, Wan and Chengdu, to control the sharp drop in prices and prevent businessmen from manipulating the market. However, due to the lack of the support of bureaucratic groups, Wang Mang can only rely on wealthy businessmen to carry out policies, thus forming a more harmful monopoly group of officials and businessmen. The six important economic undertakings are directly taken over by the state, that is, wine, salt and iron are monopolized by the state, and the central government uniformly manages the landscape resources by minting coins, and the state collects taxes. The real result of this policy is to fatten up capable officials, while the state finance has not increased their income, but the burden on the people has become heavier. As for legitimate businessmen and craftsmen, there is no place for them under the government-run commercial system.

(Sun Xiao, a researcher at the Institute of History, China Academy of Social Sciences: The idea is very good, including many measures, but there are many problems in practice, including these specific bureaucrats and these classes. What the government wanted was one set, and he made another. ")

In daming county, Wang Mang's hometown, many people now accept money from Wang Mang's period. There are so many kinds of these currencies that only real collectors can tell the face value at that time.

(Coins in the period of Wang Mang in daming county, Hebei Province: This is the five baht used before Wang Mang's political reform, and there are other five baht, including Daquan 50, C money and Huoquan. There are many rings of fire, and the rest are five baht. "Follwed frequently reform the monetary system. Before and after he ascended the throne, he carried out four currency reforms and issued dozens of currencies, each time replacing the old ones with new bad ones. Because these currencies have no credibility, during the currency reform, prices soared and the economy was in chaos.

(Sun Xiao, a researcher at the Institute of History, China Academy of Social Sciences: Like other policies of Wang Mang, it is constantly changing. The new currency has come and changed before people are familiar with it, so it will bring more social problems. ")

There is a huge gap between ideal and reality, motivation and effect. Wang Mang's reform encountered many obstacles and difficulties. The population explosion was not only a problem in the late Western Han Dynasty, but also a problem that Wang Mang had to face. In order to control the number of refugees who rebelled and surged, Wang Mang stipulated that all unemployed people should be fined a piece of cloth every year, and those who could not afford it should be forced to work by the government, and food and clothing should be provided by the government during their work. This policy is also well-intentioned and ideal, but it is very difficult to implement, so Wang Mang turned his attention to the distant Qinghai Lake.

In the Museum of Xihai County, haiyan county Cultural Bookstore, Qinghai Province, there is an important cultural relic in the era of Wang Mang-the Tiger Fu Stone Cabinet in Xihai County, which is a cabinet for placing military symbols. This is a huge stone token set by Wang Mang's special agent who opened up territory to the west in Qinghai Lake.

(Li Qilu, curator of Xihai County Museum of Haiyan County Cultural Bookstore: Wang Mang, after carving this tiger symbol stone cabinet, it shows that our regime has involved our western grassland. ")

The Tiger Figurines in Xihai County were unearthed at the site of Xihai County, about 1km away from Haiyan County. There is a saying in ancient books that Wang Mang coerced Qiang people to give up the land around Qinghai Lake, nominally. Its main purpose is to force immigrants to solve the population pressure brought by the population explosion in the late Western Han Dynasty to Guanzhong and kanto region.

Ren Yugui has a detailed understanding of the setting of Xihai County. When it comes to the idea of making up the four seas, he thinks it is just an excuse for Wang Mang to reform the system.

Ren Yugui, member of the Selection Committee of Philosophy and Social Sciences in Qinghai Province: At that time, Wang Mang thought that this place was called Qianghai, where Qiang people lived, so he sent censors to bribe the Qiang people in this place and took away a lot of gold and silver treasures. The Qiang people were very happy to see it, so they went to the west of Qinghai Lake and gave it to the Han Dynasty, where Xihai County was established. ")

At present, the site of the ancient city of Xihai County is well preserved, which is 650 meters long from east to west and 600 meters wide from north to south. The city wall is still 4 meters high, and the four city gate sites are well preserved. In the city, you can vaguely see three square or rectangular communities formed by raised walls.

(Ren Yugui, member of Qinghai Philosophy and Social Sciences Selection Committee: This project is quite huge. In addition to the main city, there are facilities in the city, including Taishou House and Dewey House in the west. In addition to these officials, there are some barracks, migrant workers build cities, and these prisoners also need to be built. This place was still very lively at that time. ")

In order to alleviate the increasingly acute social contradictions in China, Wang Mang also launched wars with Siyi many times, with the intention of strengthening domestic cohesion through foreign wars. But in practice, these wars not only did not freeze domestic social contradictions, but intensified domestic contradictions because of compulsory expropriation. Natural disasters also accelerated the pace of Wang Mang's failure. This is the Wangmang levee in daming county, Hebei Province, which was built for disaster prevention. In fact, it is a dike foundation about 40 meters wide and 2 meters high, just like a long dragon lying across Daming County for 20 kilometers. This is what people call the Jindi site in Han Dynasty. Today, the Han bricks of that year can still be found on the levee.

Gui, Deputy Director of daming county Local Records Office: It was formed because the groundwater level was relatively high at that time. After making this brick, in order to make it dry, I shoveled the reed over there to spread a mat and put it on it, thus forming a groove. ")

In 65438 AD, the Wei Jun section of the Yellow River was diverted near daming county, which was not uncommon in the Han Dynasty. However, this crack changed its route, and in densely populated kanto region, a lot of cultivated land was destroyed.

In 22 AD, farmers all over the country revolted, and the world was in chaos, and things were unpredictable. Wang Mang had to abolish the prohibitions of Wang Tian, handmaiden and Liu Jian, and the imperial edicts that had caused inconvenience to the people since he ascended the throne were also abolished, which meant the complete collapse of the reform, and Wang Mang himself would face the greatest dilemma.

Du Weiming, Dean of Peking University Institute of Advanced Humanities: Wang Mang's undertaking of this cultural movement has its inherent political significance. Therefore, what he can really identify with his ideal has been questioned in many places. It has a lot to do with such a short time. When he didn't get the position, he was a courtesy corporal, and he gradually showed his arrogance. ")

(Sun Xiao, a researcher at the Institute of History, China Academy of Social Sciences: He was in a hurry, and many policies were introduced at the same time in a short time. There are many contradictions between these policies and measures. Second, there is no way after encountering resistance, which makes it difficult to implement such policies. Policies that are difficult to implement have caused greater social chaos. ")

The deadliest injuries often come from within. The internal division of the Confucian scholar reform group with Wang Mang as the core has dealt the heaviest blow to Wang Mang. In the process of Wang Mang replacing Han Dynasty, Liu Xin played a very important role. However, after Wang Mang proclaimed himself emperor, he doubted himself too much and was wary of Liu Xin, so he abandoned it. Because of the complete failure of Wang Mang's reform, the original sage Wang Mang almost became a public enemy of the whole people, and people were in panic. There are many sayings among the people that Liu will be emperor again. This great scholar, who shared the same ideals as Wang Mang, actually took part in the action of abolishing Wang Mang's mutiny.

In July of 23 AD, after the failure of the mutiny, Liu Xin, who was over 70 years old, committed suicide, which shocked the ruling and opposition parties and dealt a fatal blow to the new emperor Wang Mang.

(Sun Xiao, a researcher at the Institute of History, China Academy of Social Sciences: People with ideals are lonely, and people with ideals are also lonely. Why did follwed feel down and out the day after Liu Xin's death, because such a confidant of his died, a confidant who was originally in line with his political ideal and practice, finally became his opponent? Think about Wang Mang's later years, when his political ideals were shattered and his political practice was difficult to carry out. "

Du Weiming, Dean of Peking University Institute of Advanced Humanities: Re-evaluation of Wang Mang is a very important topic in modern history, especially since the founding of the People's Republic of China. It is a long way to go to completely change this system. What you have completely changed is a fracture, and fractures often bring unpredictable adverse consequences. No matter how high your ideal is and how acute the problem you have to deal with at that time, if you want to start with a blank sheet of paper, especially after the development of the Han Dynasty for such a long time, you don't care about so many local forces and so many accumulated resources. I think this is a very important point, that is, you can't maintain it in a short time. ")

Liu Xin and follwed are similar in age, and they are like-minded. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, when the whole dynasty was in corruption, it was Liu Xin and Wang Mang who established the theoretical basis of the new dynasty, which prompted Wang Mang to establish a new dynasty. But under the difficult situation that Wang Mang's strategist broke outside, the minister rebelled inside and the left and right sides didn't believe each other, Liu Xin made the most thorough betrayal, which included decades of friendship and the ideal of * * *. From then on, follwed lived in the palace, and when he was tired of reading, he slept on several cases. He seems to have a premonition about his tragic ending. His ideal can't be combined with reality, and his almost dreamy reform has taken him to the cliff. However, he was unwilling. He thinks he is full of Confucian ambition to help the world, conscientious and hands-on. Even though he has good intentions, he is so popular. Until now, he still has hope.

Farmers all over the country revolted one after another, and gradually formed the two most powerful resistance forces, Red Eyebrows and Greenwood, while the frontier of the army that started a new stove was only the capital.

In the late summer of AD 23, the war approached Chang 'an, and on the second day of October, the rebels broke into the palace gate and the fire spread. There are purple frogs in Hanshu, and the rest are in a leap position, saying that Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty and the purple frogs croak. At this time, Wang Mang put on a purple dress and completely entrusted his life to heaven. Wang Mang finally died in the chaos of the army, and the new regime was declared dead in the victory of the peasant uprising.

The death of Wang Mang made Confucianism fall from its peak, and their political practice came to an abrupt end. After all, good dreams are hard to achieve. However, we should affirm Wang Mang's due position as a free reformer in the history of China, his knowledge and courage in reforming to overcome the social crisis in the late Western Han Dynasty, and his bold attempt to realize the ideal society conceived by Confucianism. We can also find some experiences and lessons from the mottled historical memory, from the great ideals of Confucianism and the unsuccessful reform practice, so that we can realize that the reform must be practical, take appropriate measures, implement it vigorously and complete it well, and realize the arduousness and arduousness of the reform, so that we can learn from the lessons of history and realize our own glory.

At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, government corruption, economic depression and people's livelihood hardship caused great social unrest. The Western Han Dynasty, which lasted for more than 200 years, perished in 8 AD, and Wang Mang took the opportunity to establish a new dynasty. However, due to the failure of reform, the society is more turbulent, and the land of China is once again in extreme chaos. The world once again became attached to Liu's Han Dynasty, and people attached great importance to it. From Guanzhong to Shandong, from Jianghuai to Hebei, there have been uprisings, separatist regimes, and peasant armed forces of various names, mostly under the banner of Liu's clan, showing their magical powers and competing for the Central Plains. However, no one expected that Liu Xiu at this time was moving towards the historical stage in his unique way.