Excuse me, can you give me some reference materials about cowboys in the western United States ~ both Chinese and English are acceptable ~ English literature is preferred ~ ~ I have to write a paper r

Excuse me, can you give me some reference materials about cowboys in the western United States ~ both Chinese and English are acceptable ~ English literature is preferred ~ ~ I have to write a paper recently ~ please, please. The cowboy in the west refers to the United States from 18 to 19, where a group of enthusiastic and fearless pioneers lived on the vast land in the west. In American history, they were pioneers in the development of the western region. They are adventurous and hardworking, so they are called "heroes on horseback" by Americans.

catalogue

brief introduction

Create background

way of life

Work clothes lasso

Denim towel

cowboy hat

Jeans

Shepherd boots

The influence of society on western novels

Western movies

Technical cowboy

Brief introduction of arcade game with the same name

Create background

way of life

Work clothes lasso

Denim towel

cowboy hat

Jeans

Shepherd boots

The influence of society on western novels

Western movies

Technical cowboy

Arcade game of the same name

Expand and edit this introduction.

For most Americans, and even for many people in the world, cowboys in the western United States are heroes and mysterious figures. In literature and film and television works, cowboys usually wear a high-topped Mexican wide-brimmed felt hat, a Colt revolver around their waist or a Winchester rifle on their shoulders. They are wearing bullet belts, jeans and leather jackets, tight-fitting sleeved jeans, a pair of high-heeled leather boots decorated with spikes, and a colorful printed square towel around their necks. They ride fast horses with fierce and free images. Due to the endless stream of western movies and the rendering of various paperback novels and TV programs, kind, capable and brave western cowboys are very popular. However, the real cowboy is a much more complicated figure than his descendants are often rendered by romanticism. The cowboy in the west is actually a short-lived historical phenomenon. It was a service worker who flourished in the western United States from 1866 to 1886. The emergence of this profession depends on the invention of train carriages with refrigeration equipment. But another invention, barbed wire, quickly made this profession disappear.

Edit this paragraph to generate the background.

To talk about cowboys in the western United States, we must first talk about American cows. Americans are descendants of European immigrants, and American cattle are descendants of Europe. Cows in America were originally brought by Columbus. At that time, he brought Spanish cattle to the West Indies and the coastal areas of Central and South America. 1525, Spanish cattle began to be introduced to the North American continent from the West Indies. 16 1 1 year, the British transported a large number of cattle to James City, Virginia. Since then, British cattle have been widely propagated in the North American continent, and many breeding places have appeared. 1540, Spanish explorer coronado crossed the Atlantic Ocean and searched for the legendary "Seven Treasures City of Seppola" in North America. He also took 500 cows to northern Mexico today and Arizona today. Since then, cattle have been breeding and gradually spread all over northern Mexico and Jalisco. By the beginning of17th century, there were more than 65,438+10,000 cows in Jalisco. In short, American cattle entered from the east and south and gradually spread all over the country. /kloc-In the early 8th century, cows appeared in Ohio and Kentucky. Kentucky means grassland in Indian, and it is also known as the state of green grass. Illinois, which is adjacent to Kentucky, is called "grassland country" by Indians and is a paradise for cattle. By the middle of the19th century, the technology of taming and raising cattle there was very clever. After the Civil War, cattle moved westward to the vast grassland west of the Mississippi River and became the "cattle kingdom". Spanish cattle imported from southern Mexico also proliferated. In the late19th century, Texas had 50 million cattle, which was the most cattle-raising state in the United States. From 65438 to the 1960s, Texans drove a large number of cattle northward to the railroad side of Kansas and then resold them all over the United States. At that time, there were also special "Niudao" and "Niuzhen", in which "Niudao" was the road for cattle and "Niuzhen" was a stop along the way. 1In the 1960s, just after the American Civil War, the invention of refrigerated train carriages enabled beef to be transported for a long distance and kept fresh. Therefore, the markets of major cities in the eastern United States are open to ranchers in the west, and ranchers immediately expand the scale of herd breeding to meet the growing demand. Cattle raised on pastures in Texas and southwestern States had to be concentrated at the train station in the westernmost part of the United States at that time, namely Abilene, Kansas. From there, cattle are trucked to Chicago, slaughtered, cut and frozen, and then transported to the east. Cattle travel long distances through states and counties. Of course, people need leadership and care for them. Thousands of young people go to the farm in droves to look for jobs. They are farm boys in the Midwest, adventure-seeking Britons, young people in the East who want to be independent from their parents, former mutinous soldiers, a few blacks who used to be slaves, some Indians, and Mexicans from the border. They are the original group source of cowboys in the west. Later called "the hero on horseback".

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During the long and arduous journey, western cowboys must be hard-working, resourceful and brave, calm and calm, and be able to cope with all kinds of unexpected accidents and dangers on the way. First of all, we should control semi-tame cattle, especially fierce Spanish cattle. The cowboys followed the cattle, keeping an eye on them and not relaxing for a moment. Along the way, we should also pay attention to the attacks of wild animals such as wolves, poisonous snakes and poisonous insects, and guard against Indian cold arrows and javelins. Sometimes there may be sudden thunderstorms. Lightning and thunder often lead to panic and cattle running around. Cowboys should calmly circle around them and form a circle to eliminate panic. Cowboys travel long distances with cattle like a large-scale March. Cowboys escorting oversized cows should have a strict division of labor and perform their duties. There are often two most experienced people as the chief commander and a correspondent, who are responsible for passing messages around. In addition, there is a "tour ride", which patrols flexibly from front to back and left and right. "Yiqi" marched on both sides of the team, and "Weiqi" was behind the house, specializing in calves, sick cows and lazy cows. Cowboys, some of whom are herders themselves, are mostly employees of livestock merchants, and they have played an important role in the westward migration of residents in the eastern United States. Cowboys' long-distance grazing is pioneering in itself, and they directly open the way for people who move westward. Some existing photos show that their lives are bitter and dirty, but their jobs are not as dangerous as people think. Their dusty faces and loose woolen shirts and trousers are completely different from the cowboy images in the screen and literary works. Besides, they don't always carry guns. However, their life is by no means so relaxed and happy. At dawn, the cowboy must lasso his mount. The horse hasn't been mounted yet, but it just pricked its foot and spent the night in the grazing area. Cowboys must tame it first, and then start herding cattle, ready to travel long distances north. Cattle driving north often passes through Indian territory. Cowboys have a poor and monotonous diet, mainly beans, dried pork and coffee. They also suffer from colds, dysentery and mosquito bites. The cowboy lifestyle ended in the mid-1980s. At that time, 40% of the land in the United States was used for animal husbandry. The supply of beef in the market was too large, the price plummeted and many ranchers went bankrupt. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, the traffic in the United States is increasingly developed, and the status of cowboys is gradually decreasing. They jumped ship one after another, and people saw their lithe figures less and less. 1886 A big storm in the winter destroyed millions of cows, leaving many ranchers and cattle in a desperate situation. When ranchers began to recover from this double disaster, they installed barbed wire fences to manage and feed cattle under more controllable conditions. From now on, I don't have to graze on the open pasture. However, it was frustrating for cowboys to graze around fields surrounded by barbed wire and fences, and soon they disappeared. Although some places in the west still maintained the cowboy lifestyle in the 1920s, the heyday of cowboy is gone forever. But their enterprising and pioneering spirit has always inspired Americans.

Edit the work line of this paragraph.

Lasso, cowboy towel, cowboy hat, cowboy costume, cowboy boots. Modern cowboy clothes are not much different from those in movies. Because these jeans, each one has its value, not just decoration.

lasso

Lasso is an indispensable classic equipment for every cowboy, which can be divided into two types: simple straw lasso and more elegant lasso made of cowhide or other animal skins. As a real cowboy, whether he can skillfully use lasso is as important as measuring whether he has superb horse skills and shooting skills, which is often the key to whether they can be hired. The lasso is usually wrapped around the saddle head or tied to the saddle edge in front of the cowboy's thigh and can be removed at any time. The usual usage of lasso is: one end is put on the solid saddle head, and the other end is a ring, which is used to put on the neck or leg of the chased cow or other livestock. In addition, the lasso has many unique functions, such as using it to pull the carriage of goods up the steep hillside, consigning logs, trapping the horns or feet of animals and dragging them out of the mire or cave. When the cattle "explode", the cowboy must ride as fast as possible to catch up with the leading bull, accurately throw a lasso around its head, neck or legs, and pull it down to the ground to subdue it, so as to prevent the crazy cattle from continuing to run wild.

Denim towel

Cowboys usually wear colorful printed square towels around their necks. Printed square towels are mostly made of cotton cloth or silk, and the background color is relatively simple, mainly red, blue and black, with various small patterns printed on them. Silk printed square towels, with bright colors and beautiful patterns, are the most popular among cowboys. Printed square scarf has almost become a symbol of cowboy life, dubbed as "the banner of western pastoral areas". It is widely used, such as wiping sweat, washing face, dressing wounds, shielding dust and transmitting signals. At the same time, its bright colors are also personalized decorations. Cowboys cherish their big square towels. As long as there is water, cowboys should clean the square towel carefully, then put it on their heads or hold it in their hands, ride forward and let the wind blow dry. After the cowboy dies, his companions should cover his face with his favorite clean printed square towel, so that he can still have the most loyal partner in the lonely journey of another world.

cowboy hat

cowboy hat

American cowboy hat comes from a wide-brimmed felt hat called "Stetson" that Mexican cowboys often wear. The top of this hat is concave downward, while the brim on both sides is slightly upturned. In addition to wearing cowboy hats, there are many practical functions, which can not only protect against wind, frost, rain, snow, scorching sun and hail, but also be used as ready-made water scoops, rice bowls and pillows. The evolution and diversity of cowboy hats can be seen in western movies. Western stars in the 1920s like to extend the pleats to the brim. Stars from 1950s to 1960s, such as james stewart and Steven McQueen, had exaggerated curly hair in their hats. And every time Clint Eastwood appears in a western, he always wears his unique black straight-edged cowboy hat. The most vivid thing is his classic modeling in "The Three Escorters at Dusk"-a face buried behind an oblique hat and a half-smoked cigar in one corner, which is mysterious and legendary.

Jeans

Early American cowboys generally wore shiny leather pants instead of jeans. Cowboys must wear leather pants with spikes when working in the fields. They not only protect their legs from thorns, but also protect them from the cold in winter and light matches on them! Cowboys rarely wear short sleeves, one is sun protection, and the other is scratch prevention. Generally wear tight sleeveless leather jackets and shirts with sleeves in different colors, and the main material is Scottish plaid flannel. Denim shirts have chest pockets and over-the-shoulder designs, and dual-purpose lapels can be matched with tie accessories. This kind of clothing is not only convenient to put on and take off, but also neat, convenient and full of energy when working. Cowboys have many pockets on their coats, so that cowboys can put all kinds of necessities into their pockets in different categories. In westerns, denim shirts are mostly beautified, some are decorated with lace or tassels in front, and some are wearing fancy suede shirts.

Shepherd boots

In the western United States, riding boots are almost as common as daily necessities. They are made of cowhide, ostrich skin, crocodile skin and snake skin. After embossing and coloring, the boots are tied high and thin, and the heels are very strong, which not only feels good, but also looks very good. A pair of high-quality western boots can be worn for twenty or thirty years without deformation. High leather boots are necessary for cowboys to travel north and south. These boots are high to the middle of the calf, Cuban heel-shaped, threaded, mostly in two colors, decorated with exquisite leather carving or sticking patterns. Waterproof, warm, wear-resistant, bright and charming, it is very suitable for cowboys who drive cattle all day and live on water grass. Cowboy boots are usually equipped with kicking spurs at the back. Some also hang an ornament on their boots, which will make all kinds of crisp and pleasant sounds when they hit. When they ride a bike or walk, they will make a tinkling sound, showing the incomparable prestige of "hearing the sound before meeting the person".

The social impact of editing this paragraph

/kloc-At the end of 0/9, the East-West Railway was connected, cowboys changed careers one after another, and the lithe figure became less and less common. With the development of transportation, the cowboy era was completely over by the beginning of the 20th century. However, the end of the cowboy era contributed to the complete establishment of the cowboy spirit in the west. With the spread of American culture to the outside world, cowboy culture has gradually taken root in people's hearts with the image of cowboy in literature and movies. Cowboys' unique clothing, language, songs, entertainment, etc. It has been interpreted by the world and become a symbol of cowboy culture. Unofficial history, the official history and legend of cowboys, has become an important connotation of American culture, inspiring generations of Americans. The legend continues.

Western novels

If the western spirit embodied by western cowboys constitutes the embryonic form of American spirit, then the appearance of cowboy images in western novels shapes American spirit and becomes a symbol of American spirit. Western novels show the hardships of life in the western frontier and publicize the spirit of pioneers fighting for survival. The national spirit tempered in this unique environment is the core of the American spirit.

American western novels can be traced back to 1784 The Discovery, Settlement and Present Situation of Kentucky published by John Filson. Through this book, Americans first learned about daniel boone, the hero who first moved to the west. His courage, perseverance, wisdom and indomitable enterprising spirit have become a model in people's hearts and synonymous with the "western spirit." Since then, people's understanding of the mysterious West has undergone a qualitative change. One of the greatest achievements in the development of American western novels is to concretize western heroes into cowboys with more western characteristics. The Virginian, the representative work of Owen West, is regarded as the starting point of cowboy novels in the history of American literature and the first real western novel. The cowboy image has since become an eternal classic. As soon as this "Virginian" was born, it immediately attracted the admiration and imitation of countless writers. The novels and short stories that constitute the "cowboy myth" emerge one after another, creating many cowboy images with different expressions: like Winters and "Blonde Youth" in Jayne Gray's Jungle Knight and Ernest Haycock's Post Road to Lozburg, they selflessly protect the chivalrous men who are helpless women; In Jack Schaefer's Shane, Shane is a cowboy who "fights injustice" for morality and dignity. Bret Hart's Friends of Tennessee and Jack London's Golden Valley are fearless gold diggers like Bill ... The lively cowboy characters left a deep impression on readers: cowboys with felt hats, scarves around their necks, boots and pistols waved ropes to gather hundreds of longhorns, and then waddled around the cattle. The canyon is huge, the sky is vast, and the rough, straight and energetic cowboys are fearless.

Western movies

Western novels have promoted the development of western films. Western movies of the same age as Hollywood make the image of tough guy cowboy a hero in American collective mythology, and the cowboy spirit in the west finally becomes a symbol of American spirit. The film great train robbery was shot in 1903, which is the origin of American westerns. Anderson, who plays Billy the Wild Horse in this film, naturally becomes the first male western star in Hollywood. From 65438 to 0939, john ford's talking film Crossing the Mountains was recognized as a milestone of western movies, because it combined all the classic elements of the West. Its modeling style, character setting and narrative rhythm all laid the basic model of western movies. The film describes the thrilling journey of a mail truck through the wilderness of New Mexico in the western United States, showing a clear visual atlas of the west: unique karst landforms, steep valleys, sandy deserts, commemorative rocks, small towns and pubs in the corner, galloping horses and caravans. There are also quite types of characters. Guo Lin, starring john wayne, is a typical cowboy image in the west. He is handsome, arrogant and unruly, wearing a wide hat and holding a revolver, fighting for revenge. Stills of the movie Once upon a Time in the West

Noon (1952) is the first psychological western film, and four fifths of the time is spent on bedding, and the last scene is only a moment. The film describes a small town sheriff who faces four villains who come for revenge alone without an assistant. The film episode "Don't Leave for Me" won an Oscar for its score and became a popular cowboy song. From 65438 to 0969, when American westerns gradually declined in the 1960s, it created the miracle of "Italian westerns". It is like a magnificent and beautiful "poem of the west", recalling all the characteristics of the west: exciting railway era, endless desert yellow sand. A vagrant and nameless cowboy who plays the harmonica, a wanted gangster, a treacherous and heartless schemer, and a beautiful girl who is entangled in the three. 1990, Dancing with Wolves, which was directed by kevin costner for the first time, was a surprise when westerns were in decline. It swept the Oscar that year, shocked the world cinema and revived Hollywood westerns. The film lasted three hours and cost $6.5438+0.8 million. It used 3,500 bison, 300 horses, more than 654.38+0.30 technicians and 400 extras. This large-scale epic western film is a departure from the previous practice of describing Indians as barbarians, boldly subverting the tradition of white supremacy in western films and refreshing the face of western films. In 2000, a space cowboy was born. Eastwood's "Space D 'Artagnan" led his three "space musketeers" to fight against the unknown space in order to find and defend their glory. The spirit of western space has once again sublimated the American spirit. Brokeback Mountain in 2006 has a brand-new breakthrough significance for American westerns that have formed their own types. Ang Lee hit the nail on the head: "The American West is a masculine world, with only men and animals. All western films have not gone to the flexible side. "

Technical cowboy

The "lost generation", "hippies" and "beat generation" that appeared in succession in the 20th century are just different manifestations of cowboy culture. From "runaways" to travelers from east to west, Americans never seem to grow up. They are full of youth. Entering the digital age is more youthful. Just like discovering the new continent and opening up the west, the digital world was discovered by the United States, and they became pioneers in this latest field. It is no accident that computers were born in America. The emergence and development of computer technology is once again confirmed by American national character. Constantly renewing yourself is the embodiment of the so-called "American soul." Perhaps the connection between cowboy spirit and computer revolution is incredible. Just as Bill Gates majored in law at Harvard University, but his favorite magazines were American Social Science and Economist, it is amateurs and technical cowboys like Gates and Negroponte who can lead American computer experts and regular troops. Technical cowboys all seem to have the same characteristics. Gates, founder of Facebook, Brin and Page of Google all dropped out of school for their dreams. They all turned their territories into "cowboy farms". When smart and independent college students Sergej Brin and Larry Page founded Google 10 years ago, they created a company with their own characteristics. They encourage employees to spend 20% of their working time freely and spend it where they think the company can benefit the most. Google engineers can arrange their own working hours. They usually come to the office at noon, enjoy lunch and dinner cooked by famous chefs in the company canteen, and then work late into the night. There are also two wheel hockey games arranged in the company parking lot every week; Employees wear casual and fresh clothes every day, and prefer T-shirts and jeans to suits and ties. The famous "Gates suit" is nothing more than a pair of white jeans, a casual T-shirt and a pair of dusty old leather shoes.