The Ming and Qing Dynasties inherited the two-field system in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. What are the contents and characteristics of the land occupation system?

The Ming and Qing Dynasties inherited the two-field system in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. What are the contents and characteristics of the land occupation system? The Ming and Qing Dynasties inherited the two-field system in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, but there were fewer official fields and a large proportion of private fields, which had outstanding characteristics in its development. Whether farmers reclaim land or officials and royal families occupy land, they all highlight a characteristic of "occupation", so it is called farmland occupation system. Today, let's take a look at the content and characteristics of the farmland occupation system.

(1) The two fields were merged into one, and the land resources in Ming and Qing Dynasties were still divided into official fields and private fields. The official land originated from the official land of the previous generation and the farmland confiscated by the feudal separatist forces. In many places, especially in Jiangsu and Songsong areas, the land of rich children has also been lost.

The Biography of Zhou Chen in Ming Dynasty said: "In the early days, Ming Taizu (Zhu Yuanzhang) tried his best to use Zhuang Tian, the son of the founding father. Officials, evil is good for the people, and after the crime of not entering the field, it is called official field. " Outside the official sphere, it is all in the private sphere. Compared with the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the proportion of official land was less than 15%. According to the Records of Food in the Ming Dynasty, in the fifteenth year of the Ming Dynasty (1.502), "official land was regarded as one-seventh private land". At that time, according to the survey, the cultivated land in all parts of the country was 4,228,058 hectares, calculated in proportion.

(2) encourage land reclamation, not suppress mergers. Government departments fully encourage farmers to reclaim land and adopt policies such as over-nurturing people to reclaim land and immigration to reclaim land. Whether cultivated land resources are in the original state or not, their right to use belongs to the pioneers as permanent fields. The tax exemption policy for cultivated land resources is three years, and the total amount of cultivated land resources does not want to be limited. The cultivated land outside the tax mu shall be exempted from tax.

In the third year of Hongwu, there were many fields in the Central Plains. Please consult the provincial ministers and plan the people to give fields. Set up the Agriculture Department, open Henan Province, and manage talents. In the urban area, test its Li Ding, give it an acre, and no merger is allowed. In the northern region, no matter how much land there is near the city, people are invited to plow the fields, and people are given fifteen acres and three acres of vegetable fields, which are rent-free for three years "("Shi Ming Shishi Zhiyi "). The provisions of "land by people" and "land by mu" here are essentially to cultivate people to reclaim wasteland, and more reclamation can be used as a world industry.

Government departments have moved landless peasants, including some demobilized and densely populated peasants, from narrow townships to wide townships for reclamation. Therefore, in the early days of the founding of the two dynasties, the total area of reclamation in all parts of the country continued to develop, and the total number of yeomen accounted for the majority. At the same time, the royal family, the royal family, officials and even temples all used various means to seize people's land.

In the Ming dynasty, dignitaries often begged the emperor for land in the name of "academy" and "idle land". In the 10th year of Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty (1474), Houjiang Bay in Dingxi wrote: "There are hundreds of thousands of fields under the siege of Fu Xuan in Datong City, which are occupied by Haoyou. In the eight provinces of Guinea, the fertile land is half owned by the dignitaries, and the elite people are laid off. " (A Record of Food Goods in the Ming Dynasty) Take Xi, Ming Taizu as an example. The three kings of Gui, Hui and Rui and the two princesses of Suiping and Ningde moved to tens of thousands. Because both dynasties adopted the policy of not restraining annexation, land resources increasingly existed in the hands of the rich, the royal family and bureaucratic landlords, resulting in many landlords.

(3) With the rapid development of the tenancy contract in Song and Yuan Dynasties, in Ming and Qing Dynasties, through the long-term struggle between farmers and big landlords to withdraw the tenancy and increase the rent, the permanent tenancy system of land resources was formed on the premise of budget. The permanent tenancy right is the permanent tenancy right of a certain piece of land resources on the premise that the tenant pays the rent according to the lease term. The big landlord sold the transferred land unaffected, and the tenant farmers rented out the seeds. Under the premise of permanent tenancy right system, land rights are divided, resulting in the situation of "one field and two owners" in Xinjiang.

The big landlord's ownership of the land is called the right to the bottom of the field, and he has the right to collect accounts, sell pawn shops or pledge, but he can't withdraw the rent at will, and the rent is lighter than ordinary land; Tenants' permanent lease right to land resources is called land right, which can not only be used for a long time, but also has the right to inherit, sell, pledge, pawn and sublet land.

Tenants must bear the rent, land tax and other miscellaneous expenses. This is also the uniqueness of the tenancy system in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Tenants have the right to permanent tenancy, and their lives are relatively secure. Their right to improve the soil and improve the fertility level of the land can be owned by themselves. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties once again adhered to the policy of free sale and purchase of land resources, the sale and subletting of land rights such as Xinjiang and Tiandi rights became more frequent, and it was often unclear who the owner of the land rights was and who the owner of the land rights was. The two were irrelevant.

(4) The tax system of combining rent with tax is implemented. In the middle of Ming dynasty, the tax system was reformed and innovated, and the "one whip method" was implemented. The current policy of "spreading land into mu" in the early Qing Dynasty was implemented on the premise of "one whip method". The two are basically in the same strain, and their main contents are as follows: first, the merger of land tax and tax. Combine the two taxes, collect them by mu, completely abolish the tax system focusing on households in the history of China, and implement the tax system focusing on fields.

Secondly, the system of levying taxes and levies silver. Reform and innovate the past system of farmers paying land tax and personal servitude, and implement the system of collecting taxes with silver and unifying them as government employees. To a certain extent, the reform and innovation of local taxes can restrain mergers and distribute taxes equally, which can reduce the complicated taxes of some farmers with little or no land and adapt to the development of tenancy system and the rapid development of market economy in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

(5) The household registration control is relatively loose. In the early dynasties, in order to ensure the supply of national tax revenue, the nationality, military status and place of origin were set, the flow of personnel was strictly controlled, and the yellow book population registration system was implemented. Therefore, because farmers are forced to work, they are not allowed to throw books at will. With the universal implementation of the permanent tenancy right system and the reform and innovation of local taxes, government departments gradually relaxed their control over farmers, so they could pay for hiring workers. Farmers get rid of the bondage of heavy corvee and labor, and can leave the land resources to flow freely after paying taxes.

Since I switched to whipping, I have "taken the grain with me", "The labor is entrusted to the fields, and the people regard their fields as tea poison one by one" ... When I went abroad, I became a street child. "Farmers" go home lightly "and" are good at migrating ". Especially since the Qing dynasty, the stipulation that "farmers should take household registration as the standard" has gradually formed a dead letter. Although the state sometimes orders farmers who have left their homes to return to their original places, it is not as strict as before. That's all. If you have any ideas, please leave a message in the comments section.