What is the allusion of Nanzhao returning to Tang Dynasty?

Nanzhao was a frontier ethnic regime of slavery established in Yunnan in the Tang Dynasty, with Wuman as the main body, including Bai Man and other ethnic groups. Wuman is related to today's Yi people. Bai people are related to Bai people today.

Yunnan is inhabited by various ethnic groups with many names, which are difficult to win. Han people entered Yunnan, established many settlements and began to spread advanced culture. During the Warring States Period, Chu Weiwang sent General Zhuang to lead troops to Dianchi Lake. Because he cut off his way home, Dian Kingdom was established with Dianchi Lake as the center, and his descendants were successively kings of Dian. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent general Guo Chang to destroy Yunnan and set up Yizhou County. Yongchang County (now north of Baoshan County, Yunnan Province) was added in the Eastern Han Dynasty. After Zhuge Liang pacified the south, he added Xinggu (now Malong County, Yunnan Province) and Xiangyun County, Yunnan Province.

After the Warring States period, many Han people moved to Yunnan one after another, and lived together with the aborigines for a long time, forming a white man. Bai Man's writing, language and customs are roughly the same as those of Han nationality. Bai people live a farming life, and there is a fairly developed agricultural economy around Erhai Lake and Dianchi Lake. In the early Tang Dynasty, there were hundreds of Berman tribes called "Herman" around Erhai Lake, ranging from 500 to 600 to 200. The ministries are headed by Zhao, Li, Yang, Dong and other surnames, each with one place, and they are not subordinate to each other. Away from Erhai Lake, there are scattered Wuman tribes. Wuman was less influenced by the Han nationality. Some Wuman tribes need three translations and four translations to communicate with the Han nationality. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, Wuman was still engaged in animal husbandry, but he didn't know how to farm and weave. He has a lot of cattle and sheep, no cloth and silk, and he makes clothes out of their skins. Ugly women wear black clothes, which mop the floor, while white women wear white clothes, but they are knee-length.

From the beginning of the seventh century to the middle of the seventh century, the Wuman tribe moved to Erhai area, conquered the local Baiman and established six imperial edicts. Wuman calls the king an imperial edict, and the six imperial edicts are the six countries. Liu Zhao's name and domicile are as follows:

1. Meng-lives in the northwest of Weishan Yi and Hui Autonomous County.

Second, the more analysis of the imperial edict-the residence is in Binchuan County today.

Third, the wave dome-the residence is in today's Eryuan County.

Four, Huang Tiao (Tengyin Mountain) imperial edict-residence in Deng Chuan County today.

Five, assistant minister Zhao-residence in the east of Eryuan County today.

6. Meng Shezhao-lives in the northwest of Weishan Yi and Hui Autonomous County. It is also called Nanzhao because it lives in the south of the Five Emperors.

Meng Leader's surname is Meng, and the ancestor's name is Meng Shelong. In the 23rd year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan (649), Shelong Sunduluo (also known as Shanuluo) built "Great Mongolia", calling himself "King of Qijia", and sent envoys to pay tribute, all of whom belonged to the Tang Dynasty. When Wu Zetian was in power, Luo Sheng, a slave, personally entered the DPRK. After the 1970s, Tibetan forces entered the northern part of Erhai Lake. In order to weaken and contain Tubo, the Tang Dynasty adopted the strategy of fostering and uniting six imperial edicts. Every time the son of heaven has a reward, he will issue a letter. The five imperial edicts were threatened by Tubo, and they often abandoned the Tang Dynasty and voted for Tubo. Nanzhao is the farthest from Tubo and less threatened, so it is still attached to the Tang Dynasty. Although there is a marriage relationship between the six imperial edicts, they often compete with each other. In order to resist Tubo, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty strongly supported the Nanzhao unification war. From the early years of Kaiyuan to the late years of Kaiyuan, after more than 20 years of war, Luo Sheng's grandson Pelog annexed other imperial edicts one after another, basically unifying Erhai Lake area and establishing a unified Nanzhao State. In the 26th year of Kaiyuan (738), the Tang Dynasty conferred the title of Nanzhao King Pirog as the King of Yunnan, and his name was restored to righteousness. In the 27th year of Kaiyuan, Piluoge moved its capital to Taihe City (so its address is now Nantaihe Village, Dali, Yunnan). Piluoge and its sub-pavilion, Luofeng, developed their power around Erhai Lake. To the east is cuan clan, that is, the central, eastern and southern parts of Yunnan today (the residents in the east are mainly Uman, the residents in the west are mainly Baiman, and the residents in the west live around Dianchi Lake), and to the southwest are the areas of Xunchuan, Puzi and wangmao, west of Lancang River today, expanding the territory. In its heyday, Nanzhao occupied a part of Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou, and became a powerful local regime established by southwest ethnic minorities.

After the Nanzhao regime was established, it basically maintained friendly relations with the Tang Dynasty. Among the thirteen Nanzhao kings, ten were appointed and conferred titles by the Tang Dynasty, and some even established close relations with the Tang emperors. However, due to Nanzhao's outward expansion and occupation of land, Yaozhou (now Taoanbei, Yunnan Province) was established in the Tang Dynasty, and Jian 'an Ningcheng (now Yunnan Province) also developed its power in Yunnan, and the two sides also had contradictions in competing for the sovereignty of this area. During the Tianbao period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty began to restrain the expansion of Nanzhao. However, Tang Jian-nan's special envoy for time rarely stayed with Zhang Qiantuo in Zhongtong and Yunnan (Yaozhou), which further intensified the contradiction between the two sides. In the ninth year of Tianbao (750), because the king and his wife of Nanzhao went to see the viceroy and passed through Yunnan, Zhang Qiantuo, the magistrate of Yunnan, abused the accompanying women and demanded more from Nanzhao. Luo Feng, the king of Nanzhao, was furious. He sent troops to capture Yaozhou, killed Zhang Qiantuo, and took thirty-two cities of Yizhou (the country of detention set by southwest Yi). The following year, our ambassador from Jiannan led 80,000 troops to attack Nanzhao, and Luo Feng, the king of Nanzhao, wrote an apology and made peace, saying, "Today, Tubo troops are pressing the border. If I am not allowed, I will go back to Tubo, and Yunnan is not in the Tang Dynasty. " Zhongtong refused, marched into the Xi 'er River and fought with Ge Luofeng. Tang Jun suffered a crushing defeat and 60,000 people died. Yang concealed his defeat and told his exploits. Ge Luofeng then backed the Tang Dynasty and attached Tubo to the north. Tubo named Luo Feng "Zanpuzhong", which means the younger brother of the Tubo king, and gave him a golden seal, called "East Emperor", and built his own country name. Ge Luofeng carved the Nanzhao Dehua monument in Taihe City, indicating that he had no choice but to resist the Tang Dynasty, and said, "I have served the Tang Dynasty all my life and was knighted by it. Future generations will be allowed to return to the Tang Dynasty. I should point to the tablet and show it to the envoys of the Tang Dynasty, knowing that my rebellion is not my own heart. " After Yang became prime minister, he continued to recruit soldiers from all over the country to attack Nanzhao. In the 13th year of Tianbao (754), Mina Lee led 70,000 troops to attack Nanzhao, and Yuan people lured by Ge Luofeng came to Taihe City, where they fought back, and Tang Jun ran out of food and suffered from dysentery. Retreat was pursued and the whole army was wiped out. Mina Lee was captured. Yang falsely reported the meritorious military service, continued to send troops for conquest, and died 200 thousand before and after. Bai Juyi's "Xinfeng Folding Arm Weng" fully exposed the failure of attacking Nanzhao and the cruel slavery to the people.

Since the Anshi Rebellion, Ge Luofeng, together with Tubo, took advantage of the rebellion from Su Zong to the first year of Germany (756) to capture Yizhou (the seat of Tang Zhi, now Xichang, Sichuan). He was awarded Zheng Hui, the county magistrate of Tangxihu County, and Ge Luofeng liked his knowledge very much. Feng Jiayi, Sun Yimou and his great-grandson all worshipped Zheng Hui as their teacher. "Every time you teach, there is a tart." Tubo moved eastward, and the Tang Dynasty was unable to cope with the southwest. Nanzhao took the opportunity to expand its territory and took control of the south of Dadu River in Sichuan, including southwest Sichuan, the whole of Yunnan and the vast area in northwest Guizhou. Ge Luofeng found another place to go, and Nanzhao was the most powerful force. In the 14th year of Dali (799), it joined forces with Tubo, and 100,000 soldiers attacked Jiannan Xichuan, which was broken by the Tang Dynasty. The Tubo Nanzhao soldiers were hungry and cold, and fell into the cliff valley, killing 890 thousand people. Tubo took Nanzhao as a vassal state, constantly recruiting soldiers and sending troops to its dangerous areas. Yi Mouxun, the king of Nanzhao, could not bear to be harassed. At that time, Zheng Hui was appointed as the official of Qingping (the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty) to decide state affairs. Wei Gao, the envoy of Tang Jian Nan Xichuan, has been fighting for Nanzhao because he persuaded Yi Mouxun to return to Tang Dynasty. In the fifth year of Zhenyuan (789), Tubo and Uighur fought for the North Court, and many people were killed or injured in the war. Ten thousand people moved to Nanzhao and resigned from elementary school. Please send three thousand. Tubo thought it was small, but it increased to 5 thousand, causing dissatisfaction with Nanzhao. In the tenth year of Zhenyuan (794), Tang envoy Cui Zuoshi went to Nanzhao, and hundreds of Tibetan envoys had arrived first. Cui Zuoshi met with Zheng Hui in secret and got all the inside information. Because he advised Yimou to inquire about the beheading of the Tubo emissary, he went to the Tubo to give him the title, presented the gold seal he gave, and restored the old name of Nanzhao. Many foreigners conspired to lead their son Xun Meng A to form an alliance with Cui Zuoshi in Diancang Mountain Temple. Nanzhao finally broke with Tubo and reunited with the Tang Dynasty. According to the previous agreement with Tubo, Yimou Xun sent 5,000 people first, and then led 10,000 people to attack Tubo day and night, break it, take the iron bridge and other 16 cities. Then he sent a messenger to present the map and the gold seal given by Tubo. Please restore Nanzhao's old name. In the Tang Dynasty, Yuan Zi was the envoy of Nanzhao, and was given a gold seal, which was written as "Zhen Yuan Shu Nanzhao Seal". In the next 40 years, the two sides have maintained good exchanges. However, due to the needs of the development of slavery economy, Nanzhao rulers still waged wars on the surrounding areas from time to time in order to plunder slaves and wealth. In the second year of Taihe (829), he sent troops to attack Chengdu, "plundering children, tens of thousands of worker ants and valuable goods", which naturally means that Nanzhao worker ants are equal to Zhong Shu.

In the middle of the ninth century, the Tubo regime collapsed, the national strength of the Tang Dynasty was extremely weak, and Nanzhao was carefree. The invasion of the territory of the Tang Dynasty became more frequent, which became the most serious border disaster in the late Tang Dynasty. Nanzhao rulers "re-entered Annan, took control of Yong, destroyed Guizhou and stole Xichuan". These predatory wars have brought great disasters to the working people of the Han nationality and caused great harm to the working people of Nanzhao. With the resolute resistance of Han people and the constant resistance of Nanzhao people, Nanzhao rulers had to stop the war against Tang Dynasty. The two sides resumed good relations. During the Nuonian period, the ruler of Nanzhao proposed to Tang, and in the third year of neutralization (888), Tang took the imperial clan daughter as Anhua princess royal and married Nanzhao King.

Nanzhao's political system was deeply influenced by the Central Plains, and the central official system-Qingping official was composed of six people, whose positions were equivalent to those of prime ministers in the Tang Dynasty. There is also a huge army of 12 people, who see the king and customs clearance together every day. One of the Qing officials was an internal counting officer, who judged and detained documents on behalf of the king. Two foreign officers, either Qingping officers or the army, will serve concurrently. Foreign officials lead six Cao. Six Cao Cao's are equivalent to six in the Tang Dynasty. At first, it was Bing Cao, Hu Cao (in charge of household registration), Guan Cao, Fa Cao, Cao Shi (in charge of construction projects) and Cang Cao (in charge of finance). In the later period, Cao Liu changed to three winds and nine coolness. The third is: qi, the main horse; Simon Lu, the main cow; Giant, the main warehouse. Nine pairs are: twilight, the main soldier; Shuang Shuang, the main household registration; Kindness, the main ceremony; Punishment is cool, the main punishment; Advise the chief officer to double; Jue Shuang, the main work; Wan Shuang, the main financial use; Refreshing, host and guest; He Shuang, the main business. Local official system-centered on Erhai Lake, it is divided into ten (sound slips, equivalent to Tang Dynasty States), six of which were directly ruled by Nanzhao State during the funeral of the ancients. The other four tombs are important towns in the central area of the treasury, guarded by the king's children. Civilians practice a military system. "Every hundred households have a general assistant, cadres have a commander, and millions have a commander." There is one governor in Wanfu and two governors in Nanzhao. In addition, six divisions were established, stationed in key peripheral areas, to rule tribes outside the six imperial edicts. Foreign Jianchuan and Lishui twice prevented Tubo; Tuodong and Nonglian stopped Tang Jiannan twice.

Nanzhao adopted the Tang Dynasty's land equalization system and the government's military system. The so-called "Shangguan", such as royal nobles, senior officials and soldiers, granted 40 pairs of fields (each pair has five acres of Han Mu, and * * * 200 acres). "Upper households" granted 30 pairs of fields, while "middle households" and "lower households" decreased one after another, about 20 pairs and 10 pairs respectively. The rulers of Wuman and Baiman belong to Shangguan and Shanghu, and they are slave owners. They used slaves to farm and serve. "ZhongHu" and "Fox Xia" are freemen. In addition to paying taxes to the state every year, you have to perform military service and bring your own weapons, horses and rations. Every year 1 1 month and1February, when the busy farming season is over, Cao Chang will go to villages and valleys in the city to gather teams, practice martial arts and check equipment. Sending troops to fight, each soldier brought five liters of grain and rice, a few dried fish, and no supplies. Because there is not much food, I am eager to fight a decisive battle. During the war, Nanzhao Wang sent senior officials to monitor it. According to the military law, the wounded soldiers in front are allowed to be treated and the wounded soldiers in the back are killed. After marching out of the country, looting is not prohibited. The population, grain, cattle and sheep of neighboring countries have become the targets of plunder.

Nanzhao's cultural and educational system also imitated the Central Plains. In the fourth year of Tianbao (745), Piluoge, the king of Nanzhao, sent his Sun Feng and others to Chang 'an. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty appointed him Miss Changshi, married him an imperial clan woman, and returned with many cultural relics and two bands, Hubu and Qiuci. Nanzhao sent many children of the royal family to study in Chengdu and Chang 'an, and the number of people who returned from middle schools in the late 50' s of the Tang Dynasty was "almost thousands". Zhang Zhicheng, the son of Nanzhao, studied in Chengdu, won Wang Xizhi, Copybook for calligraphy and Wang Xianzhi, and brought them back, which was widely circulated and learned by many people. Nanzhao regarded Wang Xizhi, the general of the right army in Jin Dynasty, as a saint and built a temple for him. After Zheng Hui joined Nanzhao, he spread Confucianism and imported a lot of Confucianism into Tang Wenhua. Many Nanzhao people are proficient in Chinese and are good at poetry and fu. Nanzhao Wang Longshun and Qingpingguan Yang Qikun both wrote well-known poems, which were included in the whole Tang poetry. Nanzhao also absorbed many industrial and agricultural production technologies from Korea. For example, in the fifteenth year of Tianbao (756), Nanzhao captured the Tang Dynasty, and a large number of Han laborers entered Nanzhao, naturally introducing advanced production technology. The above captured Chengdu craftsmen also played such a role in Nanzhao. Buddhism prevailed when Nanzhao King persuaded Longsheng. The three pagodas of Chongsheng Temple in Dali, Yunnan Province, which were designed and built by Han craftsmen Gong Tao and Yi Hui, appeared in Nanzhao period and still stand between Cangshan Mountain and Erhai Lake.

In the late Nanzhao period, due to frequent wars, heavy taxes, withered production and intensified contradictions, Wang Longshun of Nanzhao, who was addicted to wine hunting and didn't care about state affairs, was killed by his servant Deng Yang in the fourth year of Ganning, Tang Zhaozong (897). In the second year of Tang Zhaozong (902), Zheng Maisi, the ruling minister of Nanzhao (the seventh generation grandson of Zheng Hui), took advantage of the chaotic political situation and boiling public grievances to kill Wang Shunhua of Nanzhao, seize the throne, destroy the Montessori dynasty and build another great river country. In the twenty-third year of Zhenguan (649), Nanzhao became the king alone (also known as fine slave logic), and in 254, it was passed on to thirteen masters. The establishment of Nanzhao border ethnic regime has promoted the development of Yunnan, promoted the integration of various ethnic groups in Yunnan, strengthened the ties between Yunnan and the Central Plains, and made certain contributions to the historical development of China.