High school history, American political system

Material 1: We believe that the following truth is self-evident: all men are created equal, and the creator endows them with inherent and inalienable rights, including the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness ... If any form of government destroys these goals, the people have the right to change or abolish them. ...

-The Declaration of Independence

Material 2: The electors of each state should have the qualifications needed to elect the representatives of the state ... (The direct tax on the number of members of the House of Representatives should be distributed to the States according to the population of the States under the jurisdiction of the United States, including all citizens and three-fifths of the citizens, including those who have served for several years, but excluding the Indians who have not been taxed. )

-Constitution of the United States of America

Answer:

(1) What is the historical significance of the release of the Declaration of Independence? What theory is embodied in European enlightenment thinkers?

(2) Compared with the Declaration of Independence, how conservative is 1787 Constitution?

22. Read the following materials

Material 1. Historically, the harmonious system only existed in the city-states (such as Athens and Greece). Once the territory is expanded, the centralized government will develop into an imperial system.

Material 2. 1776 When the Declaration of Independence announced the birth of the United States of America, 13 states formed a loose alliance. The central government has little power and no head of state. It is only a coordinating body between 13 independent sovereign States. It has no national laws and army, and has no right to levy taxes on States and stipulate business activities. Every country enjoys independence and sovereignty, and they are independent.

Material 3. American historian J. Lum said: "The Constitution drafted in Philadelphia in 1787 was the greatest creative victory in the experimental period ... After the War of Independence, people initially opposed the idea of monarchy and aristocratic politics, which led Americans to establish some state governments with weak executive heads and invalid upper houses. The new constitution proposes to set up a powerful executive head and a Senate with the same power as the House of Representatives ... The whole world says that it is impossible for a country as big as the United States to establish a * * * system. ........................................................................................................................

-American History Volume I Business Edition 1995 Page P2 13-2 15

(1) According to the material 3 and the knowledge learned, point out which period the starting and ending time of the "experimental period" mentioned in the material 3 probably refers to.

(2) According to Material 2, what disadvantages do you think existed at the beginning of the founding of the United States?

(3) Why do people generally think that it is impossible for a country as big as the United States to establish a * * * system?

(4) According to the above materials, what do you think is the biggest problem facing the United States at the beginning of its founding?

(5) From 1787 to 1789, how did the United States solve this biggest problem?

(6) Explain the reasons for the successful establishment of American political system and its influence on Europe and the world.

23. Read the following materials

Material 1. Britain is the birthplace of modern constitution, which is often called the "mother of modern constitution" ... The basic system and principles of the country are not systematically and centrally stipulated in a written document, but are stipulated by many constitutional laws, constitutional practices and precedents ... Therefore, the British constitution is called "unwritten law".

-History of foreign legal systems

Material 2. The American Constitution is a milestone in the history of human legal system. It turned Europe's thinking on rational politics from the Renaissance and the Enlightenment into realistic political principles, and carried forward these great ideas in political practice.

-History of Western Political System

Material 3. There are 65,438+02 constitutions in modern France ... It is rare to change the constitution so frequently ... but most of them were influenced by the Great Revolution, which reflected and consolidated the achievements of the French Revolution to varying degrees. Many constitutions also use the Declaration as a preface or confirm its basic content.

-History of foreign legal systems

Material 4. The sovereignty of the Republic of China belongs to the whole nation; All ethnic groups in China are equal ... citizens have the right to vote and stand for election.

-Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China

(1) Material 1 points out that constitutional law is an important part of unwritten British Constitution. Please name a British constitutional law that you are most familiar with and make a brief evaluation.

(2) According to the second material, point out how you evaluate the American Constitution from 65438 to 0787.

(3) Which historical document does the declaration mentioned in Material 3 refer to? Why do many French constitutions use the declaration as a preface or confirm the basic content of the declaration?

(4) Please make a brief comment on the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China in combination with the contents in Material 4?

24. Read the following materials

Material 1 ... bills passed by the house of representatives and the Senate must be submitted to the president of the United States before they become law; If the president approves it, he must sign it; If it is not approved, he shall return it together with the objection to the original proposal court, which shall ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… If … two thirds of the members of the House of Representatives still agree to pass the bill, the House of Representatives shall send the bill to another House of Representatives for reconsideration, and if it is also passed by two thirds of the members of another House of Representatives, the bill will become the executive power of law …. He has the right to nominate and, with the advice and consent of the Senate, appoint ambassadors, ministers and consuls, Supreme Court judges and all other American officials; ..... The judicial power of the United States belongs to the Supreme Court and the lower courts established by Congress from time to time. Judges of the Supreme Court and lower courts should continue to serve if they are loyal to their duties. ...

-US Constitution 1787

Material 2. The Constitution stipulates that the House of Representatives is composed of members elected by the people every two years, and the President is indirectly elected by the people. However, the "people" referred to in the 1787 Constitution does not indiscriminately refer to all people in society, excluding women, blacks and Indians, nor does it include male citizens under 2 1 year old. The constitution has replaced "life, freedom and property"

-[America] Terrence M. Humphrey came to American history.

Material 3 ... Anyone born or naturalized in the United States and subject to its jurisdiction is a citizen of the United States and the state where he lives. No state shall enact or enforce any law that deprives American citizens of privileges or immunities. No country can deprive anyone of life, freedom or property without due process of law. No one under its jurisdiction shall be deprived of equal legal protection.

Answer (1) According to the material 1, how does the US Constitution (1787) embody the principle of checks and balances? 1787 what significant impact has the constitution had on the development of American society?

(2) According to the second document, the main features of the American Constitution (1787) are summarized. Why does 1787 Constitution need to amend the relevant contents of the Declaration of Independence?

(3) What supplement did the amendment to the US Constitution in Material 3 make to the Constitution of 1787? From material one to material three, what is the trend of democratic political construction in the United States?

2 1. The main points of the answer

(1) declared the independence of North America 13 colony, formed a loose intercontinental alliance, and the United States of America came into being, which reflected the natural human rights thought of enlightenment thinkers.

(2) The Declaration of Independence declares that all men are created equal and endowed with various powers by the creator. However, the constitution of 1787 stipulates that voters should have the qualifications required by the state representatives, and does not recognize that the majority of blacks and Indians enjoy equal rights with whites, thus laying the brand of racial discrimination.

22. The main points of the answer

(1) From the publication of the Declaration of Independence to the establishment of the federal government of the United States.

(2) the power of the central government is too small, and the power of the state governments is too large, so it is impossible to form a strong state power to stabilize social order and safeguard national interests and sovereignty.

(3) Historically, the harmonious system of * * * only existed in the polis. Once the region expands, centralization will develop into an imperial system. In a big country like the United States, it is impossible for ordinary people to guarantee a harmonious system.

(4) The centralized government should be used to closely unify 13 countries and ensure the harmony and system of such a big country.

(5) 1787, the United States enacted a constitution. In order to strengthen centralization, the constitution stipulates that the federal government has political, economic, military and diplomatic powers, which strengthens and consolidates state power. In order to prevent dictatorship, the three powers are separated. The Constitution establishes the American political system, stipulates that the president and members of Congress are elected, and ensures democracy and system. 18960.6886868866 17

(6) Reasons for success:

The United States has never experienced a feudal society. It is an immigrant country and is rarely influenced by feudal factors. Britain practiced capitalist economic and political rule in North American colonies, and democratic political factors had a certain foundation. Most of the leaders of the war of independence were deeply influenced by the European bourgeois enlightenment theory, especially Montesquieu's theory of separation of powers and checks and balances.

Influence: After the United States, France and other European countries established political power through a series of revolutions; Most countries born after the Latin American independence movement also adopt * * * and polity; 19 12 China also established a political system through the Revolution of 1911; The French Declaration of Human Rights and China's Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China are both influenced by American democratic politics to some extent.

23. The main points of the answer

(1) Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights is the unwritten law of Britain. It restricted the king's power, ended the king's actual sovereignty, guaranteed the legislative, financial, judicial and military powers of parliament, and marked the establishment of British constitutional monarchy.

(2) To evaluate 1787 American Constitution, we should make a concrete historical analysis, affirm its historical position, and expose its hidden class essence. Its progress mainly lies in: ① more progress than feudal autocracy; (2) The federalism it established strengthened centralization and unification, which was beneficial to the development of American capitalist economy; (3) The principle of "separation of powers and mutual restraint" established by him was progressive under the historical conditions at that time; (4) its promulgation and the implementation of the rule of law in the United States have made much progress than the monarchy above the law under the feudal autocratic system; (5) it provides patents for scientific and technological inventions, encourages scientific and technological inventions, and promotes the development of productive forces. Its main limitations are: abandoning some bourgeois democratic principles put forward in the Declaration of Independence; It retained slavery in the southern plantations; It didn't give the Native American Indians citizenship; Women have no right to vote; It also has some provisions on suppressing the resistance of working people.

(3) The Declaration of Human Rights is a programmatic document of the bourgeois revolution, which affirmed the political ideas in the Enlightenment in legal form.

(4) It is a bourgeois democratic constitution, which is of progressive significance in opposing feudal absolutism.

24. The main points of the answer

(1) checks and balances: bills passed by parliament must be approved by the president; The conclusion of a treaty by the president must be approved by the parliament; Officials, including the Chief Justice, are appointed by the President, but they need the consent of the Senate. Impact: a strong federal government has been established; Consolidate the independence and unity of the country; It has promoted the development of capitalist economy.

(2) Features: the scope of democracy is relatively small; Attach importance to property protection. Reason: The war of independence has been won, and the development of capitalist economy became the mainstream of society at that time.

(3) Supplement: Give black people fair rights or expand the scope of democracy. Trend: Democracy is ending.