The origin of little Japan

(1) the origin of Japan

Around 1 century BC, there were more than 100 small countries in Japan (some of which established diplomatic relations with the Eastern Han Dynasty), and later these small countries gradually unified. In the 4th century BC, relatively large countries were established in Kansai. It is said that the ancestors of today's royal family finally unified these countries. At that time, Japan included western Honshu, northern Kyushu and Shikoku. Therefore, it will take a long time for this country to be unified. Therefore, it is difficult to make an accurate judgment on the exact date of the birth of Japan. According to ancient stories and Japanese records, the first emperor Emperor Jimmu was established in 660 BC and acceded to the throne. The date of his accession to the throne is equivalent to 1 1 in the current Gregorian calendar, so this day is designated as the "founding day".

(2) Ancient times

Wensheng times

Since the Pleistocene, human ancestors have lived on the Japanese archipelago, and the formation of Japanese race and Japanese prototype is considered as the rope age from 1 10,000 years ago to around the 3rd century BC. At that time, several people or 65,438+00 people lived in thatched houses with vertical pits, and made a living by hunting, fishing and gathering, which constituted a society without distinction between rich and poor and class.

Yayoi era

In the 3rd century BC, rice cultivation and the use of metal utensils were introduced from Korea to northern Kyushu. Rice farming technology has brought epoch-making changes to Japanese society, expanded production, produced differences between the rich and the poor, and made rural communities tend to be politically collectivized. The beliefs, manners and customs brought by farming gradually spread, forming the embryonic form of Japanese culture.

The era of great tombs

In the middle of the 4th century, the Yamato regime unified a small separatist country. With the unification of the country, the ancient graves, represented by the front and back round graves, have expanded to all parts of the country. This period was the period when many knowledge and technologies from China were introduced into Japan. In the 4th century, the Yamato regime absorbed the high material civilization of the mainland. In the 5th century, foreigners (naturalized citizens) from the Korean Peninsula brought iron-making, pottery-making, textile, metal technology, civil engineering and other technologies, and at the same time began to use China's Chinese characters. In the 6th century, Confucianism was formally accepted and Buddhism was introduced to Japan. In the 7th century, Shoto Kutaishi devoted itself to political innovation and set out to establish a centralized country with the emperor as the center. This practice followed the example of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, when it absorbed mainland culture more actively. By the end of the 9th century, it had sent more than 65,438+00 envoys to Sui and Tang Dynasties.

Nara era

In 7 10, the Japanese capital Heichengjing (now Nara and its suburbs) ushered in a prosperous period of a country ruled by law. But at this time, the poverty of farmers, the increase of vagrants, and the substantial collapse of the commons citizenship system caused by the expansion of manor began to expose contradictions.

During this period, due to the state's efforts to protect Buddhism, Buddhist culture, especially Buddhist art, began to flourish. For example, the bird culture that created Japanese Buddhist culture in the early 7th century; The unique baifeng culture in the late 7th century; In the mid-8th century, under the influence of the culture in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Tian Ping culture embodied rich human emotions in a realistic way, and so on.

Compared with Buddhist art, the cultural pyramid of this period is a collection of leaves. In the 400 years before the middle of the 8th century, The Collection of Ye Wan collected about 4,500 songs of peace from civilians to emperors, which truly reflected the simple life feelings of ancient Japanese. In addition, Hongzhi (7 12), The Book of Japan (720) and China's poetry collection Huaifengzao (75 1) are all cultural heritages of this period.

peacetime

At the end of the 8th century, Japan moved its capital to Ping 'an (now the capital of Beijing), trying to rebuild the legal system. However, due to the collapse of the commons citizenship system, the country fell into financial difficulties. After sending the last batch of envoys to the Tang Dynasty in 894, it stopped, so it stopped absorbing a lot of mainland culture.

10- 1 1 century, Fujiwara's monopoly regime was based on manor, and its power was the most powerful. However, due to local political chaos and public security chaos, the samurai group became stronger. At the end of 1 1 century, in order to fight Fujiwara, the imperial government was implemented (referring to the reign of the Japanese emperor at the end of heian period and the French emperor acting as the emperor), so the samurai entered the central political circle.

The Heian period has its own cultural characteristics. Influenced by the Tang Dynasty in the 9th century, the culture of forbearance and Zhenguan in esotericism and Sinology is still very prosperous. However, after the direct communication with the mainland was cut off after the 10 century, Japan's unique aristocratic culture came into being. His representative works include The First Collection of Poems and Songs, Collection of Songs of Ancient and Modern Harmony (65438+early 20th century), Tale of Genji, the oldest novel in the world (165438+early 20th century), and Essay Pillow Grass (around 1000 BC).

3) Middle Ages (12-16th century)

Kamakura era

At the end of 12, the Yuan Dynasty was made a foreign general and the first shogunate regime in Japanese history was established in Kamakura. From then on, the samurai regime was born, which led to the opposition between martial politics and public politics (referring to court officials and nobles) in the late13rd century. The samurai rule of the shogunate began to face difficulties, and the Kamakura shogunate gradually embarked on the road of extinction.

Culturally, based on the aristocratic culture in the past, it absorbed the Zen culture introduced into Japan in the Song Dynasty and cultivated a vivid, realistic, simple and unique martial arts culture. In terms of religion, Kamakura Buddhism was founded by famous monks such as Fran, Qinluan and Rilian, and gained the faith of all walks of life. Zen Buddhism was introduced to Japan in the12nd century, and was valued by the Kanto samurai, and new trends appeared in the art field. In literature, the novel "The Story of the Pingding Family" with the background of the pacification war appeared (the original was born in 13 century), which is an outstanding representative of the story of ancient Japanese soldiers.

Muromachi era

/kloc-In the first half of the 4th century, after the conquering foreign general Ashikaga Yoshimitsu stabilized the Muromachi shogunate in Kyoto, the Wu family overwhelmed the government politically and culturally for more than two centuries. Because the Muromachi shogunate was established by gathering powerful names, the ruling ability of the shogunate itself was relatively weak. In January of the first year of Ren Ying (1467), Ren Ying's rebellion broke out, and famous soldiers from all over the country rose in succession. Muromachi shogunate crumbled, and Japan entered the Warring States period. In the name of the warring States period, it became a powerful independent regime that ruled the local land and people.

In terms of culture, both aristocratic culture and martial artist culture are influenced by Zen. At the end of 14, Beishan culture represented by Jingu Temple and Dongshan culture represented by Yinta Temple at the end of 15 were very developed. /kloc-In the middle of the 6th century, Portuguese and Spanish came to Japan and introduced guns and Christianity. It was an era of active culture.

(4) Modern times (16-1mid-9th century)

Sentani

(Late Muromachi and Antu Taoshan era)

After the Ren Ying Uprising, great names in various parts of Japan rose in succession, and wars raged, making people miserable. /kloc-In the middle of the 6th century, there appeared a lean man who was determined to unify Japan by force and end troubled times. He is Nobutaka Oda. In the third year of Lu Yong (1560), Nobunaga defeated Imagawa Yoshimoto's 40,000 troops with 2,000 men in a narrow wooden barrel and became famous at one fell swoop. Later, we gradually unified Zhang Wei and Feng Jingen, and prepared to attack Yin Shan and Yang Shan. During this period, Nobunaga built the magnificent Antu City. So nobunaga's era is called "An Cheng era".

In the tenth year of Tianzheng (1582), the change of Benneng Temple broke out and Nobuka died. Yukio Hatoyama is an important official of Oda. He defeated Akechi Mitsuhide and Shibata Katsuie successively and established his successor status. After that, Japan was gradually unified through the Four Kingdoms Conquest, the Kyushu Conquest and the Battle of Odahara. Later, he was named "Toyotomi's Family" by the Emperor and was awarded the post of "Guan Bai". Toyotomi Hideyoshi's era is called "Taoshan Age".

In the third year of Qing Dynasty (1598), Toyotomi Hideyoshi died in the Taoshan Castle in Fujian. Feng Chen's family is divided into two factions: near the river (western army) and Wei Zhang (eastern army). As one of the five elders of the Toyotomi regime, Tokugawa Ieyasu launched the Guanyuan War in the fifth year of Qing Dynasty (1600), defeated the western army and established the Tokugawa regime. In the eighth year of Changqing (1603), the Tokugawa shogunate was established and the Warring States period ended.

Edo era

In the eighth year of Keinaga (1603), Tokugawa Ieyasu was made a foreign general and established a shogunate regime in Edo (now Tokyo). After that, the Tokugawa family ruled the country for more than 260 years. This period is called the edo period. Tokugawa shogunate strictly controlled emperors, nobles, temples and shrines, and tried its best to rule farmers who supported the wooden model system. In the 9th year of Yuanhe (1623), Guang Jia, the third generation general of Tokugawa family, came to power and ordered the country to be locked up. Foreigners are forbidden to come to Japan, and Japanese people are also forbidden to travel overseas, except Nagasaki and its border sites, which are open as foreign ports. Due to behind closed doors, Mufan system ushered in a stable period. However, with the development of industry and commodity economy, the management system of farmers' self-sufficiency collapsed, and the mufan system began to shake from the18th century.

The common people culture is the characteristic of this period. /kloc-From the late 7th century to the early 8th century, Luyuan culture was a samurai and merchant culture centered on Kyoto and Osaka (the Kanto natives in Japan called Kyoto and Osaka the top). The clean glass of dolls, kabuki, ukiyo-e paintings and handicrafts are very prosperous. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, the normalized culture went to Edo, and novels, kabuki, ukiyo-e paintings and literati paintings presented rich and colorful merchant culture.

(5) Modern times (1from the late 9th century to the present)

The curtain of the end of Meiji era

At the end of the edo shogunate, natural disasters continued, and the Tokugawa era was corrupt, making people miserable. Moreover, the financial difficulties of the shogunate made most of the middle and lower samurai more and more dissatisfied with the shogunate. At the same time, western capitalist powers knocked on the door of Japan, which has not been locked for more than 200 years.

Under the double pressure of internal troubles and foreign invasion, the Japanese gradually realized that only by overthrowing the Tokugawa era and learning from capitalist countries is Japan's way to prosperity. So a vigorous closing movement began. Samoan and Changzhou warriors played an important role in this movement to overthrow the Tokugawa era. 1868 1.3, a defector representing the interests of the bourgeoisie and the emerging landlord class, successfully staged a coup under the leadership of Kubo Junyi, Saigō Takamori and Hiroshi, known as the "three outstanding reformers", forcing Tokugawa Yoshinobu, the Tokugawa shogunate15th generation general, to hand over the political power, and the newly acceded Meiji Emperor promulgated "Wang This is the Meiji Restoration in Japanese history. Japan has since embarked on the capitalist road.

1868 (the second year of Meiji), Emperor Meiji moved the capital to Edo and changed its name to Tokyo. After that, a series of major reforms were carried out in politics, economy, culture, education and diplomacy. Japan's national strength grew stronger, and later defeated Qing beiyang fleet in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 (the so-called "Japanese-Qing War"), and wiped out Russian Pacific Fleet and Baltic Fleet in the Russo-Japanese War (the so-called "Japanese-Qing War"). Japan has become one of the imperialist powers.

Taisho Showa Times

Compared with the historical progress made in Meiji era, Emperor Taishō era is called "the great unfortunate truth". /kloc-during the reign of emperor taishi in 0/5, his political achievements were far less than those of emperor meiji, and he was trapped by encephalopathy all his life. Finally, he was forced to recuperate and was regent by Prince Hirohito.

1926, Hirohito ascended the throne, with the year number "Showa", namely Hirohito. For people in China, South Korea, Southeast Asia and the Pacific, the first 20 years of the Showa era were dark years. At this time, the Japanese government was committed to aggression and expansion. 193 1 year (the 6th year of Showa), the "September 18th Incident" broke out and the Japanese army occupied the northeast of China. 1937 (Showa 12) On July 7, 2007, the Japanese army provoked the Lugouqiao Incident and launched a full-scale war of aggression against China. 65438+ In February 65438+March of the same year, the Japanese invaders occupied Nanjing and launched the "Nanjing Massacre" which lasted for six weeks. About 300,000 Japanese soldiers and civilians died tragically under the butcher's knife of the invaders. 194 1 year (showa 16), the Japanese attacked pearl harbor and the Pacific war broke out. This period not only brought profound disasters to the people in China, Korea, Southeast Asia and the Pacific, but also brought pain and difficulties to the Japanese people. This is the darkest period in the history of Japan and Sino-Japanese relations.

1945 (20th year of Showa) On August15th, the Japanese army surrendered. The U.S. military occupied Japan and changed Japan's autocratic imperial power system into a constitutional monarchy, and the emperor was preserved as a symbol of Japan.

1972 (47th year of Showa) In July, tanaka kakuei became Japanese Prime Minister and began to pursue "multilateral independence" diplomacy. In September of the same year, Tanaka visited China and signed the Sino-Japanese Joint Statement with Premier Zhou Enlai on September 29th, announcing the formal establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Japan. 1978 In August, China and Japan concluded the Sino-Japanese Treaty of Peace and Friendship. Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping was invited to visit Japan and announced the official entry into force of the Sino-Japanese Treaty of Peace and Friendship. Sino-Japanese relations have been normalized since then.

1989 (in the 64th year of Showa, the first year of Heisei), Hirohito fell ill. Crown Prince Akihito acceded to the throne and changed his title to "Heisei".