Sun Quan of the Three Kingdoms did not even care about the enemy who killed his father, but also wanted to get rid of the Shanyue people. Why?

In the eighth year of Jian'an (203 AD), Sun Quan led his army to besiege Huang Zu who was entrenched in Xiakou (now Wuchang, Hubei). When "the boat army was defeated, but the city was not conquered", the Wu army retreated inexplicably. It was the Shanyue people who gave Huang Zu a divine assist. Obviously, "Mountain Resurrection" is more lethal than Huang Zu.

Sun Quan ignored the enemy who killed his father and wanted to kill him quickly. What is the origin of the Shanyue people?

From Baiyue to Shanyue

When "Shanyue" first appeared, it became a "hot search" in the late Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms. "Three Kingdoms-Wu Shu" has 20 volumes, and there are 14 coupons with records or annotations of "Shan Yue". "Book of the Later Han: Chronicles of Emperor Ling" records that in the second year of Jianning (AD 169), "Yuee thieves from Danyang Mountain surrounded the prefect Chen Wei, and Wei defeated him." This is the earliest record of "Mountain". Hu Sansheng, a historian during the Song and Yuan Dynasties, believed: "Shanyue, bandits harassed counties and counties, and it started from then on."

In fact, Shanyue people and pre-Qin people lived in Dongou, Minyue, Yuyue and other places in the southeastern region. Nations are inextricably linked. Because the Yue people have many branches and different cultures, they are known as "Baiyue". "Book of Han" states: "From Jiaozhi to Kuaiji, there are seven or eight thousand miles, and there are hundreds of different places, each with its own caste."

When Qin destroyed Chu, it also surrendered the Yue people. By forcibly relocating the indigenous people and resettling migrant households, the local Vietnamese people were effectively controlled. In the third year of Emperor Wu's founding (138 BC), Dong Ou did not tolerate the force of Min Yue. King Dong Ou "asked the whole country to move to China, but all the people came to live between the Yangtze and Huaihe Rivers." In the first year of Yuanfeng (110 BC), Minyue was destroyed, and Emperor Wu used the army to force the Minyue people to move into the Jianghuai River Basin. After three large-scale migrations, the situation of "the land in East Vietnam became empty".

Taiping Huanyu Ji, a geographical work of the Northern Song Dynasty, talks about Dong Ou’s people living in Jianghuai, saying: “Later, some people fled to the valley and established it as Ye County, which belongs to Kuaiji County.” It can be seen that there are still a few Yue people in the southeast region who have resettled and settled in the mountains. During the Han Dynasty, "mountain people wanted to be simple, but there were still people with white heads who did not enter the market." Hu Sansheng commented: "Shanyue originally had more people. Because of the dangerous mountains, it did not accept rent from the king, so it was called Shanyue." It turns out that Shanyue is a descendant of the ancient "Baiyue".

From "Zongwu" to "Zongmin"

Compared with the Central Plains culture, the Shanyue people have their own characteristics. The Shanyue people who have lived in the mountains for a long time formed a social organization based on clans and named "Zong", "Zongwu" and "Zongbu", and their leaders are called "Zongshuai", "Qushuai" or "Dashuai" , the lower class people regard themselves as "clan people".

In "Three Kingdoms-Wu Shu", there are 49 famous Shanyue upper-class figures in Shanyue with surnames, divided into 33 surnames. Among them, Yan Baihu, a powerful family in Haixi, and Haoqiang Zulang of Lingyang , Kuaiji Zongshuai Bolin, Shanxian County Sicong and others were represented. The number of people in each sect ranges from "several thousand" to "ten thousand", showing the characteristics of wide distribution and small gatherings. The upper class of Shanyue and ordinary Shanyue people have formed a community of interests, which not only controls the rights within the clan, but also represents the overall interests of Shanyue.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the society was in turmoil, the population was growing rapidly, and the pressure of survival doubled. Many Han people "ran away from evil and fled" and fled into the mountains, which invisibly strengthened the power of Shanyue. The government's harsh policies also affected the people of Shanyue. "Officials would beg the people until night, or dogs would bark in the evening, and the people would not be at peace." Under the grim reality, the Shanyue people went berserk after nearly four centuries of silence, posing a huge threat to the Soochow regime that took over.

From suppression to appeasement

Uncertainty existed in the increasingly powerful Shanyue, prompting Sun Wu to compare the "mountain bandits from the south" and "Dong Zhuo from the north". Cao Cao, Yuan Shao and others once wooed the leaders of Shanyue and "fanned Shanyue as an internal support". In addition, they were "good at martial arts and fighting, and had noble strength". The native Shanyue and the outsider Sun Wu competed with each other, and the two sides formed a competitive relationship. In this regard, Chen Shou accurately commented in "Three Kingdoms": "The higher the mountain, the more rebellion it is, and the more difficult it is to settle down, so Sun Quan did not neglect foreign defense and humiliated the Wei family."

Sun Wu adopted the policy of "mountain Yue". The two magic weapons of "suppressing and appeasing". "Suppression" means suppression by force. Sun Quan "divided his generals into groups to suppress the mountains and rivers, but they refused to obey orders." In the war mentioned at the beginning of the article, after Sun Quan returned to his army, he sent Han Dang, Zhou Tai, Lu Meng, Cheng Pu and other famous generals to attack separately. He Qi alone killed 6,000 Shanyue people.

According to "Three Kingdoms", Sun Wu used troops against Shanyue in 200, which spanned 42 years. There were as many as 40 generals in charge of the army. Three generations, old, middle and young, participated in the battle, covering almost all the senior generals of Sun Wu. Even Sun Ce and Sun Quan personally attacked Shanyue, which is enough to prove the importance Sun Wu attached to Shanyue.

While "townling", it also needs to be "touched". Sun Quan "worshiped (Zhuge) to be the general of Fuyue and to lead the governor of Danyang". After Zhuge Ke took office, he strictly guarded the territory and could not leave his settlement. When "the old grains were exhausted and the new fields could not be harvested," he "moved the fields with force, leaving no seeds left," which resulted in "the mountain people being hungry and impoverished, and gradually surrendering their heads." When Huang Gai, another veteran general, served as the captain of Danyang, he "suppressed the strong and supported the weak, and the mountains became more supportive". When Liu Chong was appointed as the prefect of Kuaiji, he "simplified the bureaucracy, banned inspections and illegal inspections, and made the county more prosperous". Sun Quan paid equal attention to suppressing and appeasement, and the conflict between Sun Wu and Shan Yue was greatly improved, and one party achieved hegemony.

From confrontation to integration

Confrontation is not the mainstream, integration is the trend.

In the 22nd year of Jian'an (AD 217), Lu Xun proposed: "Today's heroes are hesitating, and wolves are watching, to overcome the old chaos, and it is not the crowd that can help. However, the mountain bandits are still evil, relying on the deep ground, and the husband's heart is not at peace. It is difficult to plan far, but you can use the best troops to recruit the best." Sun Quan adopted his suggestion and implemented the strategy of "the strong serve as soldiers and the weak make up for the household", and the relationship between Sun Wu and Shan Yue entered a new stage.

In the two battles of Chibi and Yiling, Sun Wu's former confidant Shan Yue did not "kill you while you are sick", which shows that the relationship between the two parties is gradually becoming more harmonious. During the Battle of Chibi, Huang Gai wrote a letter of false surrender to Cao Cao, claiming: "Use the people of Shanyue in the six counties east of the Yangtze River to serve as millions of people in China." This shows that the Shanyue people are numerous and powerful and are brave and good at fighting. They have been widely recognized.

According to incomplete statistics in "Three Kingdoms-Wu Shu", among the 230,000 Wu troops, there were 100,000 Shanyue people. The number was staggering. In the generation of Sun Wu, 10 counties were established in the Shanyue settlement area. The Shanyue people were included in the feudal corvee system, and the total number of supplementary households exceeded 200,000. There are only three mentions of Shanyue in "Three Kingdoms" between Sun Liang, Sun Xiu and Sun Hao of Sun Wu, which shows that the activities of Shanyue people tended to be quiet during the Three Kingdoms period at the end of Han Dynasty.

The writer Zuo Si of the Western Jin Dynasty praised the fertile fields of the Taihu Plain in "Ode to Wu Du" for "countless fields, which are twice as fertile". Sun Sheng, a historian of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, counted in "Jinyang Qiu": "The state of Wu has fifty There are 23,000 households, more than 2.3 million men and women, 230,000 soldiers, more than 5,000 boats, and 2.8 million hu of grain in the national treasury." This includes the contribution of the Shanyue people. In the process of getting along with the Han people, the Shanyue people left the mountains to settle down and intermarry with each other, which was not only conducive to the exchange of production technology and culture, but also conducive to the improvement of their own productivity. The integration of Sun Wu and Shan Yue achieved mutually beneficial and win-win results.

After the Three Kingdoms, the people of Shanyue were not willing to be lonely, and they repeatedly regained their sense of existence. In the late years of the Southern Liang Dynasty, "the mountains became deeper and more dangerous, and no one was willing to surrender." Chen Baxian, the prefect of Kuaiji, led his troops to pacify them. At the beginning of the Sui Dynasty, there was still news that "the people were conquering the mountains and crossing the mountains, and they were going to the post office to report the news". During the Zhenyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, "Mountains were in chaos and the prefectures and counties were trapped." Pei Su, the Eastern Zhejiang Observer, led the prefecture troops to quell the rebellion in one fell swoop. By the time of the Song Dynasty, "the people living in the Shaoxing area were living in different places because of the mountains and mountains." Since the Song Dynasty, it is difficult to find traces of the Shanyue people who have been active for seven centuries. In short, the Shanyue people who came and left without a trace were undoubtedly a "thorn in Sun Quan's side" and "a thorn in his flesh".