Is Rubinstein a first name or a last name?

Many times, whether a person is Jewish or not can be judged by his surname. For example, Albert Einstein, who is familiar with Jews, can see that he is Jewish at first sight even if he doesn't know who Einstein is.

The following is my collection of common European Jews' surnames. The European Jews mentioned here actually refer to Ashkenazi Jews: at first, they refer to Jews living in Europe, Poland and Austria. Ashkenazi Jews mean "Germans" in ancient Hebrew. Yiddish is the main language used by Ashkenazi Jews. This language is greatly influenced by Germanic/German, and even considered as a branch of Germanic, or even a dialect of German. In fact, Yiddish is a mixed language, which has certain independence and is greatly influenced by German, but also by Slavic, Aramaic and Hebrew. But in terms of language division, Yiddish is still regarded as Germanic. In the past, Yiddish was the language of Jews in Western, Central and Eastern Europe. Today, there are still 4 million people using it.

In the past, most European Jews did not have surnames. It was not until the eighteenth and ninth centuries that people began to use surnames. Yiddish-speaking Jews often use German spelling as if they were German surnames. Some people even take the same surname as real Germans, such as Schneider (tailor) and Fischer (fisherman), which means occupation. But most of them are new surnames adopted by Jews, such as Goldberger and Rosenberg ("Rose Hill"). These surnames have many meanings and will not be discussed here.

The following is a list of surnames with full Jewish characteristics. Most of them are the surnames of Ashkenazi Jews. As soon as you see someone using these surnames (for example, open an American textbook and browse to the author's name), you know that their owner is probably Jewish. Don't be confused by their German spelling and affixes (such as -stein, -Mann, -Berg, -Baum, -er, -Thal, etc.). In addition, a large number of Jews immigrated to the United States and subsequently changed their names. Some German suffixes have also been anglicized accordingly, such as -mann becoming -man and -feld becoming -field. And so on. I won't list them one by one.

Among the following surnames, the most common Jewish surnames are in bold.

Some surnames are juxtaposed because of the same origin. The same ancestor, followed by different suffixes, developed into different surnames, such as Goldstein and Goldberg, all of which were Jin-.

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Abarbanel

Abramovich/Abramovits

Ackerman

Adler

Apel

Aronovitz

vladimir ashkenazy

Auerbach

Bowman

Baumberg

Barenbaum/barenboim

Baum

Berg/Bergel

Berlin/Berliners

Berne/Bernstein

Transverse inference layer

Bloch/Bloch

Bloom/Bloom/Bloomberg/Bloomberg/Broomfield/Broomfield

Brody

Bronfman

Buchs Bohm

Cohen/Cohen/Cohen (Kahn/Kuhn)

Danzig/Danzig

Davidovic

German/German

Dreyfus/Dreyfus

Dresner/dressler

Edelman

Eisenberg/Eisenberg/eisenstein

Eckstein

Epstein

Feinberg/feinberg/feinstein/Vanner

Feldman/feldstein/Feirson Stein

Finkelstein

Fleischer

Frank

Wieners

Fred/Friedman/Friedman/Fridner/Friedstein

Frum/Fromm

Garfinkel/Gulfinkel/garfinkel/garfinkel

Geller/Geller

Gintsburg/Gintsburg/Ginsburg

Gruckman

Goldberg/Goldberg/goldstein/Godevais.

Gofman/gofman/

Greenberg/Greenebaum/greenstein (Greene)

Gross/Grossman/Grosberg

Glen/Glenfield/Grenner

Hirsch/Hirschman/Hirschberg

Hofmann

Holovitz/Huo Weici/Holovitz

Isak

Kagan

Kafka/Kafka/Koffka

Kahn (Cohen/Kuhn)

Kaplan (Copland)

Katz

Katzenellenbogen

Kessler

Klein/Kleiner Huaying/Clemen/Kleinberg

Koenig

Cohen/korner/Cohen House

Kaufman/Kaufman

Klaus

Krugman

Kuhn

Levy/Levy/Loy (Lewis)

Levin/Levin/Levin/Levin

Lieber/Liebermann (Lieberman)

Luria/luria/luria

Mendel/Mandel/Mendelssohn/Mandelson

Mannheim

Melzer/melzer

Milstein/millman

Morgenthau/Morgenstein/Morgenstein

Moss/moss

Nader

Newman (Newman)

Nissenbaum

Nussbaum

Oppenheim/Oppenheimer

Pelcman

Pearl/Pearl/Paalmann/Perlberg

Pollack/Pollack

An object that makes a banging noise.

Rabbi/Rabin (Rubin)

Rappaport/rappaport

Ratz

Rice/Reisman

Rosenberg/Rosenthal/Rosenbloom/Rosenstand

Ross/Rothschild/Rosenstand/Rothman

Rubin/Rubinstein

Saxophone/saxophone

Sacchi/Sacchi/Sacchi

Salzburg

Samuel/Samuelson

Shapiro/Shapiro/Chapira/Shapiro/Sapir/spiro

Schell

Schlesinger , John

Siegel

Salinger

A cross-border B2C Internet enterprise focusing on women's fast fashion.

Silber/Silberstein

Silverman/silverberg

Simell/Semel/Schimmel

Socor Sports Association

Solomon/Solomon

Spielberg/Spielberg/Spearman (Shapiro)

Stein/Steinberg/Steinberg/Steinsol

Stern/Sternberg/

The names of two Austrian composers

Vogel

Wallenstein

Vey

Wayne Weinberg Weinstein

Weiss/weismann/Weisser

Wiener

Wieseman/wiesenthal

Wolffeller

Wolfowitz

Yehuda/Jahoda/Jagoda

Zack/Zuckermann/Zuckerman