About Confucius

In the twentieth year of Zhou Lingwang, Duke Xiang of Lu died in 2 1 year (552 BC).

On August 27th in the summer calendar (September 22nd in the solar calendar), Confucius was born in Qiaoyi, Changping Township, Shandong Province (now southeast of Qufu County, Shandong Province). Father and uncle Ge Liang, mother Yan Zhizhai.

Literature Historical Records Confucius Family: "Confucius was born in Luchangping Town. First, the Song people also said that Confucius was against uncles. Prevent uncle from being born, but be born in Shu. Confucius is the illegitimate child of Ge Heyan's daughter. Pray for Confucius Niqiu. Duke Xiang of Lu was twenty-two years old and Confucius was born. It was first born in Ding Wei and was named Qiu Yun. Word, surname Kong "Historical Records Lu Shijia:" (Lu Xianggong) was born in Kong Qiu in 22 years. " Chronology of Twelve Governors in Historical Records: "(Duke Xiang of Lu) was twenty-two, and Confucius was born." Twenty-one years of the legend of Gu Liang and Xianggong: "In October, Confucius was born." Biography of the ram in the twenty-first year of Xianggong: "In January, Confucius was born." "Confucius' Family Language: Interpretation of Real Name": "Confucius was before the Song Dynasty. ..... Wisdom Fofo Agbo gave birth to Songfuzhou, Zhou Shengshi gave birth to Zheng Sheng's roast clothes, and Kong Sheng paid for them. After the fifth, don't be a public official. I will take Confucius as my surname. On the one hand, Confucius' father was given a number when he was born, so his descendants took the clan. Confucius' father gave birth to a wooden father, Jin's father gave birth to a testicle, and the testicle gave birth to an uncle. He fled to Shandong to avoid the chaos in Fahrenheit. What if uncle gives birth to Shu? Although he has nine daughters, he has no children. His concubine gave birth to Meng Pi, whose name was Meng Pi Bernie, and she was ill. So he proposed to Yan. The Yan family has three daughters, and the youngest son is Zheng. Father Yan asked his third daughter,' Doctor Wei's father is a scholar, but he is a descendant of the holy king. Today, his body is ten feet long, and his strength is unparalleled. I am greedy. Although the old man is strict, there is no doubt about it. Who can be the wife of the third son? The second daughter is right, and the characteristic is:' What will you ask from the paternal system? Father said,' I can do it. So I took my wife with me. In the past, when I was in the temple, my husband was old, and I was afraid of men from time to time, but I prayed privately that Confucius would be born in the mountain of mud hills, hence the name Zhong Ni. Shi Ben Qin Ben Song Chuan Kong Shi: "Ge was born in. At the top of Zhong Ni is the first face. There are nine tables in forty miles, eyebrows in the valley, arms in the arms, waist around ten, and nine feet six inches long. He is a long man. After several generations, they are all a son. "

There are two kinds of records about Confucius' date of birth. One is Sima Qian's Twenty-two Years of Lu Xianggong (see Historical Records, Confucius Family, Lu Family and Chronicle of Twelve Governors), and the other is the Twenty-one Years of Lu Xianggong in Gu Liang Biography and Ram Biography. The difference between the two theories is one year, but the difference in this year leads to different lawsuits of later scholars, and the pen and ink lawsuits have been played for two thousand years. According to Mr. Qian Mu's statistics, scholars whose antecedents are Du Yu (Zuo Zhuan), Lu Deming (Zuo Zhuan Yin Yi), Su Zhe (Ancient History), Yuan Shu (Zi Zhi Tong Jian), Zhu (Preface to the Analects of Confucius) and (Memorabilia). My Notes on the Book of Rites, Confucius in the Chronicle, Yan Ruoqu's Notes on Happy Learning and Notes on Hidden Hills, Sheng's Table of Modern Archaeologists and Questioning Historical Records, etc. Jia Kui (Zuo's sworn), Fu Qian (Zuo's sworn), He Xiu (Yang Gong sworn), Wang Qinruo (Yuan Gui), Hu Anguo (Chunqiu Biography), Huang Zhen (Huang's Japanese Dynasty) and Ma Duan. Addendum to three histories, etc. (See Qian Mu's Textual Research on the Birth Year of Confucius and the Years of the Pre-Qin Scholars, p. 1 page, Zhonghua Book Company, 1985 edition).

In order to reconcile these two theories, some later scholars have made various explanations. For example, Sima Zhen's Confucius House said, "I thought it was wrong to cover Zhou Zheng in November next year 22 years ago." Sima Zhen believes that Gu Liangzhuan recorded that "Confucius was born in October in winter" with the summer calendar, and the weekly calendar was two months earlier than the summer calendar, so according to Zhou Zheng, October belongs to next year, so Historical Records was pushed back by one year and recorded in the twenty-two years of "xianggong". However, some scholars have questioned this. They think that Zhou Zheng was used in the Spring and Autumn Annals. "Zhou Zheng established his son, 1 1 month is September this year, and Andrew belongs to next year?" (Di's Chronicle of Confucius, Volume 1) Sima Zhen's statement is groundless. In view of this, contemporary scholars no longer dwell too much on Confucius' date of birth, but on Sima Qian's theory in Historical Records. For example, Mr. Qian Mu thinks that it is not impossible, restrained and useless to make a detailed textual research on Confucius' date of birth and death (see the previous quotation). Mr. Zhong also said: "It is not an important issue that the birth dates of the ancients were one year apart two thousand years ago. Moreover, there is a difference between nominal age and one year old, and there are three positive differences in ancient calendar. The difference in one year is actually only a few months, so there is no need to argue for a long time. According to historical records, Confucius was born in the 22nd year of Duke Xiang of Lu, that is, 55 1. " (Zhong's Study of Confucius, p. 15 1 page, China Social Sciences Press, p. 1983)

As for Confucius' birthday, The Biography of Ram recorded it as "October of Gengzi" and The Biography of Gu Liang recorded it as "October and Winter of Gengzi", and the difference between them was one month, which was verified by many scholars in the past. Cui Shu said: "The Spring and Autumn Annals is the first day of October for Chen Geng, and the boxer is October 21st. Because there is no leap month, it is impossible to see boxer again in the middle of 1 1 month, so it comes from today's Gu Liang. The winter of the week is October, and this summer is autumn and August. " (Cui Shu's "Zhu Si Kao Bian" Volume 1) Kong Guangsen's "Ram Yi Tong" said: "Lu Deming explained that Confucius was born as the Boxer, and there is a biography of Chen Geng in October, which is also October. One is called the November Boxer. " Today, it was revised by Chen Geng in 10. Knowing that the old work in 1 1 was wrong, I decided to follow the "interpretation". On this basis, Confucius was born in October of Gengzi, which is calculated based on the benchmark, because the weekly calendar is two months earlier than the summer calendar, and now it is calculated as August 27. This birthday was accepted by most scholars in later generations, so it was inherited.

When Confucius was born, Sima Qian said "sexual intercourse" in Historical Records Confucius Family, and later generations have always had two different interpretations. One is "wild mating", which means mating in the wild. According to this statement, Confucius is an illegitimate child. However, Confucianism has always avoided this statement, thinking that it is detrimental to the dignity of "saints", so it advocates that "promiscuity" refers to rudeness. Sima Zhen's Biography of Historical Records says: "Those who have anything to do with this cloud say that Ge Liang is old and has little sign. It's not the first time for a strong house, and it's impolite to have a wild relationship with the cloud. " According to the press, when Sima Qian wrote Historical Records, Confucius' position was greatly improved, but he was far from superstitious. In addition, Sima Qian believed in Huang Lao and had an independent spirit, so he could truthfully record all kinds of things that were not "elegant" to Confucius, such as "seeing Nanzi" and "scared like a dog". Therefore, Sima Qian's statement of "sexuality" may have an implied meaning. However, even if Confucius is really an illegitimate child, his greatness will not be damaged at all, and there is no need to make a big fuss about words to avoid it.

In the twenty-third year of Zhou Lingwang, Lu Xianggong lost his son in the twenty-fourth year (549 BC).

When Confucius was three years old, his father died when his uncle Liang died. Yan family is a big family in Qufu. So Yan Zhizhai left his family and moved to Qufu, the capital of Lu with his three-year-old widow and orphan (Kuang Yaming's Biography of Confucius, page 38, Qilu Bookstore, 1985 edition).

"Historical Records Confucius Family" records: "Qiu Sheng died and was buried in Fangshan. The mountain is in eastern Shandong, and because Confucius suspects his father's tomb, his mother is also jealous. " Interpretation of Confucius' Family Language and Original Name: "Confucius died at the age of three and was buried in Fang. "

Textual research on "Family" said "Qiu Sheng, Die" should be a general statement, while "Family Talk" thought that Confucius lost his father at the age of three, and the two were basically the same, so it was taken from "Family Talk". Wang Su, the old topic of Confucian Family Studies, noted that Wang Su said in the preface that Family Studies and The Analects of Confucius are of the same origin, which was asked by Confucius disciples. Later, some of them were compiled as The Analects of Confucius, while others were compiled as Family Instructions of Confucius, and it was said that family instructions were obtained from Confucius' 23rd grandson Confucius and Mencius. But people think this book is fake. 1973 Bamboo Slips unearthed from the Han Tomb in Bajiaolang, Dingxian County, Hebei Province (the tomb belongs to Wang Huai, Zhongshan, and died in the fifth year of Emperor Xuandi of the Western Han Dynasty, that is, in 55 BC) consist of 27 chapters, mainly about the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, most of which are related to Shuoyuan and the current edition of Biography of Confucius. Some scholars believe that bamboo slips are of Confucian style. The current edition of Family Language may have been written by Confucius scholars such as Kong Anguo, Kong Biao, Kong Jiyan and Kong Meng, and it has a long process of compilation, revision and supplement (Family Instructions and Confucian Family Instructions in Han and Wei Dynasties on Li Xueqin's bamboo slips, No.2 Confucius Studies, 1987). Therefore, Confucian family instructions have a long-term circulation, collation and supplement. Although the book has been modified and supplemented by later generations, some materials are basically credible, so it is difficult to understand Family Notes.

Zhou Lingwang 25 years Lu Xianggong 26 years Jiayin (547 BC)

⑤ Confucius was born in Shandong at the age of six. He has been very interested in ceremonies since he was a child. When playing with children, he often lists square and round candied beans and other sacrificial vessels, and practices kowtowing. Confucius' advocacy of "self-denial" in the future is undoubtedly related to his early life experience.

The document "Historical Records Confucius Family": "Confucius is a drama, and the forbidden army is a bean, and a gift is set."

Textual research on "Home" says "for children's play", and the unknown year is listed here temporarily.

In the second year of King Jing of Zhou and the thirtieth year of Duke Xiang of Lu (543 BC).

Confucius was nine years old at that time, and his disciple Zhong You was born in Zhong You, who was born in the Spring and Autumn Period and was older than Confucius Xiao Jiu.

The Biography of Zhong Ni's Disciples in Historical Records records: "Zhong You, a Chinese character, was born in Bian, older than Confucius Xiao Jiu. Lutz was contemptible, brave, upright, crowned rooster, worn dolphin, and violently attacked Confucius. Confucius set a gift to lure Luz, and after Luz took Confucianism as a token, because the master invited him as a disciple. " Confucius Family Disciple: "Zhong You, Zi and Lu are older than Confucius Xiao Jiu. Brave and talented, he is famous for his political affairs. People are strong and straightforward, and their sexual orientation is inflexible. "

Zhou 12 9 years in Lu (533 BC)

Confucius was nineteen years old and married the daughter of an official. When Confucius was nineteen, he married an official in the Song Dynasty.

The document "Confucius' Family Words: Interpretation of Real Names": "I married an official in the Song Dynasty in the 19th century. "The Book of Qin Xing": "Confucius married Song and became a family. "

Textual research shows that Confucius' family did not have this article, and now it is from family language. Publishing house, is also called?, ancient characters, phonology, official, compound surname. Han Jie erected a monument to the Confucian Temple, saying, "The official princess is safe." What you said fits well.

Zhou 13 land 10 16 years ago (532 BC).

⑤ Confucius is twenty years old. He was appointed Commissioner and Farm. His son Kong Li was born in a poor family. When he was young, he was appointed Commissioner (in charge of warehouses) and breeding (in charge of cattle and sheep). This early experience of Confucius undoubtedly had an important influence on his later growth. I was born this year, so I got the name, because I sent carp.

The document "Historical Records Confucius Family": "Confucius is poor and cheap. And the dragon, the taste is history, and the material quantity is flat; Taste the interest of livestock as officials. The truth is a cliche. ..... Confucius is nine feet six inches long, and everyone calls him' the long man'. " "The Analects of Confucius Zi Han": "I am cheap, so I can be cheap." "Mencius Zhang Wan": "Confucius tried to appoint officials and said,' Accounting is just enough'; Taste is to occupy all the fields, saying,' cattle and sheep are strong.' Confucius' Family Language: The Solution of Original Name: "I was married to an official in the Song Dynasty in the 19th century and gave birth to Apollo at the age of one. The life of fish was also given by Lu with carp, and Confucius was proud of you, so the word "fish" was called the name of carp. "The Book of Qin Xing": "Confucius married Song as his surname and was born. "

There is no clear time to study the appointment of officials and the occupation of farmland. The Chronicle of Queli was listed at the age of 20 and 2 1 respectively. Cui Shu's "Zhu Si Kao Xin Lu" said: "At the age of 20, I am a commission official, and at the age of 21, I am a field official. There is no clear evidence. Probably before the scorpion came to Lu, otherwise it would be impossible to communicate with the monarch. " According to media reports, only after this ancient man became an official can he communicate with Scouts. This year, Duke Lu gave Confucius carp, so Confucius became an official before that, and the chronicle may be listed accordingly in this year. Follow it today. In addition, the chronicle was listed as two years for Committee officials and field staff, and now it is listed as one year.

Zhou 15 Lu 12 Chu 1 1 (530 BC)

Confucius' theory of "self-denial and benevolence" is 22 years old and has a certain influence in Shandong. King Chu Ling was killed, and Confucius quoted the old saying "forbearing oneself and restoring benevolence" to comment on this matter. "Self-denial, self-respect and benevolence" is an important proposition of Confucius, which can also be seen in The Analects of Yan Yuan. This idea is Confucius' inheritance from predecessors, not his own creation.

"Twelve Years of Zuo Zhuan Gong" records: "Zhou Lai founded the country, and its position was second only to that of Danghou, Sima Du, Tao and Ling Yinxi, who surrounded Xu and feared Wu. Zi Chu is second only to western Jiangxi. ..... My father called Zige: "My son is the hope of Chu. Today is as loud as Rebecca's words. What about the country? "Zige said:' If you sharpen your muscles to make a beard, the king will come out and I will cut it.' King Chu of Yu Yu. Zuo's family leaned on it, and Wang said,' Good history is good for children! I can read three graves, five classics and eight categories, jiusan. "Yes, I asked,' Let me have a taste: In the past, if Mu Wang wanted to indulge his heart and travel around the world, there would be ruts. At the expense of the public, I asked my father to write a poem "Zhao Qi" to stop the king's heartbeat, so that the king would not be in the palace. I asked him about his poems without knowing it. If you ask how far it is, how do you know? The king said, "can I do it?" Yes:' Yes. His poem says: "Prayer is a gesture of praise. Think of me, Wang Du, as jade as gold. Form a people's power that is not drunk and does not return. " Wang Yi went in, but he couldn't eat and couldn't sleep for several days. He couldn't control himself and got into trouble. Zhong Ni said: "The ancients also had aspirations:' Self-denial and self-denial are also benevolent. Believe in kindness! If King Chu Ling can do this, how can he be humiliated in Ganxi? "The Analects of Confucius Yan Yuan": "Yan Yuan asked benevolence. Confucius said, "Self-denial and public service are benevolence." . A day of self-denial and self-denial, the world will return to benevolence. Be kind to yourself and to you, "Yan Yuan said." What is its purpose? " Confucius said,' see no evil, don't listen to evil, don't say evil, and don't move if you are evil. Yan Yuan said:' Although the reply is not sensitive, please tell me!' "

There are two kinds of textual research on "Zhong Ni Yue" in Zuo Zhuan. One is that Confucius was not born yet, which should be Confucius' later remarks; Second, the birth of Confucius may be a record of his speech at that time. Confucius is twenty-two years old and has a certain influence in Shandong, which should belong to the latter situation.

Zhou 16 Jin 3 years 13 years (529 BC).

At the age of twenty-three, Confucius began to teach in Kuili. Among the students are Yan Hui's fathers Yan You, Ceng Dian and Ran Geng. Kuang Yaming said: During the Spring and Autumn Period, "some declining aristocrats with certain cultural education, especially those at the literati level, also used their cultural attainments (knowledge of poetry, calligraphy, etiquette, music, etc.) to accept apprentices and teach them. At that time, it was called village studies. This kind of private school existed in the Spring and Autumn Period, but it had little influence. The private school founded by Confucius is completely different. It is an epoch-making symbol of the' study abroad immigration room' opposite to the' study abroad officer' in the history of education in China. " (Biography of Confucius, pp. 274-273)

The Analects of Confucius: "Zi teaches four things: writing, action, loyalty and faith." The Analects of Confucius: "Confucius said,' I have never been ignorant of self-discipline. "Confucius' Family Words: Explanations of Seventy-two Disciples": "Yao Yan, the father of Yan Hui, was born in Luji, six years younger than Confucius. Confucius began to teach in infancy and was studied. " Liu Xiangxin preface: "Confucius was twenty-three years old and began to teach in Queli. Yan Lu, Ceng Dian and zhangqin went to study. " Quelizhi Chronicle: "Confucius began to teach in Queli at the age of 22, and both Ran Yi and Yan Lu's disciples went to be taught."

There have always been different opinions about when Confucius established teaching. One said he was seventeen years old (Historical Records of Confucius by Sima Qian), another said he was twenty-three years old (Liu Xiangxin's preface), another said he was thirty years old (Kuang Yaming's Biography of Confucius), and another said he was thirty-five years old (Historical Records by Sima Zhen), while Liu Xiang was a "captain", so his statement was well-founded.

The father of Yan Hui, a native of Lu. Family Talk said that Confucius was six years younger, so he was seventeen. Rangeng is from Shandong. Biographies and family stories do not record his age, while Li Guang in Records of the Sage and Records of the Que said that Confucius was seven years younger. If he is credible, he will be sixteen. Ceng Dian, a native of Nanwucheng, is the father of Zeng Shen, and his year number is unknown. Advanced Analects of Confucius: Zeng, Gong Xihua sat down with a deposit and said, "This is in the order of teeth." If what Jin said is true, he was older than Confucius Xiao Jiu and was about ten years younger than Confucius. At that time, he was about thirteen. Also known as Qin prison, it guards the people, and every word is open. The age is unknown. It should be about thirteen or fourteen at this time. The above-mentioned people are the earliest disciples of Confucius.

Zhou 17 Lu 14 (528 BC)

Confucius was twenty-four years old. In order to prevent Confucius from dying at twenty-four, his parents were buried together. Because Confucius was very young when he lost his father, he didn't know where the tomb was. In order to inquire about his father's grave so as to bury his parents together, he had to park his mother's coffin in the "Five Ancestors" to attract people's attention and inquire about his father's grave. Later, the mother of Yan Zhizai's neighbor told Confucius about Liang Shu's tomb, and Confucius buried his parents together.

Literature "Book of Rites Tan Gong": "Confucius is an orphan and I don't know his tomb. Funeral on the road of five fathers. Everyone thought they were buried. It is also cautious and covers funerals. Ask Yu Man's father's mother, and then you must be buried together in defense. " Kong Ying Da's Book of Rites: "So I am the mother of my father and always kind to the mother of Confucius. Seeing Confucius burying his mother outside, he asked Confucius strangely. Because Confucius was unfamiliar, he asked his father's mother to know where his father's tomb was, and then he was buried with his parents' bodies. " Talking about the Duke in the Book of Rites: "Confucius was buried in the joint defense, saying,' Smell it, it's not in the ancient tomb. Today, people on this hill, east and west, north and south, can't be enlightened. "So I sealed it and worshipped it for four feet. Confucius objected first. Behind the door, it rained heavily. Finally, Confucius asked Yan, "Why did you come so late?" Said,' prevent the grave from collapsing.' Confucius should not. Three. Confucius said with tears streaming down his face,' I heard about it, but I have never built a tomb.' Historical Records Confucius Family: "Confucius' mother died and his fifth father died. Cover it carefully. I took my father's mother to teach Confucius' father's tomb, and then I was buried together to prevent it. " "Confucius' Family Language Quli Gong Xi": "Confucius' mother will be buried together when she is lost, saying,' The ancients didn't bury them because they couldn't bear to see the dead first. "Poetry" said: "Death is the same point. "Since the duke of zhou has been buried. Therefore, the only guardian is to stay away from it. Lu people are also close. Mi Fei, I'm from Shandong. When they were buried together, they said, I heard it, but it was not in the grave. Today, people on this hill, east and west, north and south, can't be enlightened. I don't know how to make an axe for those who seal it as a hall, keep it, and build a summer house. " So I sealed it and worshipped it for four feet. Confucius objected first. Behind the door, it rained heavily. Finally, Confucius asked Yan, "Why did you come so late?" Said,' prevent the grave from collapsing. Confucius should not. Sanyun. Confucius said with tears streaming down his face,' I heard about it, but I have never built a tomb.' As for the auspicious May (note: Daxiang, the sacrificial ceremony for the second anniversary of the death of ancient parents), the piano failed to win on the fifth day, and the tenth day has passed (note: the ancient funeral ceremony), so it's done. Master Chen Kong: "Li You is widowed, born and born. Because of his talent, he was an official in Wei, and Wang liked it very much. Or:' Li You's mother is a traitor, and I don't know her father. This is not expensive enough. The king told me,' I don't want to be cheap. Although, ancient sages also have children? I will name those who break children. "Li, you said to him,' People are not far away today, so who is listening to me? Confucius was lonely, so he didn't know his father. Confucius' mother died and was buried on the road of her five fathers. Everyone feels lonely. I buried it, and my father's mother was buried together. So are saints and ministers. "Wang smiled and said,' Good. Hearing this, Junko asked Wang Wei,' Li, you Anders said!' The king said, "There is no harm in pretending to show yourself." Right:' It's harmless to spread rumors and slander saints.' "

The textual research on when Confucius' mother died has not been recorded in history, and it is impossible to do so. Historical Records describes this passage after "child's play, Chen Naidou" and before "Meng Nuo died at the age of seventeen", so some scholars think it was when Confucius was fifteen or sixteen. But the so-called "Confucius was seventeen years old", Meng Nuo died, and Shu Jing in Nangong went to learn etiquette, which was Sima Qian's mistake. When Meng Nuo died, Confucius was actually thirty-four years old (see the article "Meng and Nangong Learn Etiquette from Confucius in 5 18 BC" for details). Besides, in the text of "Duke Tan", Confucius claimed that "this mountain is also the home of people from east, west, north and south" and there are disciples, so he should be very old. Chronology of Queli was listed at the age of 24, which was accepted by most scholars, so it was followed.

There have always been two different interpretations of this passage quoted in the Book of Rites: Zheng Xuan's notes and hole omissions in the Book of Rites separate "I don't know his tomb" from "I was buried on the road of five ancestors" and become two sentences. According to their explanation, this passage goes like this: Confucius was born to his father Shu and his mother Yan Zhizai (unmarried), so his mother was ashamed to tell him where his father's grave was. When Confucius' mother died, Confucius wanted to bury her mother and father together. In order to find out where her father's grave is, he thought of a way to bury her on the road where her five fathers walked. According to the usual ceremony, the funeral should be in bed, not outside. Today, Confucius deliberately buried his mother outside in order to attract people's attention and make people ask strange questions, so that Confucius could take the opportunity to inquire about the location of his father's grave. Later, I asked Zou Renman's father's mother, only to know that his father was buried in the defense field, and later his parents were buried together. Accordingly, the "funeral in the way of five ancestors" in the article refers to the funeral of Confucius' mother.

Jiang Yong, a A Qing dynasty man, read two sentences into one. In his Chronicle of Confucius, he said: "There is great doubt that future generations will follow this chapter. It's not the reporter's fault, and readers are not allowed to read the grammar of every sentence and make mistakes. In recent times, people in Gaoyou wrote Sun's article Tan Gong, saying,' I don't know how his tomb was buried by his five ancestors', and the cross should be read as a sentence. "Report the funeral and ask Yu Man's father's mother" is an inverted sentence. Very reasonable. "accordingly, this passage says: Confucius' father died and was buried in the way of the five ancestors. Confucius didn't know whether it was a funeral or a funeral. After Confucius' mother died, she wanted to bury her parents from the ceremony of Zhou people's joint burial. According to the regulations of the ritual system at that time, burying the coffin in the ridge was a funeral, which was shallow and deep. If it is a funeral, the bones can be removed and reburied; If you are buried, you can't act rashly because you are buried deeply and your soul is safe. Everyone who saw his father buried at that time thought it was a burial. Confucius was too cautious to open his father's grave easily. Later, I asked Yu Man's parents to know that "the funeral was also built", so I started the funeral and buried it together.

According to, the above two statements will be regarded as previous affirmations. In ancient times, funerals generally didn't last more than three months. "Three days of mourning, March of burial." Confucius lost his father at the age of three. By this time, it has been more than twenty years. Where did he spend more than twenty years without being buried? Therefore, Jiang said that this is not credible. However, Zheng Zhu said that Confucius didn't know that his father's tomb was "shameful and didn't sue", and Kong Shu also said that "the mother was ashamed and couldn't sue her son, so she married a 70-year-old husband with a young daughter", which seems to be speculation. After Confucius' father died, he built a mausoleum instead of a grave. Confucius was lonely, so he didn't know where his father's grave was. "Tan Gong" said, "People in this mountain, east and west, north and south, can't be enlightened. So I sealed it. " It just means that Confucius began to seal it. In addition, there is a saying in Confucius that "Confucius is lonely and doesn't know his father", which should be regarded as a "false slander" for future generations and cannot be based on it.

Zhou 18 Lu 15 Jia Shu (527 BC)

Confucius was twenty-five years old and was rejected by yang hu, the retainer of Ji. Shortly after the death of Confucius' mother, Ji Sun, an aristocrat of Lu State, hosted a banquet for the first-class aristocrats. Confucius was still in mourning at that time, but he didn't want to give up this good opportunity to learn to salute, so he took the initiative to go, but he didn't want to be reprimanded by Ji Sun's retainer yang hu. So Confucius had to retire.

Literature Historical Records Confucius Family: "Confucius wants to be a teacher, a scholar of the past, Confucius and the future. Yang hu was embarrassed to say,' Ji's family dare not enjoy their son!' Confucius retired by reason. "Confucius' Family Language Qu Ligong Xi Chi asked": "Confucius has a mother's funeral, but he will do it (note: refers to mourning. Xun, mourning), yang hu hung his face and said to Confucius privately,' Did the children hear that the Ji family is going to entertain the people in the countryside this year? Confucius said,' Qiu Fu listened. If you smell it, you will want to go with it, even though you are declining. "yang hu said,' Isn't that child real? Ji Zhishi is not as good as Zi Ye. When Yang came out, Ceng Dian asked, "What is language?" ? Confucius said,' If you don't agree with yourself, you still have to keep your word and prove that you are right. "

Textual research on "Home" says that "Confucius wants to be a teacher and Ji Jia is a scholar". Confucius lost his mother last year, mourned this year, and so did this year. In Home, there is a passage under Confucius' Ci: "Confucius was seventeen years old, and Dr. Monroe died of illness and asked his children to adopt him." Jiang believes that the sentence "Confucius is seventeen years old" should be read in conjunction with this paragraph, and the old version is wrong. He also says that later generations think that "Confucius is seventeen years old and should be a week" because they misread the subordinate article of the sentence "Confucius is seventeen years old" (The Scholars, page 45, Zhejiang Ancient Books Publishing House, 1985 edition).

According to textual research, Meng died in the twenty-fourth year of Lu, when Confucius was thirty-five years old (for details, see the article "Meng and Nangong Learn from Confucius Ceremony on Tuesday"). Sima Qian said that Confucius was seventeen years old and died. Confucius and Nangong were polite to Zhou, which was wrong. However, according to Chiang Kai-shek, "seventeen years of Confucius" refers to the age of "Ji's people", so when Confucius lost his mother at the age of sixteen, it was still inconsistent with the facts, so he did not follow it.

Moreover, "Ji Zhi Shi" and "Confucius wants to go" were suspected to be false by later scholars. Both Jiang Yong's Chronicle of Confucius and Di's Chronicle of Confucius are "not credible enough" because they understand "Confucius is going" as speculation. Actually, it's not. This is a good opportunity for scholars to learn etiquette. Confucius is unwilling to give up this opportunity, so he should observe and learn. Although embarrassed by yang hu, there is nothing wrong with his studious spirit. Confucianists in later generations didn't know the truth, but only wanted to defend the nonexistent faults, which backfired and confused the truth. What they say and what they say are really "unbelievable".

Zhou Jingwang 19, Lu Zhaogong 16, Yihai (526 BC)

Confucius took off his clothes and sang praises ten days later. The year of Confucius' funeral was over. Ten days after taking off his clothes, blowing sheng sang. The Book of Rites Quli says that you can't play the piano for five days after taking it, because the mourning has not been completely forgotten at this time. Ten days later, when the funeral was over, blowing sheng was able to sing.

Literature "Book of Rites on Tan Gong": "Confucius is lucky, but the piano doesn't ring for five days and becomes a song on ten days."

A textual research on Confucius from the Zhou system shows that he should be in mourning for three years, and only after this mourning has passed can he surrender. The loss of three years actually refers to three years, not the third anniversary. "Yili Li Shiyu Ji" said: "The period is small and auspicious" and "the period is big and auspicious." "Auspicious" refers to the sacrificial ceremony held in the 25th month after death. This is the third year. After the big picture, the loss can be removed. Therefore, the system of explaining the name and mourning said: "It is also auspicious and auspicious, and the name is also sacrificed. In addition to his declining clothes, the dutiful son wore a crown. " After Daxiang, a month later, a sacrifice will be held. After the sacrifice, you can wear a crown instead of a crown. In another month, in the 29th month, you can wear the imperial crown and royal clothes, and return to your normal clothes and life. Confucius died for three years, so it is listed in this year.