What kind of arms was the light car in Han Dynasty?

The light car in Han dynasty was also called chariot. According to the archaeological data excavated at present, although the chariot is not as important as before, it is still a major arm in the late Warring States period.

Compilation of Ancient Cultural Common Sense —— About Ancient Military System, Qin and Han Military System

Military system in Qin and Han dynasties

The Qin Dynasty (2265438 BC+0 ~ 206 BC) was the first unified and centralized feudal country in the history of China. Its military system was formed and developed on the basis of Shang Yang's political reform in the Warring States period. B.C.

From 206 to AD 220, the Qin system was inherited by the Han Dynasty, and there was a new development.

Military system

In order to consolidate and strengthen centralization, the Qin and Han Dynasties established a unified national army and put it under the strict control of the emperor. The official in charge of the national military and political affairs, commander-in-chief of Qin Wei, commander-in-chief of Bill Han, was renamed Fu when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. In wartime, temporary generals were appointed to take charge of the army. There were generals in Qin, and there were generals all around. The highest rank in the Han Dynasty was general, followed by generals in title of generals in ancient times, generals in chariot riding, generals in Wei, and generals around. When generals go out to war, they often set up shogunate as staff office. In the county, county commandant, county commandant, assistant county magistrate and county magistrate are in charge of military affairs. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhou Mu was appointed as the chief executive and military officer of the county.

The army can be divided into three parts: capital soldiers, local soldiers and border guards. Soldiers in the capital are mainly composed of Langguan, Guards and Station Troops guarding the capital. Lang Guan is under the command of Lang Zhong Ling, and the Guards are under the command of Wei Wei, who are respectively responsible for the guards inside and outside the palace. The garrison responsible for guarding the capital is led by a lieutenant. The soldiers in the capital of Han Dynasty mainly included the Southern Army and the Northern Army. The station troops led by the lieutenant are stationed in the north of Weiyang Palace, which is called the Northern Army. Wei Wei, by contrast, commanded the Confederate army. Most of the Confederate soldiers were transferred from Neixian, while the Union soldiers were mainly transferred from Jingfu, and they all rotated once a year. During Liang Wudi's reign, great reforms were made to the soldiers in the capital, mainly to streamline the South Army and strengthen the North Army. There are 20,000 confederate troops, half of which are missing. In addition to Zhongji, the northern army stationed troops and added chariots, infantry, Yue, Chang Shui, Hu, She Yin and Samurai, which were divided into eight factions and stationed in Chang 'an and its vicinity. They usually guard the capital, and the emperor sends personnel to supervise it. One or all of them went out with the general in wartime. At the same time, the lieutenant was renamed as Zhi Jinwu, who was not in charge of the northern army, but was only responsible for commanding the leader and patrolling the capital. In addition, the corps commander was changed to Guang Luxun, the number of corps officers was expanded, and the troops of Qimen and Yulin were increased. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the officers and men of the capital followed the Western Han Dynasty, slightly merged and merged the eight schools of the Northern Army into five battalions, and finally placed the Northern Army under the supervision and leadership of eunuchs.

Local soldiers are placed in counties, usually assisted by county chiefs (also known as a captain), who maintain local public order at ordinary times and listen to the central command in wartime. The recruitment of local soldiers should be based on the emperor's "tiger symbol". The Western Han Dynasty once implemented the enfeoffment system, and the enfeoffment country and the Marquis country each had their own army. Soldiers in the kingdom are led by lieutenants, and soldiers in Marquis countries are subordinate to counties. During the reign of Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, in order to strengthen centralization, the county magistrate was revoked, and then the local soldiers were ordered to be withdrawn. From then on, in case of war, soldiers in the capital are often sent to the battlefield, or recruited temporarily, or recruited from counties as needed.

Border soldiers are mainly responsible for the garrison in border counties, under the command of the county chief, and under the jurisdiction of a surname. In order to enrich the frontier defense, the Han dynasty once immigrated to the real frontier and settled fields in parallel. When Liang Wudi began to open up wasteland, the number of soldiers who opened up wasteland reached hundreds of thousands at most, which was an important part of frontier troops. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the border army system was destroyed, and troops were stationed for defense by setting up camps and docks.

The army consists of material officers (infantry), knights (cavalry), ships (sailors), light vehicles (chariots) and other arms. Generally speaking, the counties in the plains weave more knights and light cars, the counties in the mountains weave more timber officials, and the counties along the river and the coast weave more boats. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses unearthed near the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor are vivid displays of the huge formation of mixed arms, such as foot, bicycle and so on. By the Han Dynasty, chariots were gradually eliminated. According to the Records of the Later Han Dynasty □ Guan Bai, the army in the Han Dynasty was organized as a "five generals' barracks", with a captain in command, "Song has a subordinate, Song has an army waiting for one person" and "Song has a chariot and a conductor has one person". However, according to the Han bamboo slips unearthed in Shangsunjiazhai and Juyan in Datong County, Qinghai Province, some of them are left and right, and the music is divided into left and right songs or before and after songs, and there are officials (left and right officials), teams (before and after teams) and fifteen under the department and music. The different records of the lower and lower ranks of the Han army in the above-mentioned documents and cultural relics are probably due to the different establishment of different regions or armies.

Military service system

The Qin Dynasty followed the conscription system in counties and counties during the Warring States Period. According to the bamboo slips of the Qin tomb in Shuihudi, the male at the age of 17 is "Fu Ji", who can be enlisted at any time according to the needs of war, and can not be exempted from service until he is 60 years old. The military service system in Han dynasty has undergone several changes. According to Hanshu, this man was a 20-year-old Fu Ji, and since then he has served hard labor for one month every year, which is called "more death". Military service began after the age of 23. The service period is generally 2 years. One year in the county is called a "regular pawn", and the other year in the border counties or the capital is called a "garrison pawn" or "guardian pawn". There is also an opinion that these two years of military service are collectively referred to as "regular soldiers." In case of war, you must be drafted into the army at any time, and you can not be exempted from service until you are 56 years old. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, criminals or disciples were often demoted to serve as soldiers, which was called "guarding soldiers". In addition to the conscription system in the Western Han Dynasty, the conscription system was also implemented, and the eight schools established by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty were mainly for conscription. After the strike of the county soldiers in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the conscription system gradually declined, so it also relied on conscription. At the end of the year, state and county officials cultivated their own power by recruiting troops, which led to a separatist situation.

Military training system

The military training system in the Qin Dynasty was strict. According to the Qin law, archers can't hit the crossbow, charioteers can't drive, the worst knights and horses in the grade test will be punished, and officials who participate in supervision and training and those who are responsible for raising funds will also be punished. In addition to practicing shooting, riding and fighting, the western Han army also taught reading every autumn, also known as "various exams", and rewarded and punished them according to their merits and demerits. Border counties often have "riding ten thousand horses, blocking obstacles and chasing Lu by fire" (Han Jiuyi), which has the nature of actual combat exercises.

Quartermaster supply

The weapons, armor, food and horses of the army are provided by the state. This state has a special arsenal. In the Han Dynasty, an examination order was set up to be responsible for the production of weapons, and an armory order was set up to be responsible for the custody and management of weapons. Some counties and countries also have workers and iron officials who are responsible for making instruments and importing them into the capital. The armory in Chang 'an is the largest weapons storage center in China. During the Qin and Han dynasties, armor was standardized and made of metal, and its styles were different because of different arms and positions. The Qin Dynasty set up Taicang in the capital and Aocang in Xingyang to store a large amount of grain, which was supplied by special officials in wartime. The Han dynasty also solved the supply of military food by reclaiming farmland. During the Qin and Han dynasties, cavalry was widely used, and horses were becoming the major policy of the country. The Qin Dynasty enacted the Law on Stables and Gardens, which stipulated the grazing, training and management of horses. In the Han dynasty, while rewarding folk horses, gardens were established in the north and west to raise horses. Jingdi has 36 gardens, 30 thousand officials, slaves and 300 thousand horses. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there were more than 400,000 official horses, which created conditions for the development of cavalry and the fight against Xiongnu.

During the Qin and Han dynasties, the army was unified, the military power was highly centralized, the military command and management system was strict, and the military service system was relatively perfect. A large number of land reclamation in the Han Dynasty provided conditions for consolidating the frontier defense and ensuring the supply of troops, which had a far-reaching impact on the development of the military system in China's feudal society.

Military System In order to consolidate and strengthen centralization, the Qin and Han Dynasties established a unified national army and put it under the strict control of the emperor. The official in charge of the national military and political affairs, commander-in-chief of Qin Wei, commander-in-chief of Bill Han, was renamed Fu when Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. In wartime, temporary generals were appointed to take charge of the army. There were generals in Qin, and there were generals all around. The highest rank in the Han Dynasty was general, followed by generals in title of generals in ancient times, generals in chariot riding, generals in Wei, and generals around. When generals go out to war, they often set up shogunate as a staff body. In the county, county commandant, county commandant, assistant county magistrate and county magistrate are in charge of military affairs. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhou Mu was appointed as the chief executive and military officer of the county.

The army can be divided into three parts: capital soldiers, local soldiers and border guards. Soldiers in the capital are mainly composed of Langguan, Guards and Station Troops guarding the capital. Lang Guan is under the command of Lang Zhong Ling, and the Guards are under the command of Wei Wei, who are respectively responsible for the guards inside and outside the palace. The garrison responsible for guarding the capital is led by a lieutenant. The soldiers in the capital of Han Dynasty mainly included the Southern Army and the Northern Army. The station troops led by the lieutenant are stationed in the north of Weiyang Palace, which is called the Northern Army. Wei Wei, by contrast, commanded the Confederate army. Most of the Confederate soldiers were transferred from Neixian, while the Union soldiers were mainly transferred from Jingfu, and they all rotated once a year. During Liang Wudi's reign, great reforms were carried out to the soldiers in the capital, mainly to streamline the South Army and strengthen the North Army. There are 20,000 confederate troops, half of which are missing. In addition to Zhongji, the northern army stationed troops and added chariots, infantry, Yue, Chang Shui, Hu, She Yin and Samurai, which were divided into eight factions and stationed in Chang 'an and its vicinity. They usually guard the capital, and the emperor sends personnel to supervise it. One or all of them went out with the general in wartime. At the same time, the lieutenant was renamed as Zhi Jinwu, who was not in charge of the northern army, but was only responsible for commanding the leader and patrolling the capital. In addition, the corps commander was changed to Guang Luxun, the number of corps officers was expanded, and the troops of Qimen and Yulin were increased. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the officers and men of the capital followed the Western Han Dynasty, slightly merged and merged the eight schools of the Northern Army into five battalions, and finally placed the Northern Army under the supervision and leadership of eunuchs.