Fritz German immigrants

The largest war in human history is naturally World War II, and the last weapon of World War II is also called the atomic bomb. As one of the most powerful weapons in human history, the atomic bomb directly accelerated the process of World War II.

However, there is also a problem. Except the United States, Germany and Japan all had atomic bomb plans at that time, but why didn't Germany and Japan build the atomic bomb first? Especially the powerful Soviet Union did not develop the atomic bomb first during World War II. What happened?

During the period of 1940, an interesting phenomenon happened in science and technology magazines in Britain, America and Germany. Research papers on nuclear science disappeared almost overnight. Major nuclear physicists in various countries have also disappeared, as if they had never appeared in academia.

In fact, the reason is very simple. Almost at the same time, senior academic talents from all over the world began to devote themselves to the research and development of atomic bombs. In fact, the starting point of atomic bombs in all countries of the world is really similar, but the ending point is 108 thousand miles away.

Before World War II, if the country with the most advanced nuclear physics was definitely not the United States, it was Germany. At that time, Europe was still the center of the world, and institutions of higher learning in Germany, Britain and other countries were much more attractive than Harvard and Yale. To say that several great people in European physics at that time were also great. For example, Madame Curie, Einstein, Heisenberg and Pauli were all very powerful figures in Europe at that time, especially Germany. There were 190 1- 1939 people who won the Nobel Prize in Natural Science, and Germany accounted for 36 people, ranking first in the world.

At that time, Germany's nuclear technology was also in the forefront of the world.193865438+February, Otto? Hahn and Fritz? Strassman discovered the fission of uranium, and then mastered the principle and method of splitting the nucleus, which directly won him the 1944 Nobel Prize in Physics.

In fact, from the point of view of the world at that time, there is no doubt that Germany is the most promising country to successfully develop the atomic bomb first, because Germany is not only second only to the United States in industrial projects such as power generation and metallurgy, but also ahead of the United States in top technology in many fields. Professor Paul of Hamburg University, a German scientist? Hardtke sent a letter to the German War Department on April 24, 1939, requesting the development of an atomic bomb. This book is more than three months earlier than Einstein's letter to Roosevelt on August 2, 939.

After receiving the letter, Germany also immediately started his nuclear weapons research program, but from this moment on, the problems of Germany's nuclear weapons research program began to be exposed.

At that time, the German War Department took the lead in holding many seminars, and the institutions for studying nuclear weapons were determined. At that time, Professor Heisenberg, a world-famous physicist and Nobel Prize winner, was directly in charge of Germany? Uranium program? Planning work.

Nobel Prize bosses are worthy of being Nobel Prize bosses. In June 65438 +0939+February 65438, Heisenberg proposed that ordinary uranium could be used to capture neutrons and then used to make nuclear weapons. By adjusting the ratio of uranium 235 to uranium 238, the reactor can be used to make an atomic bomb. By September 194 1, the heavy water reactor designed by Heisenberg had been able to produce enriched uranium. He declared excitedly himself? Has the passage of the atomic bomb been opened? . It can be said that Nazi Germany has touched the border of the atomic bomb.

However, why did Nazi Germany finally fail? In fact, there are three very important reasons behind this.

The manufacture of atomic bombs has never been just a matter of science and technology.

The countries with atomic bomb plans in World War II included the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union, Germany and Japan, but in the end, the United States beat us to success. In fact, besides our well-known national strength, other factors are more important.

1. included

The reason why the United States can come from behind in the field of nuclear physics, surpass Germany and build an atomic bomb is that the United States is strong and inclusive in developing nuclear weapons. At that time, Germany persecuted a large number of key Jewish scientists, such as Einstein and others, who all fled to the United States. These people have greatly promoted American nuclear science, especially these Jewish scientists have not been used by Germany, which is a change.

On the other hand, the United States dares to use some controversial talents boldly. For example, at first, the United States asked Colonel Marshall to carry out the nuclear program. Marshall is very disciplined and slow. The United States decisively changed into groves, which is famous for its boldness and cutting edge. Is it groves who pushed his way through the crowd and gave the Manhattan Project the highest priority? * * * A spy? Oppenheimer, the father of the atomic bomb. (The FBI has a lot of evidence)

go to all lengths

Although Germany, Japan and the Soviet Union all have atomic bomb plans, they cannot go all out to develop them because of war and other reasons. For example, after the Japanese War Department established the atomic bomb plan, the navy also established a corresponding plan. As we all know, Japan and Lu Haijun are at odds, so the direct conflict between the plans of the army and the navy is reflected. The army robbed most nuclear scientists, but thought that the atomic bomb could not be built: with the national strength of Germany and the United States, it could not be built, and Japan would need at least 10 years. ? However, the Japanese navy never gave up the atomic bomb program.

Germany and Japan have similar problems. The army and navy each have a set of mutually restrictive plans, and the plans are different. The navy focuses on nuclear-powered submarines (after all, the navy relies on Deng Nici Wolf tactics to survive), so the German nuclear program is also considered to have its own set.

Moreover, there were three uranium enrichment schemes in the world at that time, and no one knew which one was better. The Manhattan project in the United States was actually launched at the same time, and other countries could not do it at all. For example, the Soviet nuclear program can only be postponed because of the Soviet-German war. In fact, the Soviet Union has mastered a large amount of American nuclear intelligence, and also has considerable R&D strength and national strength. The problem is that the Soviet Union is bound by the Soviet-German war and cannot go all out, so the United States can get there first.

3. Secret sabotage

In fact, another key factor for the success of the US nuclear program is the destruction of the German nuclear program. For example, at that time, Germany originally thought that graphite reactor was feasible, but allied intelligence personnel doped impurities in graphite, making it impure, so that German nuclear scientists thought that graphite could not be used as a moderator at all. As a result, Germany's heavy water plant in Norway was attacked by allied agents, which led to the stagnation of heavy water production in Germany, so Germany finally failed to build an atomic bomb. It can be said that the destruction of the allied forces is also crucial to the failure of Germany's nuclear program.

Therefore, the realization of nuclear weapons is not only a matter of national strength, but also a question of testing the wisdom of the whole nation, which shows how exciting the success of our country is.