General factors of moving the capital in history.

1. Reasons for moving the capitals of past dynasties: List of the capitals of past dynasties in China://218.24.233.167: 8000/resource/book/edu/jxcks/ts 01/kloc-0.

2. List the real name of each country, the current location and the time when the capital was established. 3. If there is more than one country, use your real name; Pay attention to other important names. 4. If the capital has been moved for many times, the major capitals shall be listed in chronological order, not short or unimportant.

5. List and mark important capital letters. The capital of the dynasty is accompanied by the capital of this place [Xia] Anyi Shanxi Xiaxian Northwest Yangzhai Henan Yuxian [Shang] North Bo Henan Shangqiu North Tang Nanbo Henan Shangqiu Southeast Tang Xibo Henan Yanshi West Tang Yin Henan Anyang Xiaotun Pan Gengchao Ge Henan Qixian Zhou Wang [Western Zhou Dynasty] Gao Feng Shaanxi Changan Wang Xiwen Gao Feng Wu Wang Luo Yi Henan Luoyang Wang Cheng [Eastern Zhou Dynasty] Luo Yi Luoyang, Henan 770 BC [Spring and Autumn Fourteen Governors] Lu Qubu, Shandong Qubu, Shandong Qubu, Yicheng, Shanxi, Fengxiang, Shaanxi, southeast of Chu camp in 677, Jiangling, Hubei, Jinan, Chunqiu, Shangqiu, Nanxi Zhou, Qixian, Tong, Huaiyang, Tongcai, Shangcai, Tong, Dingtao, Shandong, Xinzheng, Xinzheng, Chunqiu and Yanchu. Ji Jing Southwest Spring and Autumn Wu Jiangsu Suzhou Western Zhou Ji Zhejiang Shaoxing xia [Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period] Qi Linzi Shandong Linzi Early Western Zhou Chu Ying Hubei Jiangling Ji Chunqiu Yanji Beijing Southwest Spring and Autumn Zhao Handan Hebei Handan Early Warring States Period Han Zheng Henan Xinzheng ditto Wei Daliang Henan Kaifeng Middle Warring States Period Qin Xianyang Shaanxi Xianyang Northeast moved its capital from Liyang [Qin] Xianyang Shaanxi Xianyang Northeast moved its capital from Liyang 350 years ago [Western Han Chang 'an Shaanxi Xi 'an North Liu Bangjian 200 years ago] Han] Luoyang Henan Luoyang East 25 years ago Liu Xiujian [Three Kingdoms] Wei Luoyang Henan Luoyang East AD 220 Cao Pi Jian Shu Chengdu Sichuan Chengdu 22 1 Liu Beijian Wu Jianye Jiangsu Nanjing 222 Sun Quanjian [Western Jin Dynasty] Luoyang Henan Luoyang East 265 Sima [Eastern Jin Dynasty] Jiankang Jiangsu Nanjing 3 17 Sima Ruijian [Sixteen countries (once, Saixixi, Liu Yao, a Xiongnu in the northwest of Shaanxi Province, was founded in 3 18, and Xerox in Xingtai, Hebei Province, was founded in 3 19, southwest of Linzhang, Hebei Province, Ye Wei. 350 years before Ran Min, Qin Changan was built in 35 1 Shaanxi An, and later Qin Changan was built with Changhe in 384. In 384 AD, Xi Jian Qin originated from Sichuan, Yuzhong, Gansu, Dayingchuan and Xianbei people, and was founded in 385 AD by Qi people. In 357, Murong was built in Linyi, Hebei, Xianbei Mu Rongchui was built in Dingxian, Hebei, and Yannan, Optics Valley, Shandong and Xianbei were built in Yidu in 384. North Murong De built Beiyan Dragon City in 398, Chaoyang, Liaoning * * * Feng Ba built Xiyan's eldest son, Shaanxi's eldest son, Xianbei Mu Rongchong in the southwest, Liang Qian's ancient collection in Wuwei, Gansu in 385, Hou Liang's ancient collection in 3 14, Nanliang Ledu, Qinghai Ledu and Xianbei Tugu in 397. * In 397, Duan Ye built Xiliang Jiuquan * * In 400, Li Gaoyou built Wancheng, in 407, Helian Bobo, Xiongnu, Jingbian, Shaanxi, built Inner Mongolia and North Xianbei Tuobajian, 3 13 [Southern Dynasties]. Song Jiankang inherited Jiankang in 420, Jiankang in 479, Jiankang in 502 and Liang in 557. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, Lesheng Inner Mongolia and Linger North built Jianping City in 386, moved to Luoyang, Henan Province in 398 and moved to Luoyang, Henan Province in 494. East Ye Wei established North Ye Qi in 534. Ditto. In 550 AD, it was built in Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province in 534. In 556, it was built in the Western Wei Dynasty [Sui Dynasty]. In 58 1 year, Daxing inherited from Luoyang, Henan, Luoyang in the Northern Zhou Dynasty [Tang], Chang 'an, Shaanxi, An 'an, 6 18, Luoyang, Henan, Luoyang, Sui, Taiyuan, Shanxi, Southwest Taiyuan [Five Dynasties], Liang Kaifeng, Henan Kaifeng, Zhu Wenjian, Tang Luoyang, Henan Luoyang, Li in 923, Jin Kaifeng, Henan Kaifeng, Shijingtang in 936, Han Kaifeng, Liu Zhiyuan in 94 Wu Guangling and Yang Xingmi were born in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province. They were founded in Jinling, Nantang, and Xuzhimo, Nanjing in 892, Chengwu, wuyue, Hangzhou, Zhejiang and Hangzhou in 907, Changsha, Hunan and Mayin in in 907, Changle and Fuzhou in Fujian in 907, Wang in 933 and Guangzhou, Guangdong in 9 17. Chengdu, Sichuan, was later built, as above. In 934, Meng Zhixiang built Nanping Jiangling, Hubei Jiangling, in 924, Gaoji built Taiyuan in Northern Han Dynasty, Taiyuan in Shanxi Province, in 95 1 year, Liu Jinjian opened Kaifeng in Northern Song Dynasty, Kaifeng in Henan Province, 960 years later, Zhou Yingtian, Shangqiu, Daming House in Henan Province, Daming House in Hebei Province, Luoyang, Henan [Southern Song Dynasty] Lin 'an, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 1 129 Zhao Jianshe [Liao] Yeluping 1 153, Balinzuoqi, Inner Mongolia, Huang Lin, moved Yan Hong Liang to Huining House in the southwest of Beijing, and Akuta in the southeast of Adongcheng, Heilongjiang,1/KLOC. 8+02 14 Building Liaoyang Prefecture Liaoning Liaoyang 162 1 Building [Xixia] Xingqing Prefecture Ningxia Yinchuan Yuanhao Building [Yuan] Metropolis Beijing 1267 Building Kaiping Inner Mongolia Zhenglan Banner East 1256 Building [Ming]. Shi Jing Beijing 1420 Ming Chengzu built Nanjing Jiangsu Nanjing 1363 Zhu Yuanzhang built [Qing] Shi Jing Beijing 1644 moved to Shengjing Liaoning Shenyang 1625.

2.3. What were the basic conditions for China to build its capital in ancient times? In ancient China, many factors decided the location of a capital.

Including natural factors such as geographical location and mountain situation, as well as human factors such as economy and culture. Firstly, the advantages of Chang 'an and Luoyang are analyzed from the natural conditions.

Chang 'an is located in the west, at the junction of the mainland and the frontier, while Luoyang is the largest in the world, extending in all directions, and Luoyang has more advantages in convenient transportation. Chang 'an lives in Guanzhong, with natural barrier in the east, Wuguan in the south, Sanguan in the west and Xiaoguan in the north. Easier to defend than to attack. Once an accident happens in the east, you can sit in Chang' an, and you can attack and retreat.

Moreover, both the Western Han Dynasty and the Sui and Tang Dynasties were threatened by powerful grassland nationalities such as Huns and Turks in the north and northwest. Chang 'an, close to the frontier, is a link between the mainland and the western regions, and an important base for managing the western regions and confronting the grassland nationalities. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the audience built water conservancy facilities such as Zheng Guoqu, Baiqu and Liu Fu Canal, which made the area fertile and had enough economic strength to support a large number of full-time troops and officials.

However, the excessive concentration of population in Guanzhong area has caused the gradual deterioration of the local natural environment, and the political center has often become the main battlefield in wartime. Finally, Chang 'an's economic advantages are gone forever.

In the Tang Dynasty, Chang 'an reached its peak, but there were frequent famines and insufficient food in Guanzhong. The emperor often takes his ministers all the way to Luoyang, the eastern capital, for dinner. Look at Luoyang, the Ilo Valley is relatively narrow, the economic center of Shandong is not here, and the agricultural production in Luoyang is not very developed.

But Luoyang's good geographical location and traffic conditions have become its greatest advantage. As mentioned earlier, during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the economic center of China had already begun to be out of touch.

At that time, the main grain producing areas were Shandong and Jianghuai areas in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the grain in Kyoto relied heavily on transshipment between the two places. When Emperor Yangdi Yang Di dug the Grand Canal, Yongji Canal and Tongji Canal respectively extended to the northeast and southeast with Luoyang as the center.

Luoyang has become the hub of the Grand Canal and the largest grain distribution center in China. There were two granaries in Luoyang in Sui Dynasty, namely Jiacang and Luokou, but the grain was not used up during Zhenguan period in Tang Dynasty.

If the grain is transported from Luoyang to Chang 'an, it will not only take more than 1000 miles, but also capsize accidents often occur in Sanmenxia area. The simplest way to solve this difficulty is to move the capital to Luoyang.

During the reign of Yang Di, he spent most of his time in Luoyang, the eastern capital, which replaced Daxing City as the actual capital. In the Tang Dynasty, the political center changed frequently between Chang 'an and Luoyang for a long time.

However, due to the northwest frontier, Chang 'an has been the capital for a longer time than Luoyang. Luoyang controls the east, but it is too far from the northwest to deal with emergencies in time.

Moreover, in the late Tang Dynasty, Luoyang was located in the land of four wars, and its usual advantage became a disadvantage in wartime. Therefore, during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Chang 'an and Luoyang were established politically and militarily, and were easy to defend but difficult to attack, so they could open up the western regions to the west as a buffer zone to prevent grassland nationalities. The other is based on the transportation economy, extending in all directions, and the world has the benefits of water transportation.

From the late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, the political center moved from Chang 'an to Luoyang, and from Luoyang to Kaifeng. On the one hand, it reflected the shrinking trend of the Central Plains dynasty in frontier defense, on the other hand, it also reflected that the political power greatly increased its dependence on fiscal revenue in the southeast. After the diversion of the Grand Canal, Kaifeng became a new shipping center.

In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Taizu had planned to move the capital to Luoyang first, and then to Chang 'an. However, due to the policy of strengthening cadres and weakening branches in the Northern Song Dynasty, half of the imperial army in Kaifeng was concentrated, and all of them relied on the Grand Canal to transport grain and grass. At this time, both Chang 'an and Luoyang have declined, and most of their original advantages are gone, so they can't accommodate the huge population, so they have to give up their capitals.

In the late period of ancient society, the northwest frontier was gradually replaced by the northeast frontier, and the capital of the Central Plains regime began to move eastward, guarding the north-south traffic arteries and facilitating border defense. For example, Beijing was the capital of the Ming Dynasty. This made Chang 'an and Luoyang lose their qualifications as capitals forever.

In addition to these factors, the political needs of the dynasty also determined the location of its capital. Haojing, the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty, is the birthplace of the Zhou family in Guanzhong, which is very suitable for their farming economy. When the capital of Luoyi was established, Luoyi became Zhou, with the purpose of monitoring and deterring the immigrants of Shang Dynasty and controlling the eastern territory.

After the reunification of the Qin dynasty, the original capital was used, and the country was short-lived, so the problem of capital migration was not considered in time. The capital of the Western Han Dynasty was originally Luoyang, and later Lou Jing remonstrated and urged the dangerous rich in Guanzhong.

In addition to the above reasons, the Western Han Dynasty finally made Guanzhong its capital, and because a large number of vassal states were enfeoffed to the east, Chang 'an, its capital, could put out possible rebellion at any time. Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty set out from Hebei, and then attacked Luoyang in all directions to pacify the world. Most of the heroes in Liu Xiu's novels are Nanyang strongmen. The Eastern Han regime relied on the support of the strongmen, and Luoyang was also located in their base areas.

However, the Eastern Han Dynasty still regarded Chang 'an as the eastern capital, and most emperors went to Chang 'an every year to pay homage to their ancestors' tombs. However, during the Eastern Han Dynasty, the decline of Chang 'an's status inevitably had some negative effects.

The control over the frontier was weakened, and the rebellion of the Qiang people was completely suppressed until the demise of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and Sanfu area became the residence of Rongdi who moved inward. By the time of the Five Chaos, the proportion of conference semifinals in Guanzhong was unbalanced. Cao Cao's political center controlled Yecheng, an important town in Hebei and Hedong. When Cao Pi ascended the throne, he chose Luoyang, which had been abandoned for many years, as the capital, mainly because Luoyang was close to the south, which was convenient for fighting Wu.

The pre-Qin Dynasty was founded by the Di nationality who lived in the border area of Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu for a long time, and there was also a considerable population in Guanzhong. Chang 'an, the capital of the former Qin Dynasty, was also related to its proximity to the place where its ancestors lived. Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved south, and his destination was changed from Yecheng to Luoyang, which was also located in the south, which was convenient to fight against the Southern Dynasties.

Moreover, Luoyang, as the traditional ancient capital of the Han Dynasty, has great influence and sense of belonging in * * *. The Northern Wei Dynasty took Luoyang as its capital, which could not only win over the Han nationality effectively, but also pretend to be China orthodoxy, which showed Emperor Xiaowen's determination to fully sinicize.

The founding fathers of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty were all born in Guanlong military nobles, and Guanzhong was their traditional base. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, there was a struggle among the Long clan, the Shandong clan and the Han clan.

Wu Zetian vigorously appointed Shandong officials, suppressed the gentry in Guanlong, moved the capital from Chang 'an to Luoyang, and lowered Chang 'an's political status.

Iii. China moved its capital 10 times in history: 1. During the period when Pan Geng moved to Yin and Shang Dynasty, Pan Geng moved the capital of Shang Dynasty to Yin on the north bank of the Yellow River, which created a stable political situation, realized the revival of Shang Dynasty and created a prerequisite for the brilliant civilization achievements of Shang Dynasty. From Pan Geng to Yin, the dynastic history of China also ended the era of frequent capital flow, and there appeared the enduring capital of later generations.

2. Pingdong moved to the east In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved the capital of the Zhou Dynasty from Haojing in the Weishui Valley to Luoyi on the south bank of the Yellow River, which was called "Pingdong moved" in history. This event of moving the capital is the historical dividing line between the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and it also announces the arrival of a new era-the Spring and Autumn Period.

3. Qin moved the capital to Xianyang. At Shang Yang's insistence, the capital of Qin moved from Liyang in the west to Xianyang in the lower reaches of Weihe River. Since then, Xianyang has been the political center of Qin State. Qin moved its capital to the east, and its political center moved eastward, which made Qin truly become a political power on an equal footing with other countries in the Central Plains, and created an important prerequisite for Qin's later great cause of reunifying China.

4. In 3 17 AD, the Jin family moved south, and the survivors of the Jin family took Jiankang in the south of the Yangtze River as their capital, which continued the imperial unification of the interrupted Jin Dynasty and was the beginning of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. This made China a political center in the south for the first time in its history. After more than 200 years, no matter how turbulent the political situation in the north was, Jiankang's political position remained unshakable and it was always the center of the Southern Dynasties' rule, which also made Nanjing one of the most important cities in China. Secondly, the southward migration of a large number of northern intellectuals and producers who have mastered advanced technology has given Jiangnan, which has been lagging behind for a long time, a great opportunity for development, and also opened the curtain of the southward migration of China's economic center.

Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty from Pingcheng, a remote place, to Luoyang, which is located in the hinterland of the Yellow River Basin. With this move, Xianbei people began a comprehensive sinicization movement. After just over 20 years, Xianbei nobles basically completed the sinicization and achieved the goal of integrating into the Chinese nation. The China of the Northern Wei regime is of great significance in the history of China, so the Northern Dynasty ended its image of "Land Rover" in the eyes of the Central Plains, and began to appear as an orthodox regime, and politics was on the right track. This laid the foundation for the Sui Dynasty to finally unify China after more than one hundred years.

6. Hailing moves south. Wang Hailing completed the great cause of moving its capital in 1 153. The political center of Jin moved from the far northeast to the Han area south of the Great Wall. This dynasty successfully changed from the frontier dynasty to the Central Plains dynasty, which was politically beneficial to the rule of Jurchen. Beijing also began to occupy an important position in the history of China.

7. After Kublai Khan, the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, became the Great Khan of Mongolia, he began to follow the example of the Han nationality to establish the feudal dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty, and moved the capital of Mongolia from the forest on the grassland to the capital. Since the Yuan Dynasty established and made its capital, the Mongolian regime gradually realized the Central Plains, and put politics on the right track according to the model of Han feudal country, thus laying an important political foundation for the Yuan Dynasty to finally stabilize its rule over China.

During Judy's reign, Yongle moved its capital from Nanjing to Beijing. Of course, there is the pride of "the son of heaven goes to the frontier" and there are also reasons for rebuilding the political center of the Ming Dynasty. On the other hand, Beijing became the political center of China, which had a great influence on the history of China.

9. After the Qing army occupied Beijing, Regent Dourgen immediately made a decision to move the capital to Beijing. Only half a year later, the capital of the Qing dynasty moved from Shengjing, a city outside the customs, to Beijing. Since then, the Qing Dynasty ruled China with Beijing as its capital for 268 years. This political move made the Manchu regime sinicized rapidly, and soon gained a firm foothold in the Han area, which had a great impact on history of qing dynasty.

10. The government moved to Chongqing 1937, and the total war between China and Japan finally broke out. At the beginning of the war, China could not stop the powerful Japanese offensive, and the fall of the capital Nanjing was inevitable. The whole country * * * had to move the capital on a large scale. The relocation of the capital was carried out in stages. The first stage is from Nanjing to Wuhan. After the fall of Wuhan, the national * * * moved to Chongqing, which lasted for more than a year and finally completed the relocation. This enabled China to maintain the integrity of * * * in the case of the fall of Nanjing, the capital, and maintained its resistance to the Japanese army, and also declared to the world China's determination to resist to the end.

4. What are the historical dynasties that moved the capital? The Xia Dynasty established Yangcheng (now Dengfeng East of Henan Province), Zhuo Zhi (now Dengfeng Northwest of Henan Province) and Anyi (northwest of Xiaxian County of Shanxi Province).

According to documents, the Shang Dynasty moved its capital five times. According to the chronicles of bamboo books, from Bo to Xiao, He moved from Xiao, Zuyi moved from Pi, Nan moved from Pi to An, and Pan Geng moved from An to Bei Meng, which was called Yin.

Haojing (now near Xi 'an, Shaanxi), the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty, ended at 77 1. In the second year, Zhou Pingwang moved the capital to Luoyi (now Luoyang, Henan Province) and began the history of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

In the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu in 202 BC and became the emperor of the Han Dynasty. The Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25-220) was founded by Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty. He overthrew the new dynasty established by Wang Mang and restored the Han Dynasty ruled by Liu, with Luoyang as its capital. Historians call this Han Dynasty the Eastern Han Dynasty. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the powerful minister Dong Zhuo burned Luoyang and moved the capital to Chang 'an. Later, Cao Cao moved Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty to Xuchang.

In 265, Sima Yan seized the Cao Wei regime, made Luoyang its capital, and established the Jin Dynasty, known as the Western Jin Dynasty in history. In 3 16, the Xiongnu captured Chang 'an, the Jin Dynasty moved south to Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), and Si Marui established the Eastern Jin regime in 3 17.

During the Northern Wei and Southern and Northern Dynasties, Pingcheng (now Datong) was once the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty. After Emperor Xiaowen moved to Luoyang.

In 58 1 year of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wendi, the consort of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, seized power, established the Sui Dynasty, and made Chang 'an its capital. After Yang Di moved the capital to Luoyang.

Tang Dynasty Li Yuan established the Tang Dynasty in 6 18, with its capital Chang 'an (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi). After Chang 'an was severely damaged, he moved the capital to Luoyang for three years.

In the Five Dynasties, the warming place of Liang Zhu in Bianzhou (now Kaifeng, Henan Province) was Kaifeng, which was then called Dongdu. Take Luoyang as the western capital; In the third year of Kaiping (909), he moved from Kaifeng to Luoyang and worked for three years (9 13). When the first emperor ascended the throne, it was still Kaifeng.

Song Dynasty Northern Song Dynasty (960- 1 127, Kaifeng, the capital) and Southern Song Dynasty (1 127- 1279, Hangzhou, the capital) are collectively called the two Song Dynasties.

Liao State was founded in 907~ 1 125 by Lu Ye Baoji, a Khitan. Formerly known as Qidan, it was renamed Liao in 938 (947). Its capital is not in Youzhou, but in Beijing (south of Zuo Qi, Bahrain). Because Shi Jingtang asked Liao for help in order to become the emperor of the Central Plains, and gave it to Liao as a gift, and Liao moved its capital to Youzhou.

Jin State (11/kloc-0-51234) was a dynasty established in the history of China, with Huining House as its capital (now Baicheng Town, Acheng, Heilongjiang Province), and then moved to Yanjing (now Beijing) and Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan Province).

Kublai Khan (Yuan Shizu) in Yuan Dynasty was built in 127 1 year, and its capital was in Dadu (now Beijing). (If you don't count the Northern Yuan regime, you haven't moved the capital yet)

Zhu Yuanzhang of the Ming Dynasty established the Ming Dynasty in 1368, with Nanjing as its capital. 142 1 year, the Ming emperor Judy officially moved to Beijing.

In the Qing Dynasty 16 16 (forty-four years of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty), Nurhachi established a dynasty called Khan, which was called Daikin, known as Houjin in history, and made its capital Hetuala (later renamed Xingjing, in Xinbin County, Liaoning Province, China). 162 1 moved to Liaoyang, 1625 moved to Shenyang. 1636 (the ninth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty), Huang Taiji changed his title to Qing, changed his yuan to worship Germany and proclaimed himself emperor. 1644, moved the capital to Beijing.