What are the three immigration patterns in China's history?

War, famine, forced relocation of the country, or war migration, disaster migration, administrative migration.

The first one, for example, the Han people moved south in the Jin Dynasty.

Yongjia Rebellion, Jinshi moved south, Central Plains Han people moved south to Jiangnan, Hunan and Hubei love.

At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, there was a rebellion of eight kings, and the strength of the rulers was greatly reduced. Northern minorities took the opportunity to go south and invaded Luoyang, the hinterland of the Central Plains. This is the famous five chaos in history. The royal aristocrats, rich families and large families of the Han nationality in the Central Plains moved south one after another, which led to the emergence of many hometown of overseas Chinese in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Such as Nansizhou, South Xuzhou, South Yanzhou, South Hongnong and South Xin 'an, refer to the hometown of overseas Chinese of northerners exiled in Jiangnan during the Eastern Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties.

For example, the second one went down to Nanyang, took the west exit and ventured eastward.

1.？ Xia Nanyang

The so-called Nanyang is what China called Southeast Asia in Ming and Qing Dynasties, including Philippine Islands, Indonesian Islands, Malay Islands and Indochina Peninsula. Descendants of China people went to Nanyang very early, such as in the late Han, Tang and Song Dynasties. As long as there is massive unrest in China, many people will go to Nanyang to make a living. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the population of Lower Nanyang increased dramatically. After 1840, China experienced a serious economic crisis and continued internal turmoil, and a large number of Chinese began to make a living overseas in Nanyang. According to A Brief History of Immigrants in China written by Ge et al., during the 90 years from 1840 to 1930, the average number of immigrants exported from Fujian and Guangdong provinces was above100000. This is a huge migration tide in the history of the world.

2.？ die

The folk term "going west" refers to Shahukou, Youyu County, Shuozhou City, Shanxi Province. Once out of this pass, we will go to the inner and outer Mongolian grasslands and Xinjiang. From the name of killing hukou, we can see how fierce the contradiction between grassland people and farmers is. In Qing Dynasty, Manchu ruled the world with Manchu-Mongolian alliance, and changed killing hukou into killing hukou. Although, at this time, the grassland people and the farming people have been unified in one country, their politics and economy are still in a state of fragmentation. In the Qing Dynasty, a tax gate was set up at Shahukou to levy taxes on export goods and business trips. Later, many such tax gates were set up along the Great Wall, clearly stipulating that the goods in the mouth must be transported outside the mouth through legal gates, and smuggling from other channels is not allowed. During the Qianlong period, the huge population increase and the increasingly fierce competition for survival in China made many people go out to make a living, which gradually formed a huge immigration tide.

Step 3 go to the east

Guandong refers to the east of Shanhaiguan, which is what we call the northeast today. Northeast China is the land of Longxing of Manchu. The Ming Dynasty established border towns in Fushun, Shenyang and Liaoyang. This line was ruled by the Western Han Dynasty and by the Ming Dynasty. To the east of this line, it was controlled by the Manchu Dynasty, although formally, Jurchen had surrendered to the Ming Dynasty. But they have actual independent governance. After the political break between Nurhachi and the Ming Dynasty, he constantly crossed the line and attacked the west, and began to slaughter the Han people in western Liaoning, which led to the near extinction of the Han people in western Liaoning. Therefore, most people in Northeast China are not descendants of Han people in western Liaoning in the Ming Dynasty, but descendants of Han people who immigrated to Northeast China from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China. After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, the famous wicker border pass was built in the northeast, which was divided into two parts and the border ban policy was implemented. Han people are not allowed to illegally cross the eastern border wall, that is, the Longxing land of Manchu. This has led to a slow population growth in Northeast China for a long time, especially in the Heilongjiang River Basin, which is actually neglected. This is the fundamental historical reason why Russia was able to cut more than one million square kilometers of land from China in the19th century.

After Russia cut off the land east of Heilongjiang, the Qing rulers realized that if the population of Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces were not increased, these places would one day fall into Russian hands. As a result, in 1860, the forbidden border began to relax, and a large number of Han people in Shanhaiguan began to make a living. The population explosion during the period of Kanggan in China and the economic crisis after the Opium War led to the extreme overpopulation and the deterioration of the living environment, which also directly contributed to immigration.

The third one, such as Huguang in Qing Dynasty, flooded Sichuan.

In the immigration history of China, the "Huguang filling Sichuan" in the early Qing Dynasty was a noteworthy historical event. The reason why Sichuan has to "fill in" is because the population is extremely sparse and needs to be enriched. Sichuan suffered the most from the 30 years of war in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. 1644, Zhang led a peasant uprising and entered Sichuan. /kloc-proclaimed himself emperor and established political power in 0/2, with the title of "Daxi" and Chengdu as "Xijing". Sichuan became a place of four wars: the Qing army killed people at will, local strongmen organized themselves to protect themselves, and rural hooligans rebelled. Then the war between Nanming and Qing army; And Wu Sangui's war with the Qing army after anti-Qing. The people of Sichuan have suffered wars and massacres again and again. According to official statistics, there are only 70,000 people left in 1668 Chengdu, Sichuan. In some counties, the loss rate of registered permanent residence is only 10% or 20% of the original population. The remaining population of Sichuan Province is about 600,000.

After reunification, the Qing government implemented a series of "filling Sichuan" policies. Immigrants from more than ten provinces, such as Hubei and Hunan, have successively settled in Sichuan, among which Hubei and Hunan are the most frequent. According to statistics, this migration lasted for more than 100 years, and the number of people entering Sichuan was about one million, of which Hubei and Hunan provinces each accounted for half.