The early days of Australian history

Before the colonial North American War of Independence, Britain exiled about 1000 criminals to Virginia and Maryland in North America every year. During the War of Independence and several years after the war, British prisons were overcrowded. 1786, the British government decided to turn New South Wales into an exile. 1787 in may, naval officer a Philip was ordered to lead some officials to leave Britain by boat, carrying more than 700 criminals, passing through Rio de Janeiro and the cape of good hope, and arrived in plante bay in June 1788+0. In February of the same year, the colony of New South Wales (centered on Sydney) was formally established. Philip was appointed governor of the colony. 1789, the British government sent the New South Wales Security Corps to replace the naval soldiers originally stationed in New South Wales and assist the Governor in maintaining social order in the colony. 1804, a new colony was established in what is now Tasmania. In the early colonial period, New South Wales experienced what historians call the dark ages. Agricultural production is unfavorable, and food needs to be shipped from Britain, Batavia (now Jakarta) and other places. 1808, NSW security deposed Governor W. Bly on the grounds of opposing the ban on rum trade, calling it a rum riot. Later, the British government recalled the New South Wales Security Guard. 18 10 year, L. mcquarrie was the governor. During his tenure, he built public facilities, roads, banks and schools, and encouraged exploration and development. 18 13, W.C. Wentworth discovered the passage through the blue mountains and found a way to develop the western plain of New South Wales. Mcquarrie's policy of releasing criminals after serving their sentences has been criticized by wealthy free immigrants in the colonies. From 1820, Britain changed its policy of developing Australia mainly by banishing criminals, and freemen began to move to New South Wales in batches. Mcquarrie 182 1 Retired. 1823, the British government passed a decree approving the establishment of a local council with limited legislative power in New South Wales. From 1824 to 1836, new settlements were established in Morton Bay, Philip Bay and Saint Vincent Bay. 1825, Van Diemen demarcated with New South Wales and became a new colony. 1829, Swan River Colony (present-day Western Australia) was established. 1830 ~ 1860 is a period of rapid change in Australian history. With the development of sheep industry, ranchers compete to occupy large areas of land. In order to limit the excessive occupation of land by immigrants, the Ripon Decree was promulgated in 183 1, which changed the land donated to immigrants into land for sale; The income from land sales was used to help immigrants from Britain to alleviate the shortage of colonial labor. From 1832 to 1842, nearly 70,000 immigrants moved to New South Wales. 1840, abolish the criminal assignment system, encourage free migration and solve labor problems. From then on, Britain no longer exiled criminals to Australia. /kloc-in the 0' s and 9' s, gold mines were discovered in southern New South Wales and other places. 1858 gold miners reached150,000. The gold rush and the expansion of sheep industry promoted the development of the colony. In order to facilitate management and construction, Victoria and Queensland were separated from New South Wales at 185 1 and 1859 respectively. 1850 After the Australian colonial government decree was passed, New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania (formerly Vandermonde,), Queensland and other colonies successively established responsible autonomous governments. While European immigrants are constantly exploring the land, the aborigines in the Australian mainland are driven to the desert inland, while the aborigines in Tasmania are extinct. After the establishment of the responsible governments of Australian colonies, they were all busy with the development and construction of their own colonies, but they also faced some common problems, such as tariffs, transportation, postal services, national defense and policies to restrict China's immigration. Therefore, eight inter-colonial meetings were held from 1863 to 1880. 1880165438+10 In October, the Melbourne Inter-Colony Conference agreed to set up a federal parliament, and decided that NSW would draft a bill on the federal parliament. 1883, the Federal Council was established. 1884 In August, the colonies in Victoria, Queensland, Tasmania and Western Australia asked the British government to support the Federal Council Bill. 124 October1889 10 H Parks, colonial prime minister of new south Wales, delivered a speech, stressing the necessity of establishing a federation to consolidate national defense and calling on other colonial prime ministers to discuss the matter. The Labour Party was founded in 189 1. The development of the trade union movement broke the boundaries of various colonies. The voice of free trade between colonies is getting louder and louder. 1893 In August, a meeting of federal representatives was held in Kgoroba, suggesting that the colonies should take measures to prepare for the establishment of the federation. 1898 held a referendum on the establishment of the Federation. 1 September, 900 17, the queen of England signed a statement announcing that the Federation will be born on1day in the new century. 190 1 year 1 month 1 The Commonwealth of Australia was formally established in Sydney, and the original six colonies were changed into states. Australia became a dominion of the Commonwealth. Its capital is Canberra.