Historical events of Han Dynasty and Ming Dynasty

The most important thing is: Wang Mang's dictatorship and chaos.

Wang Mang (45 BC-AD 23), Zi Jun, was the founder of a new dynasty in the history of China, and his reign was from AD 8 to AD 23. Wang Mang was a member of the Wang family in the Western Han Dynasty. He is humble and polite, a polite corporal, and is very famous in both the government and the public. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, social contradictions intensified unprecedentedly, and Wang Mang was regarded as the only candidate who could pull out the crisis by the ruling and opposition parties, and was regarded as "the Duke of Zhou was alive".

In AD 9, Wang Mang built a new building on behalf of the Han Dynasty, established Yuan as "the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China", and announced the implementation of the New Deal, which was called "Wang Mang's restructuring" in history. At the end of Wang Mang's reign, the world was in chaos. In the fourth year of Emperor Huang, he rose up and invaded Chang 'an, and Wang Mang died in chaos. Wang Mang ascended the throne in *** 15 at the age of 69, and the new dynasty became one of the shortest-lived dynasties in China's history. The main experience is Wang Mang, a giant, born in Yuan Dynasty in Weixian County (east of daming county, Hebei Province) and born in Dongping Mausoleum, Jinan, Shandong Province. Wang Mang, a filial son of the Western Han Dynasty, was the nephew of Empress Hua Yuan and established a new dynasty. When I was a child, my father, Wang Man, passed away, and soon his brother passed away. The Wang family was a consort family in power in the ruling and opposition parties at that time. The Wang family is the most prominent family in the Western Han Dynasty, with nine people as Hou and five as Fu. Most of the people in the clan are generals and princes, living in luxury, debauchery and keeping up with each other. Only Wang Mang kept quiet, lived a simple life and was humble. In addition, he is also diligent and studious. Chen Shen of Shixian County has studied The Analects of Confucius. He served his mother and widowed sister-in-law, raised his brother's children, and was strict in character. It is thoughtful to make friends with wise men abroad and serve uncles at home. The other in this noble family almost became a moral model at that time and soon became famous. Wang Mang, who is in power, is extremely obedient to his uncle Wang Feng, who is in the position of fu. Wang Feng asked the king to take care of follwed. Wang Mang was appointed as Huangmenlang in the 11th year of Emperor Han Chengdi's founding (22 BC), and later he was promoted to a captain of the Society. Later, his uncle Wang Shang wrote that he was willing to give part of his fief to Wang Mang. At that time, many famous people in the DPRK put in a good word for Wang Mang, and Emperor Han Chengdi also thought that Wang Mang was very talented. In the first year of Yongshi (BC 16), he was appointed as the new capital of Hou, Qi and Dr. Guanglu. Wang Mang is in a high position, but he never respects himself. He is always polite, honest and frugal. He often gives his salary to the public and civilians, and even sells his carriage to help the poor. He is deeply loved by the people. Celebrities in the ruling and opposition circles are full of praise for Wang Mang, and his reputation even exceeds that of his powerful uncles. Wang Mang's cousin, the nephew of the Empress Dowager Chun Yuchang, made his fortune first and surpassed Wang Mang. In addition, he is also good at flattery, and once helped Emperor Hancheng to make Zhao Yanfei the queen. Deeply trusted by Emperor Hancheng, he was quickly promoted to Wei Wei, who was in charge of the imperial palace and became one of the nine dynasties in the Qing Dynasty. At that time, Alfred Wang Gen was ready to retire. Many people think that Chun Yuchang should inherit Fu. In order to win over political opponents, Wang Mang secretly collected evidence of Chun Yuchang. Then follwed took the opportunity of visiting the prison to tell Wang Gen that Chunyuchang had secretly prepared to take over as Fu, and he had made a wish that many people would be officials. At the same time, he tells the story of a love affair between Chun Yuchang and the deposed queen Xu. Wang Gen was furious and asked him to report to the Queen Mother. The queen mother wants to become an emperor to get rid of Chun Yuchang, find out his crime and kill him in prison. Wang Gen asked for retirement and recommended Wang Mang to succeed him, so Wang Mang became Fu after his uncle at the age of 38. After Wang Mang came to power, Dick worked tirelessly to recruit talents, and all the rewards and money he got were used to entertain celebrities, but his life was more frugal. Once, a hundred officials or bureaucrats came to visit his mother. When they saw that Wang Mang's wife was poorly dressed, they thought she was a servant of his family. The following year, Emperor Han Chengdi died. After Emperor Ai of the Han Dynasty succeeded to the throne, his grandmother Ding Tao, Empress Dowager, Queen Ding and other consorts gained power, so Wang Mang had to resign and live in Xindu (fief) in seclusion, behind closed doors and being cautious. During this period, his second son Wang was killed as a domestic slave, and Wang Mang severely punished him and forced him to commit suicide, which was well received by the world. During Wang Mang's seclusion in the new capital, many officials and people complained that Wang Mang was dismissed and asked him to come back. Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty had to recruit Wang Mang to serve the Queen Mother in Beijing again, but he did not resume his official position. In the second year of Yuanshou (1 BC), Emperor Ai of Han died childless. When the Queen Mother heard that the emperor had died, she rushed to Weiyang Palace on the same day and retrieved the imperial seal. The queen mother wrote to ask the officials in the DPRK to recommend candidates for Fu, and the ministers understood, so they recommended follwed one after another. Only former general He Wu and left general Gong objected. The two men then chose each other to show their dissatisfaction with the exclusive rights of the king's consorts. Soon after, the queen mother named Wang Mang Fu, who recorded history and was in charge of military orders and the imperial army. Later, nine-year-old Emperor Han Ping ascended the throne, and Wang Mang acted as an agent for government affairs and won the support of the ruling and opposition parties. Since then, Wang Mang's political ambition has been gradually exposed. He began to exclude dissidents. First, he forced Wang to drive away his uncle Wang Li, and then he promoted those who obeyed him and eliminated those who violated and hated him. Wang Mang knew that if he wanted to keep his position, he must strengthen his power in the DPRK, so he took the initiative to curry favor with the famous Confucian Great Situ Kong Guang at that time. Kong Guang, a veteran of the Three Dynasties, was deeply respected by the Empress Dowager and the ruling and opposition parties, but he was timid and too cautious. Follwed approached and wooed him actively, introduced his son-in-law Han Zhen as a servant and a captain in the car, forced Kong Guang to promote himself in the name of the Queen Mother, and used Kong Guang's influence as a tool to repel dissidents. As a result, He Wuhe Palace was impeached and dismissed. Later, on various charges, more than 2,000 stone officials, such as Zhong Taifu Shili, Nanjun Taishou Wu, Taishan Taishou Ding Xuan and Hanoi Taishou Zhao Chang, were successively dismissed, and Gao Changhou and Shanhaiguan were deprived of their titles. At the same time, follwed gradually cultivated his cronies, with his cousins Wang Shun and Wang Yi as the center and his cronies Zhen Feng and Han Zhen as the overseers, picketing impeachment and managing machine affairs. Follwed usually looks serious. When he wants to get some benefits, he only needs a slight hint and his followers will play according to his meaning. Then Wang Mang will kowtow and cry bitterly, and resolutely refuse, thus confusing the Queen Mother and covering up his ambition for the common people. In the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1 year), ministers proposed to the Empress Dowager that Wang Mang's contribution to the Dingce Ancestral Hall was the same as that of Huo Guang, and he should enjoy the same reward as that of Huo Guang. Follwed after learning, wrote that he had with Kong Guang, Wang Shun, Zhen Feng, Han Zhen * * *, hoping to reward only the four of them, and then consider his future whereabouts, regardless of the queen mother's repeated imperial edicts, resolutely refused. Ministers constantly hinted to the Queen Mother that Wang Mang accepted the title of "Han Angong" after pretending to refuse repeatedly, but he refused to accept the salary of 28,000 food cities for him. In addition, Wang Mang and his three cronies were promoted to "four assistants": Wang Mang was a teacher and was in charge of the four assistants; Kong Guang is a Taishi, Wang Shun is a Taibao, and Feng Zhen is a master, ranking among the three. The "four assistants" monopolize power. Except for the title, all other political affairs are decided by the four assistants. In order to continue to win the hearts of the people, Wang Mang suggested that the descendants of princes and heroes should be rewarded first, and then the serving officials should be rewarded, so as to increase the rites and music of the ancestral temple, benefit the people and few people, and implement the policy of benefiting the people, thus winning the favor of the ruling and opposition parties again. Secondly, the Queen Mother took the lead in living a simple life and contributed millions of dollars and 30 hectares of land to help the people, and hundreds of officials followed suit. Whenever there are floods and droughts, Wang Mang only eats vegetarian dishes, does not drink or eat meat. In the second year of Yuan Dynasty (AD 2), there was a national drought, accompanied by locust plague, and the people in Qingzhou, who suffered the most, went into exile in succession. Under the leadership of Wang Mang, 230 officials and people donated land and houses to help the victims. Rent and tax cuts were generally reduced in the affected areas, and the victims received full pensions. The royal family's nursing home in Anding County was revoked and replaced by Anmin County to resettle the victims. Even in Chang 'an, 1000 houses were built for the victims. In order to promote Wang Mang, Chen Chong, the director of Da Situ, praised Wang Mang's achievements, saying that he could be compared with ancient saints. A new generation of Wang Mang in the Han Dynasty was worried that Ping Di's consort Wei Shi would carve up his power, so he sealed Ping Di's mother Wei Shi and her family to Zhongshan State and prohibited them from returning to Beijing. Wang Yu, Wang Mang's eldest son, was afraid that Pingdi would resent and retaliate in the future and strongly opposed the matter, but Wang Mang did not listen to the advice. After consulting with his teacher Zhang Wu, Wang Yu wanted to make Wang Mang change his mind by superstitious methods, so he ordered his brother-in-law Lu Kuan to guard the door of Wang Mang's house with blood wine, and then tried to make a difference and advised Wang Mang to hand over power to Wei Shi. But it was found in the implementation process. In a rage, Wang Mang caught his son Wang Yu and poisoned him. Then I took this opportunity to frame charges, kill Wei's consorts, implicate local strongmen who opposed me, and forcibly kill Princess, Liu Li and other North Korean political enemies. Hundreds of people were killed in this incident, and the sea shook. In order to eliminate the negative impact, Wang Mang also publicized this incident as a feat of Wang Mang's "putting righteousness above family interests and disregarding personal interests", and even wrote a eulogy, which was distributed throughout the country, so that officials and ordinary people could recite these articles, and then registered them in the official files as "filial piety classics" to teach the world. In the third year of Yuan Dynasty (AD 3), Wang Mang's daughter became the queen of Emperor Han Ping. In the fourth year of the Yuan Dynasty (AD 4), Wang Mang Jia Jia became a vassal above Heng. Wang Mang invited the establishment of Tang Ming, Biyong, Lingtai and other ceremonial buildings, as well as the city (city) and Man Cang (national warehouse), to build 10,000 houses for scholars, attract scholars from all over the world and thousands of people with special skills to Chang 'an, and vigorously promote the education of rites and music, which won the support of Confucian scholars. First, more than 480,000 people, as well as princes, princes and royalty, demanded to reward the Duke of Han An, Wang Mang, and then 900 ministers or ministers demanded to add nine tin to Wang Mang. So the court gave Wang Mang nine life jars as a symbol of supreme courtesy. Then, in order to create a scene of peace and prosperity, Wang Mang first sent eight "custom messengers" to inspect various places. After returning to North Korea, he praised the world for peace and showed Wang Mang's contribution to education. Secondly, through the policy of luring with heavy money, the Huns and other foreigners sent envoys to submit to the pilgrimage, and Wang Mang became a moral saint in people's hearts, governing the country and leveling the world. In 6 AD, Emperor Han Ping collapsed because of ineffective medical treatment. In order to avoid the elderly new emperor's accession to the throne and make himself unable to manipulate the political situation at will, Wang Mang made Liu Ying (obedient baby), who was only two years old, the Crown Prince, and the Queen Mother ordered Wang Mang to act as the emperor temporarily, calling him a "fake emperor" or a "photo-taking emperor" (acting emperor). Wang Mang's power in North Korea was in full swing, almost equal to that of the emperor, which aroused strong opposition from the opposition, mainly Liu Zongshi. First, An Zhong Hou Liu Chong was attacked. In the first year of Jushe (AD 6), Liu Chong led hundreds of people to attack Wancheng, and Liancheng Gate also failed. In September of the following year, Zhai Yi, the satrap of the East County, rose up, made Liu Xin, the Hou of Yan Township, emperor, and announced that Zhao Ming, the "thief" of the 23rd county west of Chang 'an, also rose up. Wang Mang was too scared to eat any food. He prayed in the ancestral hall day and night with his obedient baby in his arms, and wrote an article imitating Dahao, explaining that his position is temporary and he must return the throne to the obedient baby in the future. At the same time, follwed constantly mobilized troops to suppress and destroy Zhai Yi's army. When Wang Mang removed these obstacles, various lucky one followed, and people constantly persuaded Wang Mang in various names. In the first year (A.D. 8), Wang Mang forced the king to hand over the imperial seal, accepted his obedient son's abdication and proclaimed himself emperor, and changed his country name to "Xin" and Chang 'an to Chang 'an, that is, the first year of the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC) (A.D. 9). With the broad support of the ruling and opposition parties, Wang Mang ascended to the highest position of power, which initiated China's usurpation of the throne as emperor. Since the end of the Han Dynasty, political corruption, extravagance of the imperial court, local exploitation, and a large number of land annexation by powerful landlords have led to the displacement of the people, poverty, economic depression, floating people's hearts and growing political crisis. Since Wang Mang came to power, in order to win the hearts of the people, he has adopted a series of policies to ease social contradictions, but he has never fundamentally solved the problem. Wang Mang believes in Confucianism. He believes that only when the world returns to the era of rites before Confucius declared that "rites collapse and music breaks down" can political integrity and harmony be realized. Therefore, after Wang Mang proclaimed himself emperor, he tried to realize his idea of governing the country and keeping the country safe by restoring ancient ways to the etiquette of the Western Zhou Dynasty, so he began to implement the New Deal imitating the system of the Zhou Dynasty, which was called Wang Mang's restructuring in history. In the first year of the founding of the People's Republic of China, Wang Mang announced the following policies: changing the world field to' Wang Tian' and restoring the well field system under the name of Wang Tian system; Handmaiden changed its name to' private', and Wang Tian was not allowed to buy or sell. Later, the currency system was changed many times, and the official system and official name were changed. Salt, iron, wine, coins and mountains and rivers were nationalized. However, because these policies only seek retro, many of them are contrary to the actual situation, and the means and methods are incorrect when they are implemented. After fierce opposition, they tried to enforce it through harsh laws, so that countless governors, officials and even ordinary people were severely punished for violating laws and regulations, which aggravated social unrest. The people suffer first and then benefit, and the policies are constantly changing, which makes the officials of the people at a loss, thus leading to the dissatisfaction of all the powerful people in the world. First, Wang Mang unrealistically abolished the five baht and blindly promoted various new monetary systems, which seriously weakened the circulation and credit of money and paralyzed the financial economy. The original intention of Wang Mang's currency reform was to weaken the economic strength of the powerful families. However, due to the complicated and chaotic monetary system and poor non-governmental transactions, non-governmental prices are unstable. And every time the size of coins is shrinking, the price is getting higher and higher, which is essentially exploiting the wealth of ordinary people. Secondly, the restoration of the well-field system in the name of Wang Tian system helped to contain the crisis brought about by land merger at the end of Han Dynasty to a certain extent, which seriously damaged the interests of the big landlords and powerful men and made them begin to hate Wang Mang's rule. Because there are no effective compulsory measures, most of the landlords' surplus land has not been handed over, so the court does not have enough land to distribute to the landless and landless peasants who should receive the land, which makes them lose confidence. Those lucky enough to get the land are not satisfied with just getting the "King of Heaven" whose ownership does not belong to them. Four years after the founding of the People's Republic of China (12), Wang Mang was forced by the ruling and opposition parties to announce the resumption of land sales without compensation. Third, the prohibition of buying and selling handmaiden has not changed the identity of handmaiden, nor won the support of the public. In fact, the secret sale of land and handmaiden by bureaucratic landlords has never stopped, so countless people have been convicted of felony, which has aroused their fierce opposition. Three years later, Wang Mang had to give in, so selling land and handmaiden resumed legally. Fourth, in order to curb the excessive exploitation of farmers by businessmen, stop usury, control prices and improve finance, Wang Mang issued a decree in the second year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (10), implementing five unified and six management. The so-called "five shares" is to set up five branches in Chang 'an, Luoyang, Handan, Linzi, Wan and Chengdu to manage the market. There are five traders in each city. Qian Fucheng is alone. All walks of life declare their operations to the city, and banks pay taxes on time. In the middle of each quarter, local prices are evaluated by city officials, which is called city level. The price is higher than the municipal level, and the company sells it at the municipal level; Below the market level, listen to people's business; When food, cloth, silk and other necessities are unsalable, they shall be purchased by the municipal officials at the current price. When people have no money for sacrifice or funeral, they can borrow money from Qianfu without interest, but they should return it within ten days or three months respectively. You can also borrow money for production needs, and the annual interest rate does not exceed one tenth. The so-called six-tube, is the state's control over salt, iron, wine, casting money, fifth-class credit loans, and private operation is not allowed; Control the famous mountain osawa and levy taxes on the gatherers. Judging from the content of the policy of "five averages and six management", if it is implemented seriously, good social effects can be achieved. However, the premise of "five averages" is that the government must master a considerable number of commodities and currencies and have strong management means. Without these two conditions, follwed can only be promoted by dajia, a wealthy businessman. On the contrary, it gives them the opportunity to exploit the people and form a more harmful monopoly of government and business. Practice has long proved that it is not feasible for the state to control salt and iron, and it will not have a good result if it is implemented again. However, the state's control over the famous osawa only increased the financial resources of the officials in charge. In the end, the country did not increase its income, but the people increased their burden, and legitimate businessmen and craftsmen were also hit. Fifth, Wang Mang, who knows nothing about the past, thinks that everything after the reform should conform to the ancient meaning. As a result, an unprecedented name change movement began. Almost all place names, official names and building names have been revised, and the functions and powers of administrative divisions and administrative departments have been arbitrarily adjusted. Since then, it has been changed again and again, and some county names have been changed five times a year, and finally they have changed back to their original appearance. It is difficult for officials and people to remember, so every time you send a letter or document, you should add the old name after the new name. Frequent renaming brings great trouble to the normal administrative work and people's daily life, causing psychological disgust among officials and people. Wang Mang, who died of failure, also adopted a series of wrong policies towards the overseas regime of frontier ethnic minorities. He coerced the Qiang people to "donate" the land around Qinghai Lake and set up Xihai County, so as to combine with the existing Beihai County, Nanhai County and Donghai County in China to form the whole "Four Seas". In order to make this wasteland look like a county, it is necessary to force immigrants, so 50 laws have been added and thousands of criminals have been added to meet the needs of immigrants. For this Xihai county, follwed attracted initial dissatisfaction. He reduced the princes and rulers of Xiongnu, Koguryo, Western Regions and Southwest Yi who surrendered to the Han Dynasty from the original "king" to "Hou". It also recovered and destroyed "Xiongnu Khan Xi" and awarded "New Xiongnu Khan Xi"; Even Xiongnu Khan was changed to "surrender slave", and Koguryo was renamed as "Xiasentence Li"; So all ethnic groups refused to submit to the new dynasty. Wang Mang took the initiative to provoke unnecessary disputes and rashly decided to use force, which not only led to border conflicts, but also caused hundreds of thousands of troops to be trapped on the border for a long time, consuming a lot of manpower and material resources and triggering endless border wars. At that time, disasters such as drought, locust plague, plague and diversion of the Yellow River occurred frequently. Because Wang Mang's restructuring not only failed to alleviate social contradictions, but also caused violent turmoil in the world, exhausted the national treasury, unable to allocate disaster relief funds, and the people's survival was unsustainable. Therefore, in the fourth year of Tianfeng (17), locusts, droughts and famines occurred all over the country, and farmers all over the country revolted in succession, forming a large-scale red eyebrow green forest resistance. In the twenty-third year of Emperor Huang, Wang Mang held a crying ceremony in the southern suburbs. In the same year, the outlaw hero invaded Chang 'an, and Wang Yi and other guards led Wang Mang to gradually flee to Taiwan Province. There are more than 1000 doctors, eunuchs and attendants. Wang Yi, who was guarding the city, fought day and night, causing slight casualties among his men and retreating to Taiwan Province. At this time, his son, servant Wang Mu, was trying to take off his official clothes and run for his life. Wang Yi stopped him, and the father and son locked follwed together. In the end, more than a thousand people who followed Wang Mang were all killed or killed. Wang Mang was killed by Du Wu, a businessman, and his head was beheaded by a captain and a guest, hanging in Wancheng. The demise of the new dynasty.