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The Solke calendar is the sacred calendar of the Mayans, based on the cycle of the Pleiades. The period of the Pleiades is 26,000 years, but it is reflected in the calendar we use as 260 days. Their calendar year began when Mayan priests first noticed that the sun appeared in the form of the sun in the east, just before the dawn light of the sun obscured the sight of the stars. At first, the Mayans knew that they were from the Pleiades, or "Tzab-ek" (tail of rattlesnake) as the Mayans knew it.

The relationship with the Pleiades and the Mayan world is written in the Mayan holy book. It was passed on to my grandmother and grandfather in their consciousness. This is an important record.

The elders said that the universe came from the Pleiades. About ten years ago, through the Hubble telescope, people found a place where stars were born in a huge spiral form and originated from the Pleiades. Outside the spiral is a completely empty space. In order to match the precession of the Milky Way, the Mayans also observed the precession of time through the Pleiades. Alcyone, the central star of the Pleiades, is located at 30 degrees in Taurus, near Orion. Alcyone in Taurus represents the goddess of the earth. The course from Alcyone is about compassion, higher wisdom and vision, and earth consciousness.

Many have been guided from the Pleiades. Alcyone occupies a prominent position in Mayan astronomy. The Mayans believed that this was the home of their ancestors. The Pleiades system is called Seven Sisters, and our sun is aligned with Alcyone every 52 years. In Mayan cosmology, the precession of the Pleiades is tracked by using the calendar circle (52 years) and the new fire ceremony. In the early pre-classical site of Giust, the central square seems to have a celestial line that is consistent with the rise and fall of the Pleiades. Today, the Mayans in Guatemala used the Pleiades to start their year's sowing.

However, many researchers believe that the 260-day period from one zenith transit of the sun to the next zenith transit defines the length of the 260-day component of the calendar cycle. In the area between Cancer and Capricorn, some days the sun will pass directly overhead at noon. At that time, vertical objects had no shadow. There is such a day on the Tropic of Cancer, June 22nd, the solstice of summer. On the tropic of Capricorn, this day is1February 22nd, the winter solstice. On the equator, the transit of zenith divides a year into two equal halves. Between the equator and the Tropic of Cancer, the transit of the zenith of the sun divides a year into a longer part and a shorter part. The former is south of the zenith and the latter is north of the zenith. The distance between zenith and summer solstice is always equal. At latitude 14 47'2 1 ",there is a 2 60-day zenith transit interval. The transit dates are April 30th and August 13. 1 3 August is one of the classic Maya creation days, which adds credibility to this explanation.

Perhaps the most famous star cluster in the sky, the Pleiades can be seen from the depths of light-polluted cities without binoculars. Also known as Seven Sisters and M45, the Pleiades is one of the brightest and closest open clusters. The Pleiades contains more than 3,000 stars, about 400 light-years away and only 13 light-years in diameter. What is very obvious in the above photo is the blue reflection nebula surrounding the brighter cluster. Low-quality, dim brown dwarfs have also been found in the Pleiades cluster. ([I] Editor's note: [/i] The prominent diffraction peak is caused by the telescope itself, which may distract attention or enhance the aesthetic feeling, depending on your point of view. )

Maya civilization in ancient times is a mysterious "lost" civilization, and its secrets are hidden in the mysterious tropical jungle. There are a large number of undiscovered ancient cities in Maya area. When one day comes across such urban architectural communities by chance, they bring people amazing and wonderful landscapes.

Mayan architecture, pyramids, astronomical observatories, palaces, stadiums, monuments, and various sculptures are exotic and give people strange reverie. And an indecipherable hieroglyphic system seems to be a difficult and attractive riddle, which contains so many mysteries of the past and creates more mysterious psychological effects for us.

With a unique spiritual effect, the Mayan stone tablet engraved with hieroglyphs stands quietly and solemnly in the depths of the tropical jungle. Their shapes make people feel strange, their carvings are wonderful and ingenious, and their decorations are varied, which is quite different from the works of other nationalities. What kind of history do they want to show people by sticking to the land of great changes?

Maya civilization is a great civilization created by Indian ancestors in Central America in isolation from ancient civilizations in Asia, Africa and Europe. It is the most outstanding representative of human achievements in the New World before Columbus arrived. He has made great contributions to science (astronomy, calendar, engineering, mathematics), agriculture (corn, tomato, cocoa, tobacco planting), culture (hieroglyphics, chronicles), art (sculpture, painting) and many other aspects.

It can even be said that the other two civilizations in this vast territory of the western hemisphere-Aztec civilization and Inca civilization-are not enough to compete with Mayan civilization. As far as writing is concerned, the Mayans have reached unparalleled maturity and exquisiteness before and after A.D. There are more than 2,500 Chinese characters engraved on the steps of a pyramid, while the Incas are still in the primitive stage of knotting notes, while the Aztecs imitate the Mayans, from orange to orange.

If the best measure of barbarism and civilization is whether a nation has a complete system of words and symbols, then this chemical theory will clearly prove the degree of wisdom achieved by the Mayans. Usually we just talk about four ancient civilizations: ancient Egypt, Babylon, India and China, but this is not a scientific expression. In recent decades, international historians tend to have a more general view of the "four civilized regions", that is, the civilized regions in the eastern Mediterranean (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Assyria, Phoenicia, Greece, etc. ), South Asian subcontinent civilization area (India and its surrounding areas), East Asian civilization area (China and its surrounding areas), Central and South American Indian civilization area (Maya, Aztec, Inca).

We can see that Egypt and Babylon have merged, but they are only 1000 km apart, and they influence each other. * * * has many common characteristics. India and China still occupy an unshakable position, while Indian civilization headed by Maya has won an important "permanent seat" in the hall of human civilization. It can be said that the civilization of Central and South America, headed by the Mayans, has become another great source of human wisdom, which has gathered all the glory of our species.

It can be said that today we have reached the understanding that studying the intellectual achievements of the Mayans is to understand our human wisdom itself.

Modern archaeology dispelled the romantic atmosphere that pervaded the Mayan world to some extent. People take pains to list the unearthed Mayan artifacts, and science is really mechanical and indifferent; The plain description of the magnificent building seems to be discussing one of our construction projects today; The analysis and discussion of the ecological environment in Maya area seems to be a chapter in an introductory textbook of geography and biology. The way of life of the ancient Mayans was only restored with a rash theoretical framework.

You can't blame archaeology. This can only reflect that the study of Mayan civilization, which is not sufficient at present, needs further development. The method of archaeological science is the most effective means we can use; Instead of complaining, we should be really glad that it constantly destroys people's romantic logic and dispels the mysterious fog. Only after a tedious and calm objective description can we grasp the basic facts of Mayan civilization. Only by truly grasping its basic facts can the wisdom contained in a civilization be presented to us.

People sometimes tend to be mysterious and unconsciously pursue some kind of "distance beauty". Yes, when we know nothing about the basic facts of Mayan civilization, a little bit of jade will be transformed into mysterious and romantic pictures by our free and unrestrained personal imagination and the social communication effect of spreading information repeatedly. At this time, the Mayan pyramid-shaped altar temple was said to be a gift (heritage) from the "other world" that human beings could not reach, and the Maya's extremely high knowledge of astronomy and mathematics was said to be the gospel brought by aliens. ...

If we refuse to go near the Maya world and make a real observation, then we will even regard the wisdom achieved by "people and my compatriots" (Maya is a branch of our human pride) as the performance of "non-human races" (aliens, gods and supernatural forces in parallel mysterious worlds).

Close to Maya

We should thank archaeologists and cultural scholars for their unremitting efforts. They are also driven by romantic reverie, but they enter a mysterious world with scientific and rational means and steps. What they get is not the enhancement of mystery, but a real tribute to the magical wisdom of human beings.

Maya civilization is mysterious because people know very little about it. Because the Spanish conquerors destroyed it in the16th century, its only remaining fruit could only be buried under the jungle and soil. Before long, the wild vegetables in the tropical rain forest swallowed up this once prosperous city, which was a great change in the green sea. When19th century travelers will step into this unfathomable green ocean in 300 years, Mayan civilization seems to have become an ancient legend. Tikal is the best preserved ancient Mayan site that we know very well today, and it was unknown in 1848. There is a man named modesto? The explorers of Mendes struggled to find this legendary magical city, but failed; It was not until 1956 that 100 American archaeologists went to investigate and excavate with the consent of the Guatemalan government, and this ancient Mayan city with a very reasonable layout of 130 square kilometers was rediscovered.

After 14 years of hard excavation, more than 500 buildings and tons of cultural relics were cleared, and a magical city recovered from the past. Archaeologists "live in palm huts, sleep in hammocks, eat Mayan food (tortillas and beans), take water from reservoirs designed and built by Mayan ancestors, cut off branches with axes and knives, clean up the scene, then observe and take photos, draw patterns for pyramids, altars and roads that are still intact, and register the found items". There are more than 10 great pyramids and more than 50 small temples in the urban area alone. The city began to build pyramids and temples in the 6th century BC, which lasted 16700 years. It was not until 65,438+00 century AD that it suddenly turned from prosperity to decline for some reason. (See the "Mysterious Disappearance" section of this book)

This typical Mayan city had a population of at least 40,000 in the 8th century. According to some definitions of cultural experts, a population of 5,000 is one of the indicators of a civilized city. At that time, Tikal residents had complicated social relations, which could be explained by the land occupation and form of family houses. There are many kinds of cultural relics found in the site, including coal used in the 6th century BC! Including the gum that Maya first used for religious purposes and then became the inspiration of modern rubber industry technology! It also includes distant tributes (from the perspective of ancient Mayan politics) and treasures (from the perspective of ancient Mayan economic and trade exchanges) such as shells from the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean and Mexican emeralds hidden in shells! It also includes the physical evidence embodied in the social life, productive labor and artistic creation of ancient Maya-the stone carvings of stonemasons, potters and carving artists. ...

More than 100 such cities have been found in Maya area.

The ancestors of the ancient Mayans were a real group! They used their wisdom and sweat to create a realistic and magical way of life. They are not ignorant barbarians, and certainly not alien visitors; They are Maya who created human achievements with human wisdom. This is the basic fact that archaeologists can give us by breaking the complex of science and mystery.

With this vision, we approached Maya and saw the immortal wisdom of Mayan ancestors!

Who are the Mayans?

Since the Maya region cannot be strictly determined, what about its owner? Who are the Mayans?

In the sculptures and paintings handed down from ancient times, the Mayans all had exaggerated five senses: flat forehead, aquiline nose and thick lips. Although today's Maya adherents also have some such characteristics, they are by no means so different. They are good-looking Mongolians, but there are not many biological differences with their neighbors in Central America. So there is no need to study his height, shoulder width, arm length, skull index, blood type and other items too much. You can't come up with a straightforward "pedigree certificate" in these aspects.

The Mayans were defined by their language. Today, millions of people still speak the language of their ancestors. Although there are many Mayan languages, which is the result of dialect variation caused by diverse geographical environments, the unified Mayan languages are undoubtedly their best national and cultural ties. Mayan speakers may be the earliest settlers in this area. As the real masters, they left thousands of years of civilization in this territory. From the perspective of cultural unity, there is no evidence that any other ethnic group ever controlled this area. Even after the Spanish conquest in the16th century, except for a few colonial city strongholds, nearly 500 years of colonial rule failed to change the fact that the Maya occupied most of this land.

This group of Mayans have lived here since ancient times. Their language and their Ministry of Culture have maintained considerable stability. They are a very special and complicated group!

On the western border of Maya region, the Aztec cultural area in Mexico has long been "civilized" by European "civilized people" from the other side of the Atlantic. On the eastern border of Maya region, that is, the eastern part of Honduras today, the local indigenous culture failed to resist the cultural impact of Europeans as successfully as the Mayans did. Although the Mayans were subordinate to colonial rule on the political map (in their cultural traditions, they lacked the concept of national territory and were more tolerant of foreigners establishing non-interference colonial "enclaves", as they did in their tribes in the past), they remained their traditions in culture, from language to religion. In addition to the immobile cities being destroyed, the scriptures being burned, and the priests being killed under irresistible military pressure, the traditional ideas left in their minds, the language and legends left between their lips and teeth are always accompanied by their national life.

Even today, if we walk into the church built by the Spanish to enforce Catholicism, we will often see such a scene: Catholic priests are sitting in their pulpit, while Mayan "parishioners" are burning incense and praying on the other side, reciting the holy names of the gods they have believed in for generations, such as Rain God and Quetzalcoatl God. This is a kind of "pagan cult"!

This is Maya with a long cultural tradition and splendid ancient civilization.

Mayan ancestors have lived here for at least three or four thousand years. Today, Olmec is the same source of all ancient cultures in Central America, and it is actually the name of the early Mayan civilization. This is like saying Yangshao culture, Hemudu culture and Hongshan Culture. They are just a name for the ancient culture of China.

Olmec reached a fairly high level in BC 1 150. It is confirmed in the altars and statues in the ruins such as Lavender Pagoda and the sacrificial center that the social structure of Olmec was very complicated at that time, and their civilization achievements were directly inherited by Mayan civilization and Aztec civilization.

In fact, the ancestors who created the great civilization in this area did not know that they are called "Maya" today.

The name Maya is the product of nearly 500 years. /kloc-after 0/0 century, three powerful city-states appeared in Yucatan Peninsula, one of which was Maya Pan, which once became the most politically dominant center in the northern part of Yucatan Peninsula.

Its golden age was from12nd century to14th century, just after the arrival of the Spanish. It was the Spanish who put the name of this city-state on the head of the whole Mayan region that produced the formulation of Mayan region, Mayan nation and Mayan civilization. This is actually the same as what we call "Han people" in China, "zhina" in China and "Chinatown" in immigrant areas.

So in a broad sense, all the achievements of civilization in this area can be called "Mayan civilization". Sometimes, people will be limited by the concept and excessively distinguish between Olmecs and Mayans. Sometimes, even the classical civilization in the lowlands of Guatemala from the 3rd century to the 9th century is regarded as the "real" Mayan civilization, and the decline and transfer of civilization in this area is called "the disappearance of Mayan civilization".

Generally speaking, Mayan civilization has gone through several different stages, and each stage has obviously different geographical distribution in Maya area, roughly from south to north. 1000 BC or can be traced back to 3000 years ago, until the 3rd century AD, which is the formation period of Mayan civilization; From the 3rd century to the end of the 9th century, it was a classic period of Mayan civilization (also called OldEmpire), which was a heyday, mainly concentrated in the central lowlands, and suddenly declined in its heyday. From 10 century to 16 century, the post-classical period (also known as the new kingdom period) was concentrated in the northern plain of Yucatan Peninsula, which was interrupted by Spanish invasion. /kloc-After the 6th century, it was a period of colonial rule. Mayan culture was severely damaged, and most Mayans avoided moving to remote areas.

The above is a basic framework of the Mayan cultural track. Familiar with the terms of classical period and post-classical period is helpful to understand Mayan civilization and Maya.

Who are the Mayans for us today? According to the language family and geographical distribution, it can be roughly divided into the following parts:

(1) Yucatan Maya, who once lived in Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico and spread to northern Belize and northeastern Guatemala;

(2) Lacandons, a few of whom live in the border area between the Usumacinta River and Guatemala in southern Mexico, and a few live in Guatemala and Belize;

(3) Kiche ethnic groups (Kekeqi, Picomosi, Bocoman, Uspantek, KICHE, CaKechker, except Tusil, Sakarpaltek and Xipakapa) live in the highlands of eastern and central Guatemala;

(4) Mam (Mam, Cote, Aguacatek and Isir) live in the highlands of western Guatemala;

(5) Campo Haavard ethnic groups (Motoxintlek, Tuzantek, Hakar Cote, Aktec, Toholaval and Chuhe) live in Huehuetenango province and neighboring Mexican areas;

(6) Zozil and Zertar people, living in Chiapas in southern Mexico.

(7) The Joel people, including the Jontal and Joel people in Chiapas and northern vasco, and the Jodi people in the eastern end of Guatemala;

(8) Vastecs, who live in Veracruz in northern Mexico and its neighboring state of San Luis Potosi.

This is the Mayan survivor that we can still see today. Under the great pressure of Latin American cultural integration, I hope they can survive as witnesses of their glorious ancestors for a long time.

Make corresponding deletions according to the following Chinese.