The place that produced 909 Jinshi was not Jiangsu and Zhejiang, but Meishan, Sichuan.

Interesting myth interpretation, humorous historical discussion and relaxed cultural taste. Welcome to pay attention to "Little Fairy" to show you the classification of China for 5,000 years: historical and cultural interpretation, regional and cultural interpretation, famous sayings: 5,500 words, reading for about 8 minutes, Meishan, Sichuan, located in the southwest corner, connecting Chengdu in the north. In history, Meishan is famous for its "Three Su Fathers and Sons" (Su Xun, Su Shi and Su Zhe). Today, Meishan still has the ancestral hall of Su's father and son, with red walls and green waters, pavilions and ancient trees, lush bamboo forests, beautiful environment and profound cultural heritage, attracting a large number of tourists every year. In the Song Dynasty, Meishan was also a famous "hometown of literati" in China, and the number of literati far exceeded that of other regions, even in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, where scholars came forth in large numbers at that time. According to Wen Yang and others' comprehensive literature statistics, such as Yanta Monument, Meishan County Records and Meishan City Map, there were 909 scholars in Meishan in the Song Dynasty (the data comes from Wen Yang and others' research on Meishan scholars in the Song Dynasty). According to Yuanfeng Jiuyu, in the Song Dynasty, Meizhou led Meishan, Pengshan, Dan Ling and Qingshen counties, which were not the economic and political center of southwest China at that time, but there were 909 Jinshi, even more than Chengdu at that time, which was a miracle. Who are the famous Meishan Jinshi in the Song Dynasty in Yuanjinglou, Meishan, Sichuan? What is the reason for so many Jinshi? We might as well discuss it. First, the hometown of scholars, the number of scholars admitted to Meishan in the Song Dynasty was much higher than the national average. Compared with Zhejiang, a major imperial examination province at that time, based on Professor Gong Yanming and Zuhui of Zhejiang University, there were 1.657 scholars in Zhejiang in the Northern Song Dynasty and 5,926 in the Southern Song Dynasty, totaling 7,583. At that time, there were 66 counties in 1 1 state in Zhejiang, with an average of 98 people in each state (county) and 909 people in Meishan county, with an average of 227 people in each county, which was much higher than the average level in Zhejiang. Compared with Chengdu, Sichuan at that time, the number of Jinshi in Chengdu was 66 1, which was very good in the whole country, but there was still a big gap with 909 in Meishan. Nationwide, there were 42,390 scholars in Song Dynasty, and the number of Meishan scholars accounted for 2. 14% of the total number of scholars in China. On average, two out of every 100 Jinshi are Meishan people. For Meishan, which has only 20 townships, 6 towns and more than 20,000 households, it is really remarkable to have such achievements. No wonder Song Renzong sighed: "Those who want to learn are Meishan people. (The picture comes from "A Study on the Group of Meishan Scholars in Song Dynasty" by Wen Yang, etc.) Second, talents come forth in large numbers, and individuals are first-class. During the Song Dynasty, Meishan had a strong cultural atmosphere, and with the influence of patriarchal clan system, many scholar families established themselves academically and politically. Many of these brothers and sons are famous, and many of them have been admitted to Jinshi. The Yanta Monument in Meishan Confucian Temple records: "There are more than 880 people in A and B (Jinshi), and the upright articles Su Dongpo (Su Shi) and Ying (Su Zhe) shine brilliantly in history. "Su Shi, Su Zhe, Tian and others mentioned in this information are all outstanding scholars in Meishan, and their families are also famous scholars in Meishan. During the Song Dynasty, there were many famous literati families in Meishan. According to statistics, there are 9 * * *, namely: Mei family, Mei family, Mei Zhoutang family, Mei family, Mei Shanwang family, Yang family, Li family, Mei family and Mei family. Let's choose four typical families for the time being: 1, Su family. The Su family in Meishan Temple should be the most famous. The reputation of "Su San and his son" has always been the business card of Meishan, and Su Jia is famous for its literature. Su Xu should be the first generation of Su family. Although he is not proficient in learning, he is more far-sighted than Su Xu. He bought many books at home and attached importance to children's education. Su Xun, the second son of Su Xu, 1024 (the second year of Tiansheng) was a scholar, and he was the master book of Baoji Sect. Volume 23 1 of The Whole Song Poetry records one of his poems, Ode to Liu. There are few people under the forest, so we can't wait for a few years. Can let two scholars in Sichuan, sigh extremely. The third son, Su Xun (the father of Su Shi), began to study at the age of 27, but he was a famous writer in the Song Dynasty. His "Six Kingdoms" is magnificent and has a vertical and horizontal trend. Su Shi once praised his father in the preface to the collected works of Mr. Xuan Yi: "Mr. Wang's poems and essays are all written, refined and bitter, and must be said in the contemporary era." "... he thinks that swimming high, branch words think beauty, a gentleman has nothing to say. "By the generation of Su Shi and Su Zhe, Su Jia entered its heyday. In the second year of Jiayou (1057), the Beijing exam is just around the corner. Prior to this, Su Xun took his sons Su Shi and Su Zhe to Beijing. Su Shi is 2 1 year old and Su Zhe 18 years old. On the recommendation of Zhang, a Shu native, Ouyang Xiu read the article submitted by Su Xun and praised his article Six Kingdoms, which was comparable to Xunzi's. In the first month of the second year of Jiayou, Su Shi and Su Zhe stood out in the examination of the Ministry of Rites, and both of them were admitted to the Jinshi at the same time, becoming famous in one fell swoop. Twenty-one-year-old Su Shi won the second place. In March, Su Shi and his brother went to the same school, and Su Xun's On the Six Kingdoms was read, and the three Su and his son had a good time. Although their later careers were not smooth enough, it did not prevent them from being immortalized for their talents, especially Su Shi, who became a great scholar in the Song Dynasty. Portrait of Su Shi Su Shi was the greatest and most versatile writer in the middle of Northern Song Dynasty. His prose, with strong personal characteristics, hits the nail on the head and talks about governing the country directly. On the one hand, his poems reflected the reality at that time and directly used poetry as a tool of political struggle; On the other hand, it praises nature, is fresh and refined, has amazing imagination and always contains philosophy of life. Su Shi's most outstanding achievement is to greatly promote the development of Ci and expand the creative field of Ci. His ci poems are extremely rich in content: lyricism, patriotism, nostalgia, gift singing, parting and thinking, chanting things and nostalgia. Su Shi is quite uninhibited and broad-minded, which is manifested in his poetry creation, that is, he has formed his own unique open-minded, unrestrained and elegant style. Such a charming Su Shi has made him loved by countless literati for thousands of years. His sentence "Don't listen to the sound of beating leaves over the forest" can best reflect his detached and open-minded character: "Don't listen to the sound of beating leaves over the forest, why not sing and walk slowly?" Bamboo poles and sandals are more dexterous than riding horses. What's to be afraid of? A raincoat and hemp fiber, despite the wind and rain, still live my life. The coolness of spring breeze awakens my wine, and the cold begins to be cold, and the peak of the sun is the sun, but it is satisfied in time. Looking back at the place where I met the wind and rain, going back, for me, there is no wind and rain, but it is still sunny. Su Shi's life realm, which is not worried about the wind and rain or happy by the sunset, highlights his inner strength and rich spiritual world. 2. Other Li families in Meishan are little known under the cover of the Su family, but their achievements are not inferior to those of their contemporaries. These families not only have a large number of scholars, but also have rich writings. The Li family in Meishan also produced five Jinshi. Different from the literature of the Su family, Li's literary achievements are mainly reflected in historiography. In the eighth year of Shaoxing (1 138), Li Jia and Li were introduced into the imperial examination and awarded the master book of Huayang County, the capital. However, Li Dao devoted himself to his studies and did not go to his post, so he went to Longling Mountain in Shan Ling to study. It was not until the autumn of the twelfth year of Shaoxing that Li Daocai took office. Li Dao read widely all his life and wrote a lot. According to records, there are more than 50 kinds of existing works, such as Selected Works of Xun Yan, General History of the Four Dynasties and Chunqiu Xue, but most of them have been lost. His highest achievement is the compilation of a long series of Zi Zhi Tong Jian (existing 520 volumes), which is the largest chronicle of private writings in ancient China. This book, which imitates Sima Guang's "Learning from the Same Experience", records a series of events from Zhao Kuangyin, Song Taizu to Zhao Huan, Song Qinzong, and has high historical value. Ji Yun and others praised him for reading widely and memorizing allusions of past dynasties. The things recorded in Zi Zhi Tong Jian Xu Zi Chang Shi are detailed and coherent, which is a must-read book for history readers: "Tao Boji Shu Qun, especially studying heart stories." ..... Its (Long Edition of Continuing Education as a Mirror) is a detailed evidence, and it is also a forest of textual research for those who have studied history. Li Dao's son (later) inherited his father's knowledge and passed the Jinshi exam. "All Wen Song" briefly recorded his life: "Dong Li, a faithful character, was born in Shan Ling (now Dan Ling, Sichuan) and was the eldest son of Li Dao. After walking on the main road for four years, the upright founder can openly protest to the branch ... It will be a great honor when he and his father Li Dao share the history. " Li Nan is honest, and he often speaks frankly on the court, which is highly respected. At that time, Li Dao and his son were both ancient scholars and Meishan people. Now some people compare them with Su Shi's father and son. In the Ming Dynasty, Yang Shen once said, "Dong equals, writing is really out of reach!" Like Su family, Tang family is famous for its literature, and its age is a little later than Su family. According to accurate records, the first generation of Tang literati should be Tang Yan, who was very famous during Jiayou and Zhiping years, and scholars rushed to worship him as a teacher. There are hundreds of scholars under his guidance, and they are masters of Confucian classics. The rise of Tang Geng, the son of Tang Yan, made the Tang family a real gentry in Meishan, which was very famous in the local area. Tang Yan's second son, Tang Geng, was called "Xiao Dongpo". The existing works include "Collected Works of Mr. Tang in Meishan", and his literary achievements exceed his father's. In the Song Dynasty, Liu Kezhuang praised his poems as not inferior to those of Qin Guan and Su Menchao: "All poems are high, not only poems. Soon he came out and arrived at the slope gate, when he was not under Qin (Guan) and Chao (Bu). Tang Geng is a fellow countryman of Su Shi, whose literary thoughts are deeply influenced by Su Shi, and his poems are meticulous and refined, with far-reaching implications. Take his Spring Return as an example: Where is the east wind? What I have achieved is bleak. A small town is full of flowers, and a lonely city is surrounded by willows. Birds make cold food, and rivers bring new year. I have no intention of driving away my sorrow, but I have to push it to the side of the wine. Although it is a work of wing chun, the first two sentences are extraordinary in momentum and mighty in the east wind. Spring flowers are blooming, willows are sprouting and full of vitality. But the poet set off the sadness with the music scene, and the last two sentences turned to write the sadness in his heart. In the joyful scene, the sadness is even worse, and the writing technique is ingenious. Apart from poetry, his prose was concise and logical, and was regarded as a model of the article by the students at that time, competing to imitate it. 4. Family family Meizhou family. According to historical records, among the twelve celebrities, five are Jinshi. Jia, Jia Anguo and Jia Dingguo are all scholars, and three of them studied under Liu Ju and became friends with Su Shi. In the Spring and Autumn Annals, Jia wrote the New Meaning, Jia Anguo wrote the general meaning of the Spring and Autumn Annals, and the family founded the country with a collection of poems. After the three brothers, the Jia family produced two scholars, namely Jia Yuan, the son of Jia, and Jia Xuanweng. Jia Xuanweng, whose name is Zetang, is said to be seven feet long, with a strange appearance and dignified elegance. " Deyou two years, given Jinshi, once assistant minister, Duan Ming Dian bachelor. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Enemy at the Gates's Yuan Army and Prime Minister Yu Yu admonished local officials and ordered them to surrender. Only Jia Xuanweng resolutely refused to surrender, and "died in the Song Dynasty, keeping his ambition and not being an official" and sticking to the national integrity of the literati. 1294, Yuan Chengzong acceded to the throne and Jia Xuanweng was released at the age of 82. Jia Xuanweng wrote six volumes of Zetangji, and the Qiang (Qiang) Village Series was one volume of Zetangji, and three songs were included in Song Ci. Third, the origin of the literati's hometown: the result of multiple factors intertwined 1, economic prosperity and social stability, a large number of literati moved to Meishan, which is located in the Chengdu Plain, with fertile land and rich products. In the Tang Dynasty, Chengdu was one of the most economically developed areas, with a good reputation of "prospering one and benefiting two". Meishan is adjacent to Chengdu, driven by Chengdu, with stable and prosperous economy. At the end of the Tang dynasty, the war in the north was raging; "Jingkang Rebellion" at the end of Northern Song Dynasty; During the Song-Jin War at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, all parts of the Central Plains suffered from war. Living in the Sichuan basin, the people affected by the war are the least, and people in other places are very poor. However, Sichuan is "three parallel rivers, and the grain is abundant". The economic base determines the superstructure. Economic prosperity and social stability have given great space for cultural development, and the culture in Bashu area has developed rapidly. Some scholars even think that Bashu in the Tang and Song Dynasties can be compared with Qilu, the cultural center of Confucianism at that time. Economic prosperity and social stability have also attracted a large number of literati to take refuge in Sichuan. "History of Song Dynasty" said: "The world will change, and Shu is the safest place. Meishan and Chengdu are both on the Chengdu Plain. Although the economy is not as developed as Chengdu, during the war, most scholars thought that Chengdu, as the capital of Sichuan, was not safe enough and turned to neighboring cities, so Meishan became the best place to go. The nine gentry of Meishan in Song Dynasty mentioned above, including the Su family, Jia family, Tang family, Qingshen Yang, Li family, Shishi family and Shishi family, are all immigrant families. For example, after Cao Liming, the fourteenth son of Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty, his ancestral home moved to Dan Ling, Meishan after experiencing the "difficulty of Jingkang" at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty. With the influx of scholars, meishan county local culture, Central Plains culture and Bashu local culture, which originally belonged to the edge of Confucian culture, have made breakthroughs. Scholars who came to Meishan thrived here, especially those who were officials in North Korea. They have rich experience in imperial examinations and officialdom, and passed it on to local scholars through various channels. 2. One of the four major book engraving centers in the Song Dynasty, there are many schools and prosperous education. The book engraving industry in the Song Dynasty is very developed, with exquisite and meticulous book engraving and numerous rare books. Chen Xianxing's "Grand View of National Treasures" said: "There were many places where books were carved in the Song Dynasty. In addition to the capital Bianliang, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Jianyang, Fujian and Meishan, Sichuan are the main centers for engraving books. During the Song Dynasty, Meishan became one of the three major book engraving centers in China, with well-developed official engraving, family engraving and workshop engraving. The most influential official book is Seven History of Meishan, which was carved in Meishan by Jing Xian Meng when he was in Shaoxing. It is also called Seven History of Song and Shu Engraving, including seven historical books: Song Shu, Nanqi Shu, Beiqi Shu, Liang Shu, Chen Shu, Shu Wei and Zhou Shu. The printed editions of Seven Histories and Seven Histories of Meishan, which were engraved by Jing Xianmeng in Shaoxing in the Song Dynasty, have been used since the Song Dynasty until the Qing Dynasty, and were destroyed by fire in Jiaqing years, and have been preserved for more than 700 years. In terms of family block printing, Meishan Bookstore has a large number of books of Tang and Song literati, such as Li Bai, Li He, Meng Jiao, father and son, Qin Guan and so on. Meishan Bookstore is also engraved with Yuan Gui, with clear and exquisite printing, serious carving and distinctive features, which are widely spread throughout the country. Today, the National Library has a Meishan engraving of Yuan Gui. In terms of workshop block printing, the number of bookstores in Meishan is small, and there are only two names in history: Shuyinzhai and Wanjuantang. At this point, we can see that Meishan is in the forefront of the country, whether it is an official sculpture, a family sculpture or a square sculpture. The developed book engraving industry in Meishan has greatly met the huge demand of Meishan students for books and promoted the development and prosperity of local education. Not only that, the jurisdiction area of Meizhou in Song Dynasty was small, but there were many schools and education was extremely prosperous. According to the record of returning guests, there is a 13 school in Meizhou: "The hometown of Jia and Mei scholars, where 10% gather together to build the Confucius Temple, and the scholars in the Spring and Autumn Period give wine, and the scholars talk about" ceremony "privately, which is called the hometown school. There are also those who train scholars, called primary schools. There are three in every ten counties in Meizhou. It can be said that the prosperity of book engraving industry and the construction of a large number of schools have provided a hotbed for the blowout development of Meishan Jinshi, and the material and spiritual satisfaction has promoted the vigorous development of local education. 3. Geographical influence of extended family. The villagers are proud of their reputation for fame. There are many large families of Meishan literati. After these aristocratic families passed the Jinshi examination, they became teachers in the DPRK or went to the countryside to teach, and their social status was very high. In such a social atmosphere, it attracted a large number of scholars to devote themselves to scientific research, hoping to change their own and even their family's destiny through the imperial examination. Zhu Shangshu said in the article "On Meishan Phenomenon in Song Culture": "Once someone succeeds in literature, it will first arouse local repercussions due to geographical relations, and even drive the local Chongwen atmosphere and promote the formation of local literary families. "Especially Susan and his son are famous in Beijing, and their articles are circulated by the world, which makes Meishan scholars envious. The rise of the Su family has greatly influenced the literary atmosphere in Meishan, and now scholars are proud of literature. Ceng Gong's Epitaph of Su Jun (Su Xu, the father of Su Xun) states: "Since the Shu Rebellion in the Five Dynasties, scholars ... have settled in their hometown and are unwilling to be an official. You taught your son Huan (Su Xun's second brother) to learn, so the winner is prepared. Zhihuan started as a scholar, and Shu people respected him. Everyone likes to study when his intention changes greatly. Since then, there have been more than a thousand people in Mei Xue since Su. "Before the Song Dynasty, Sichuan literati were content with the status quo because of the Five Dynasties' rebellion, and did not seek fame and fortune. Since Su Shi's second uncle, Su Xun, was admitted as a scholar, the Su family began to make a fortune, and Shu people's thoughts changed greatly, and their enthusiasm for learning was unprecedented. Su family promoted the continuous emergence of talents from other families in Meishan, such as Tang Geng (Tang family), Li Dao and his son (Li family) and three brothers (Jia family) who were friends with Su Shi's brothers, all of whom were influenced by Su family. I have to say that the regional influence of extended families is very far-reaching. To this day, the family style of Su family's diligence and housekeeping still affects Meishan people. Although Meishan is a small town in the southwest corner of history, due to the comprehensive effects of economic prosperity, social stability, developed engraving industry, educational prosperity and the geographical influence of major literati families, 909 scholars appeared in Meizhou in the Song Dynasty, which became an unattainable peak in the cultural history of imperial examinations. # Susan Temple # # Meishan # # Cold knowledge of history # @ Headline Today @ Headline History