What are the main schools of the theory of man-land relationship?

The main viewpoints and core figures of modern geography

1, environmental school

The representative figure of (1) is Ratze. Laplace's "Human Geography" expounds the role of geographical environment in human distribution and migration;

(2) Ms. semple, a student from Latzel and an American, systematically expounded the leading role of environment in human beings at the beginning of the 20th century; Propaganda of geographical environment plays a decisive role in people's physique, national development and national history.

(3) Another American geographer, Huntington, wrote Civilization, Climate and Human Geography, and elaborated on climate determinism in detail. It emphasizes the decisive role of climate in human civilization and points out that human civilization can only develop in areas with stimulating climate conditions.

2. School of man-land relationship

(1) Favidal Brandeis: Opposing Lakzer's environmental determinism, he believes that in the relationship between man and land, besides the direct influence of environment, there are other factors at work, emphasizing that human adaptation to the outside world is not passive, but active. Therefore, there is interaction between man and the natural environment.

(2) Bruner said that "although the environment is enough to affect human activities, human beings also have the ability to manipulate and conquer the environment", which is his masterpiece Principles of Anthropology.

(3) American Barros, who believes that geography should be humanized and form a humanistic ecology. At the same time, he is also a pioneer in geography using ecological methods to participate in practical work.

3. District schools

(1) The initiator of the school of geographical regions is German Hertner. Geographical regions should focus on the study of spatial distribution, and regional geography is the core of geography. The study of geography should be the result of the interaction between human beings and the environment, all the elements that interact with human activities in nature, and the characteristics of humanistic phenomena that are interrelated with the natural environment.

Hertner's masterpiece is Geography: Its History, Nature and Methods.

(2) the successor is Hartshorne of the United States. He believes that geography studies the regional differentiation characteristics of the earth's surface, starting with departmental geography and ending with regional geography. According to hershey's point of view, Hartshorne wrote two monographs, The Nature of Geography and Perspective of the Nature of Geography, in the late 1930s and 1950s respectively.

4. Landscape school

(1) Classification of surface types with genetic viewpoint and comprehensive method.

(2) ruutel put forward landscape theory at the end of 19 and the beginning of 20th century, and thought that the center of geography was the study of visible landscape. Geologists should pay attention to what can be perceived through the senses on the surface of the earth, and this feeling-the whole landscape. Landscape is a living space created by nature and human beings. The main idea of geography is to explore the process of transforming original landscape into human landscape.

(3) In the mid-1920s, American Saul (Cultural Landscape School) published a famous paper, The Form of Landscape, which regarded landscape as the basic unit of the surface. Geography studies all kinds of things related to the earth's surface by region, including natural things and human things and their differences in different places. According to the standards of human culture, human beings exert influence on natural phenomena and biological phenomena in their natural environment, making them become cultural landscapes.

5. (British) Mackinder-Mainland Hinterland Theory

Eurasia and Africa are collectively referred to as "world islands", and the most remote part of the world island is called "hinterland", with continental margins on both sides. Taking the whole world as a whole to explore the regularity of world political activities has created a precedent for political geography.

6. The geographical school in (Russian) economic geography, Barankis and Saushkin.

It advocates that the research object of geography is the region, emphasizes the close relationship between economic geography and physical geography, and attaches importance to the analysis of natural conditions and the comprehensive study of the region.

Fagan and Constantine School of Economics.

Geography belongs to pure economic science, the research object is the distribution law of production and the layout of its various departments, with emphasis on the analysis of layout factors, investment ratio, development speed and economic benefits.

The research object of human geography

Human geography is a subject about the spatial differences and organization of human activities (including different countries, different regions, different social systems and different ideologies) and the relationship between human beings and geographical environment. Human geography studies the regional differentiation law of human phenomena from a regional perspective, focusing on what kind of activities and characteristics human beings have, exploring their formation process, revealing their relationship with geographical environment and predicting their development and change trends.

Methodology of human geography

1, empirical methodology

Features: Emphasis on observation, induction and synthesis.

Disadvantages: it is greatly influenced by the subjectivity of researchers; It is limited and one-sided.

2. Positivism methodology

Core: Establish scientific theory, describe the logic of everything in the world, and confirm it through observation.

Disadvantages: the tendency of economic determinism, ignoring the diversity of geographical environment and the role of people in geographical environment.

3. Humanistic methodology

Core: emphasize people-oriented and put the research subject in the subjective experience world.

4. Structuralism methodology

Emphasis is placed on analyzing and solving problems from the perspective of contact and integrity. Relate observation and research objects to potential structures or sequences. Presupposition of hypothesis, guiding research with hypothesis, proving hypothesis with research, and two-way evaluation and verification will increase the depth and breadth of research. Emphasize the whole research, oppose isolated local research, emphasize understanding the internal structure (deep structure) of geographical things, and oppose simply understanding external phenomena (surface structure);

★ Relationship between man and land: The relationship between man and geographical environment is linked by material flow and energy flow, and they interact with each other.

☆ Theory of man-land relationship: a theory about human beings and their various social environments. Refers to all kinds of ideas and theories about the relationship between man and land in the development of human geography.

The main viewpoints and representatives of the theory of man-land relationship

1, environmental determinism: originally called geographical environmental determinism, or determinism for short, it emphasizes the decisive role of natural environment in social development (its representative figures are Greek scholar Aristotle, French Montesquieu, German geographer Laczer, American semple, etc.

2. Possibility theory or possibility theory: pay attention to people's choice ability in adapting to and using the environment.

(Vidal brandeis and Bruner)

3. Adaptation theory: emphasizing people's adaptation to the natural environment, that is, the restriction of the natural environment on human activities and the possibility of human society using the environment. (Roxbee, UK)

4. Ecological theory: Geography is considered as a "discipline of human ecology", which studies human responses to the natural environment. (Barros, USA)

5. Environmental perception theory: the choice of various possibilities in the relationship between man and the natural environment is not arbitrary, random and irregular, but there are certain objective laws to be found. It is dominated by an ideology, and that is environmental perception.

6. Cultural determinism: the level of cultural development determines the degree of human influence on the environment, and each cultural feature and level determines the specific relationship between people and land.

7. Harmony theory: Human beings should conform to the laws of nature, make full and reasonable use of the geographical environment, and optimize and adjust the destroyed disharmony between man and land.

Combined with an agricultural landscape, this paper analyzes the geographical environment reasons for its formation and understands the relationship between agricultural landscape and geographical environment.

Geographical environment determines agricultural landscape to a certain extent, and agricultural landscape reflects local natural environment and social and cultural environment.

Take farmland landscape as an example. Farmland landscape is a mirror of the environment: ① Agricultural landscape reflects the natural environment in this area. Farmland landscape has different types of utilization, and land in different natural environments has different forms of utilization. For example, in paddy fields in the south, dry land in the north, and land use in arid and semi-arid areas is mainly animal husbandry. Different terrain conditions will also affect the form of farmland. There are many terraces in mountainous areas, the hilly land is broken and the plains are criss-crossed.

② Farmland landscape reflects the social and humanistic environment in this area. In farming areas, the size of farmland plots is often determined by boundaries. The boundaries of different regions are different. This is related to the social and cultural environment. For example, in China, it is generally marked by ridges and shallow ditches; In the United States, each farmer runs a large area of land and lives in scattered areas, so it is necessary to clearly mark the land boundary.

Briefly describe the general procedure of human geography research. If you want to write a paper, how are you going to make research steps and plans?

① General procedure of research: selecting a topic-making a research plan-collecting and sorting out data-field investigation-analyzing and researching-summarizing the results.

(2) If I want to write a thesis, I must first determine the research topic, and then formulate a specific implementation plan to determine the research purpose, objectives, research methods and steps adopted, and the framework of research content. At the same time, we should collect a lot of reading related materials, conduct a lot of on-the-spot investigation and consultation, and ask experienced people for advice. When accumulating materials, we should have the ability to distinguish authenticity. The most important step is to analyze research, analyze information and data, fully explain the theory, verify the hypothesis, and then put forward opinions and conclusions.

This paper expounds the factors affecting the spread of religions from the spread process of the three major religions in the world.

The main factors leading to the spread of religion are: immigration, communication and territorial struggle. And religions will also influence each other in space.

(1) Christian immigrants have brought obvious changes to the religious field all over the world. In some areas, the expansion of Christianity has led to the migration of Buddhist and Islamic believers to new places.

(2) Christianity is a highly organized missionary activity, which increases the number of Christians and expands the area where Christianity thrives. Religious exchanges between different regions can also promote the spread of religion.

(3) After the establishment of Islam, a series of religious wars not only brought Islamic beliefs to various places.

(4) Several religions are intertwined in one area, and the interaction of peace, competition and exclusion also affects the spread of religions to varying degrees.