What were Latin American countries doing during World War I and World War II?

Latin American countries during World War I and World War II were relatively less baptized by war. The period is mainly the development of the country and the integration of races. This also established the international status of Latin American countries.

By analyzing some Latin American countries during World War I and World War II, it is not difficult to find their changes and actions:

1965438+On June 28th, 2004 (Serbia's National Day), Archduke Ferdinand and his wife, Crown Prince of Austria-Hungary, were shot and killed by Serbian youth Princip when they visited Sarajevo. Using this as an excuse, the Austro-Hungarian Empire declared war on Serbia on July 28th 19 14, and World War I broke out.

Russia began to mobilize and send troops to help Serbia. 1 In August, Germany declared war on Russia and France successively. When Germany invaded Belgium, Belgium remained permanently neutral. On the same day, considering the importance of Belgium to its homeland security and in order to ensure Belgium's neutrality and safeguard the London Treaty signed by 1839, Britain declared war on Germany. On August 6th, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia. 12 In August, Britain declared war on Austria-Hungary.

The war is mainly a war between the allies composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy and the allies composed of Britain, France, Russian Empire and Serbia. During the period from 19 14 to 19 18, many countries in Asia, Europe and America joined the Allies. It is worth noting that although Italy is an ally, Britain, France and Russia signed a secret treaty with Italy, promising to give Italy some land. So, Italy joined the Allies against the Allies.

The front is mainly divided into the eastern front (Russia fights Germany and Austria), the western front (Britain and France fight Germany) and the southern front (also known as the Balkan front, Serbia fights Austria-Hungary). Among them, the western front is the most tragic, and the famous battles are the Battle of the Marne River, the Battle of Verdun and the Battle of the Somme.

The war first started in Europe, but soon surpassed Europe. There are more than 30 countries and regions, and about 654.38+0.5 billion people are involved in the war. There were more than 30 million casualties on both sides in World War I, which caused huge economic losses and brought unprecedented disasters to mankind. The First World War lasted more than four years and ended in the defeat of Germany, Austria and Hungary in the Allied Group.

That is1914-1918.

meanwhile

1910-19 17, Mexico engaged in revolution, overthrew the dictatorship of Tias, defeated the interference of the United States, and formulated a new constitution of1917; From 65438 to 0920, Mexico entered a period of relative peace.

Nothing serious in Colombia. Nothing more than growing coffee, oil and bananas until the economic crisis broke out in the capitalist world in 1929, and then the people quit. 1930, Colombian * * * production party was established.

In Venezuela, Gomez launched a coup in 1908 to seize power and began a pro-American dictatorship for 27 years. Before the First World War, the Anglo-Dutch Shell Oil Company began to build factories in Venezuela. After the war, American capital poured in. In the late 1920s, Venezuela became one of the world's major oil producers and exporters due to the development of oil fields in Lake Maracaibo basin. With the development of petroleum and other industrial sectors, the Venezuelan working class has gradually formed. 1928 A large-scale mass movement against dictatorship broke out in February. After 1935, the pro-democracy movement rose again, and the National Democratic Party (194 1 renamed the Democratic Action Party) and the * * * Production Party (1937) were established one after another.

Guyana, too, was squeezed by the United States and American companies went there to exploit resources.

During the presidency of L Prasad Gutierrez (190 1 ~ 1905,1912 ~1916), the political situation in Ecuador. From 19 16 to 1925, Ecuador's political and economic power is completely in the hands of commercial banks and agricultural banks. 1925 Some young officers launched an uprising and overthrew the government of G.S. Có rdoba, which represented the interests of the financial bourgeoisie (that is, the July Revolution in Ecuador).

Brazil1889165438+10/0 General Fonseca staged a coup to overthrow the monarchy and establish the United States of Brazil. Under the slogan of "order and progress", the new government has strengthened Brazil's modernization on the basis of the presidential system. In addition to producing three-quarters of the world's coffee production, it has also made great economic achievements. Later, under the panic of the world economy in the 1930 s, the "coffee economy" suffered heavy losses, and the subsequent coup, dictatorship and constitutional monarchy plunged politics into chaos.

/kloc-Bolivia was a Spanish colony in the 0/5th century. After decades of fighting with Chile before World War I, we lost another territory. After World War I, we fought Paraguay for more than ten years (1932), learned and lost a lot of territory.

Chile 189 1 year, naval officer j Monte launched a civil war and seized power. Since then, the landlord class has joined hands with big importers and exporters to control the government through Congress, and started the so-called "Congress * * * and Period" (189 1 ~ 1920). During this period, Chile's economy has developed. The working class has also gradually grown, and the trade union was established in 1909. 19 12 years, the social labor party was established under the leadership of L.E. Rocca Huaron.

Paraguay 1904 ~ 1936, the liberal party came to power. During this period, there were constant party struggles, the party was in power, political chaos and slow economic development.

Uruguay is a relatively stable country. In the first half of the 20th century, China enjoyed economic stability and social peace. It was not until 1973 that a military coup took place.

1853, general urqui made the first constitution, established the federal Republic, and Uzbekistan became the first Argentine president after the promulgation of the constitution. 1860 was changed to * * * and the Republic of China. Since the 1930s, the military and the literati have been in power alternately. But compared with other countries, the political situation is relatively stable.

In fact, World War I can basically be said to be a war in Europe, and South America basically did not participate in the war. So during World War I, these countries basically exploited oil, planted coffee and planted bananas. Countries or regions with a little violence have fought each other, but they are all local wars, and there are few large-scale wars.

World War II began, 1939 September 1-1945 September 2nd.

From September, 1939, when Germany invaded Poland, to May, 8, 1945, when Soviet Russia and Polish troops conquered Berlin, Germany declared its unconditional surrender and signed a surrender letter. The United States dropped two atomic bombs on Hiroshima (August 6) and Nagasaki (August 9) in Japan. The Japanese Empire officially declared its surrender on August 15, and signed the surrender letter on September 2 1945.

During this period

Mexico entered a period of peace from 1920. However, successive governments have not seriously implemented the constitutional principles and social reform programs of 19 17. Land reform is slow, workers live in poverty, foreign capital controls a lot of wealth in Mexico, and economic development is slow. 1934 l cá rdenas was elected president. He organized a bourgeois left-wing radical government, implemented social and economic reforms, and vigorously promoted land reform. The land allocated to farmers is more than twice the total amount allocated by successive governments in the 20 years before he took office. 1937 railways were nationalized, 1938 all foreign oil companies were nationalized, and national capitalist industrial sectors such as oil and railways were established. These reforms have created conditions for realizing national industrialization. Although Mexico was not involved in World War II on a large scale, it is well known that Mexico was the younger brother of the United States at that time and was completely controlled by the United States. So we stood on the side of the allies, opened some ports and sent troops to fight.

Colombia established the Colombian Production Party 1930 in July. In the same year, e olaya Herrera, a liberal, was elected president (1930 ~ 1934 in office). After the Liberal Party came to power again, it implemented some reforms under the pressure of the people. A. During the first administration of Ló pez Pumarejo, 1936 amended the Constitution: the principle of separation of powers was clarified and direct elections were implemented; Abolish the monopoly of the Catholic church on education; To stipulate that workers have the right to strike and the freedom to choose occupations; The government recognizes farmers' right to own private wasteland and stipulates the longest working day and unemployment benefits for workers. During the Second World War, due to the decrease of industrial imports, the increase of coffee exports, the development of industry and agriculture in Colombia, the increase of national gold reserves and the continuous growth of the working class. 194 1 After the Pacific War broke out, Colombia broke off diplomatic relations with Japan, and 1943+0 1 declared war on Germany. 1946, conservative M. ospina Perez was elected president with the support of the United States (1946 to 1950 in office), persecuting liberals and working people. 1in April, 948, J.E. Gaitan, the leader of the left wing of the Liberal Party, was assassinated, which triggered the people's armed uprising. 1949, conservative L.E. Gó mez Castro was elected president and implemented a pro-American dictatorship policy. 1950, farmers organized guerrillas in mountainous areas and repelled the siege of government forces many times. G Rojas Piniella, commander of the armed forces, staged a coup in 1953 and was forced to step down in 1957. In the same year, the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party reached an agreement to form the National Front, and decided that the two parties would take turns to be presidents from 1958 to 16, and form a cabinet.

Venezuela became one of the world's major oil producers and exporters in the late 1920s due to the development of oil fields in Lake Maracaibo basin. With the development of petroleum and other industrial sectors, the Venezuelan working class has gradually formed. 1928 A large-scale mass movement against dictatorship broke out in February. After 1935, the pro-democracy movement rose again, and the National Democratic Party (194 1 renamed the Democratic Action Party) and the * * * Production Party (1937) were established one after another. During the Second World War, Venezuela's national industries such as food, textile and printing developed, and some large manors gradually became capitalist farms engaged in commodity production. 1945 10 a group of young military officers and members of the democratic action party staged a coup, overthrew the regime of Angarita, and set up a revolutionary ruling Committee with R. Betancourt, leader of the democratic action party, as its chairman. 1947 The first general election was held in February, and R Gallegos, a member of the Democratic Action Party, was elected president and took office in February the following year. The government of the Democratic Action Party announced the implementation of democracy and freedom and raised the income tax of foreign oil companies. 1948165438+10 In October, the United States supported Pérez Jiménez to launch a coup and establish a pro-American military dictatorship. 10 The Venezuelan people's uprising overthrew the Pérez Jiménez regime. In the same year, a general election was held in 65438+February, and Bertrand was elected president. In March of the following year, the Democratic Action Party, the Democratic Alliance and the Christian Socialist Party formed a three-party coalition government.

Guyana continues to be squeezed by orz in Europe and America.

During World War II, Ecuador sided with the Allies, and Arroyo del Rio, chairman of the Liberal Party, leased the Galapagos Islands to the United States as an air base. 194 1 year, the border armed conflict between Ecuador and Peru failed and a large area of land was lost. Arroyo Del Rio was overthrown by the people's uprising in May 1944, and J.M. Belasco Hibala became president (see Ecuadorian people's uprising). After the Second World War, the national democratic movement in Ecuador rose sharply. 1945 promulgated a relatively democratic constitution. At the end of the same year, the United States was forced to withdraw from its air base in the Galapagos Islands. 1947 A military coup took place and the government of Belasco Hibala was overthrown. 1948, liberal G. Prasad became president and signed a bilateral military agreement with the United States. 1952 Belasco Hibala was elected president for the third time. In August of the same year, Ecuador signed the Santiago Declaration with Peru and Chile to safeguard the maritime rights and interests of 200 nautical miles. Pro-American dictatorships have been established many times since 1956. June 1968 Belasco Hibala was elected President for the fifth time. Two years later, he dissolved parliament, declared martial law and monopolized power. 197 1 year, the relationship between Ecuador and the United States was tense because American fishing boats kept fishing illegally in Ecuador's territorial waters.

Bolivia has been beaten for 32 years and has not recovered yet.

1936 In Chile, the Radical Party, Producer Party, Socialist Party, Democratic Party and Trade Union formed the People's Front. The Radical Party is in power with the support of the People's Front, including P.A. Zelda (1938 ~ 1942), J.A. Rios Morales (1942 ~ 1946) and G. Gonzá lez Vidra. The first two governments vigorously set up schools, set up "production development companies", developed national industries, lent loans to farmers and developed foreign trade. At the same time, the proletariat is growing. In the parliamentary election of 194 1 year, 18 workers' representatives were elected to the parliament. At the beginning of World War II, Chile remained neutral. 1944 established diplomatic relations with the Soviet union, 1945 declared war on the axis countries. In the early days of his administration, Gonzá lez videla recruited * * * producers into the cabinet. Since 1947, a large number of * * * producers have been imprisoned and exiled, striking workers have been suppressed, and diplomatic relations have been broken with socialist countries such as the Soviet Union. Promulgated on 1948:, declaring the producer of * * * illegal. 1952, after Ibana del Campo was elected president, she continued to pursue the policy of following the United States abroad and oppressing the people at home. Due to the control of American capital, the development of Chilean national industry is very slow; Agriculture is also very backward, and 70% of the country's cultivated land is in the hands of big landlords. People's life is becoming increasingly difficult, and the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal national democratic revolutionary movement is developing day by day.

Paraguay1February 1936 17, R. Franco launched a coup to seize power. He strengthened centralization, carried out some political and economic reforms, requisitioned part of the idle land of the main manor and distributed it to landless farmers. 1939 In April, J.F. Estigarribia was elected president with the support of the Liberal Party, and died in an air crash in September 1940. After Morinigo succeeded to the presidency, he practiced military dictatorship. 1February, 948, the "Red Party" ousted him and seized power, with J.N. Gonzalez as president. Since then, the political situation has been chaotic and the president has changed frequently. 1In May, 954, A. Stroessner staged a coup, overthrew the then President F. Chá vez, and used the Red Party and the army to maintain his rule. He relied on the United States externally and severely suppressed the opposition at home, and has been in power ever since.

Uruguay remains stable.

Argentina has always remained neutral, because Argentina's policy before the war was quite pro-German, and it declared war on Germany very late. Moreover, the president at that time tended to the Nazi system, and many Nazis fled to Argentina after the war.

In fact, after the Pearl Harbor incident, the speech of the leader of the Uruguayan National Party at that time best represented the voice of South American countries. He said: "This war should be solved by the yellow race and the yellow race themselves. In any case, this is a struggle between lions and lions for prey. " Almost all South Americans hold such an irrelevant attitude, so most South American countries are not involved in the war.

There is one exception: Brazil:

Brazil is the only South American country that actively participated in the Second World War. Before the full-scale outbreak of World War II, Brazil maintained close economic and trade relations with Nazi Germany, mainly because Brazil exported goods to Germany and Germany provided arms to Brazil. In the year before the war, 25% of Germany's imports came from Brazil. In the same year, Brazil began to import a large number of weapons from Germany. From 1930, the speculator Vargas ruled the largest country in South America with a population of 45 million. As members of his government have publicly stated, Vargas is ideologically close to the axis of Germany, Italy and Japan. 1937165438+1October 10 He launched a coup, abolished the constitution, banned all political party activities, and made himself a dictator of the so-called "new country". After the full-scale outbreak of World War II in Europe, the United States, while watching "no shots", urged South American countries to join the allied camp. From July 1940 to June194165438+February, the United States provided a lot of military, technical and financial assistance to Brazil. 1941February, Brazilian president Vargas assured the United States that Brazil would fully support the United States if it was attacked by other countries. In the same year, the United States began to support Brazil to build a large steel plant near Rio de Janeiro, which became a symbol of Brazil's industrialization. With the support of the United States, Brazil soon embarked on the road of industrialization and became a pivotal country in South America. Some historians said: "During the war, the United States gave Brazil three-quarters of its military investment in Latin America. Relying on US funds and technical assistance, Brazil has strengthened its dominant position in Latin America and surpassed Argentina. "

In order to prevent communication between Brazil and the United States, Germany sank nearly 20 Brazilian merchant ships from February to August, and Brazil declared war on Germany and Italy on August 28th. On June 30th, 1944, 26,000 Brazilian expeditionary forces trained and equipped by the United States joined the 5th Division of the US Army and went into the Italian battlefield. According to statistics, during the whole World War II, the Brazilian Air Force carried out 2550 flights, 1889 Brazilians were killed, and about 650 people were killed at the front.

From 1933 to 1938, Brazil maintained close trade relations with Germany, and Germany regarded the authoritarian government of Vargas as an ideal partner. From 65438 to 0938, 25% of Germany's imports, mainly raw materials and agricultural products, came from Brazil, and the trade volume between Brazil and the United States declined during the same period. In the same year, Brazil began to import weapons from Germany. 1938, Vargas banned foreigners from engaging in political activities on the pretext of strengthening nationalism. In this way, 800,000 German immigrants living in southern Brazil are restricted. At that time, German immigrants accepted Nazi school textbooks and promotional materials, newspapers and movies from Ufa Film Studio in Germany. Starting from 193 1, the German National Socialist Workers' Party, that is, the Nazi Party, had 5,000 party member, and was also banned for political activities.

The following is the full text transferred from the network: Brazil is a member of the allied forces. It was taken by the United States as early as the beginning of World War II. It joined the allied forces and received a lot of military assistance. The Brazilian army has an excellent record in Italy. 1Before the 1st Division of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force returned to China on July 6, 945, the Brazilian Expeditionary Force fought for 239 days on the battlefield far from its homeland. The army captured 2 enemy generals, 892 officers and 65,438+09,679 soldiers, sacrificed 65,438+03 officers and 444 soldiers, 2,064 people were injured in the battle, 658 people were injured in the accident, 65,438+0 officers and 34 soldiers were captured, and 65,438+. The Air Force * * has 48 pilots, who have carried out 445 combat missions, dispatched 2,546 sorties * * for 5,465 hours, dropped about 10 10 tons of bombs, destroyed cars 1304 vehicles, trains 12 vehicles and 8 armored vehicles. The loss of the brigade was that 22 planes were shot down, 5 pilots were killed under anti-aircraft fire, 3 were killed in the accident and 3 were captured.

In World War II, Brazil not only sent expeditionary forces to Europe to fight directly, but also contributed to the air transit and escort of the Atlantic fleet. Although not as conspicuous as the expeditionary force, these contributions have played an inestimable role in protecting the smooth flow of Atlantic routes, the defense of the Panama Canal, the anti-submarine warfare in the Caribbean and the South Atlantic, and the consolidation of supply transportation lines.

The expeditionary force that went to the ocean, although it didn't play well in the earliest battles due to lack of operational experience, learned its skills in intense battles and gradually won one victory after another. It can be said that any expeditionary force soldier is proud of the battle of Italy. Although organizationally speaking, the expeditionary force belongs to the US military, it is almost entirely dominated by the United States from supply to combat, with a certain degree of mercenary color. However, judging from their heroic behavior and fighting history, Brazilians are still proud of their expedition to Italy.

Although almost all South American countries declared war on the Axis countries symbolically in the end, only Brazil made a meaningful contribution to the war. Through in-depth cooperation with the United States, in Brazil, the economic and military aspects expected by President Vargas have also been greatly developed. The steel plant built before the war was the first step of Brazil's industrialization. Since then, because the United States has built a military base in Brazil, objectively, Brazil's railway, airport, highway and other transportation facilities have also developed by leaps and bounds compared with before the war. Similarly, due to the modern weapons acquired by the expeditionary force and the operational experience gained in actual combat, Brazil's national defense force is also very different from that of South American countries. Invisible, Brazil's prestige in South American countries has also risen to an unshakable height.

More importantly, the soldiers of the expeditionary force changed Brazil itself in another sense. Because Brazil, like other South American countries before the war, is still a country with severe dictatorship and strict hierarchy, most of the soldiers recruited for this large-scale expedition to Europe come from the bottom of society. However, in Italy, under the relatively strong democratic atmosphere of the US military, the idea of equality has taken root in them, and it has also cultivated a kind of self-confidence and self-esteem and an understanding of personality for them. After returning to China, they soon became the vanguard force to promote democratization in Brazil. Post-war Brazil is different from other South American military dictatorships ruled by soldiers to some extent. Among those countries where civil unrest and coups have emerged one after another, only Brazil has maintained a relatively stable and developing state. All this should be related to the 239-day expedition. The new generation of Brazilian presidents even includes members of the original expeditionary force. It can be seen that the small-scale expeditionary force played an important role in post-war Brazil.

Brazil is the only South American country that actively participated in the Second World War. Twenty-six thousand Brazilian soldiers fought side by side with their allies on the Italian front. Participating in the war brought military modernization to Brazil, which enabled Brazil to enter the industrial age and gain greater strength in South America.

During World War II, Brazil joined the world anti-fascist camp, continuously supplied allied strategic materials and sent troops to participate in the war, actively cooperated with allied military operations, and contributed its own manpower, material resources and financial resources from political, economic and military aspects, paving the way for the final victory of the world anti-fascist war.

Therefore, the main trends of Latin American countries during World War I and World War II can be summarized as: integration, resistance and development.