What is the development trend of vocational education in China?

First, the implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development, the development of vocational education as an important foundation for economic and social development and the strategic focus of education.

(1) Vigorously developing vocational education and speeding up the development of human resources is an important measure to implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education and strengthening the country through talents, promote China's new industrialization road, solve the "three rural issues" and promote employment and re-employment; It is an important way to improve the national quality in an all-round way, turn China's huge population pressure into human resource advantage, enhance China's comprehensive national strength and build a harmonious society; It is an inevitable requirement to implement the party's educational policy, follow the laws of education and realize the comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development of education. Under the new situation, people's governments at all levels should take Deng Xiaoping Theory and Theory of Three Represents as the guidance, implement Scientific Outlook on Development, closely integrate speeding up the development of vocational education, especially secondary vocational education, with economic prosperity, promoting employment, eliminating poverty, maintaining stability and building advanced culture, enhance their sense of urgency and mission, and take effective measures to vigorously promote the rapid and healthy development of vocational education.

(B) a clear goal of vocational education reform and development. Further establish and improve a modern vocational education system that adapts to the socialist market economic system, meets people's lifelong learning needs, is closely integrated with market demand and employment, has a reasonable structure, various forms, is flexible and open, develops independently and has China characteristics.

During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, we will continue to improve the diversified school-running pattern of "government-led, enterprises-based, giving full play to the role of industries and the active participation of social forces, and simultaneously running public schools and private schools" and the management system of "the State Council leadership, hierarchical management, local priority, government overall planning and social participation".

By 20 10, the enrollment scale of secondary vocational education will reach 8 million, which is roughly the same as that of ordinary high schools; The enrollment scale of higher vocational education accounts for more than half of the enrollment scale of higher education. During the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, more than 25 million graduates from secondary vocational schools and1/kloc-0 million graduates from higher vocational colleges will be sent to the society. Various forms of vocational training have been further developed, and hundreds of millions of urban and rural workers have been trained every year, which has significantly improved the quality of workers in China. The conditions for running vocational education have generally improved, the construction of teaching staff has been further strengthened, and the quality and efficiency have been significantly improved.

Second, to serve the socialist modernization drive and train hundreds of millions of high-quality workers and tens of millions of high-skilled professionals.

(3) Vocational education should serve China in taking a new road to industrialization, adjusting its economic structure and changing its growth mode. We will implement the national skilled personnel training project, speed up the training of skilled personnel urgently needed in the front line of production and service, especially the training of high-quality and high-skilled professionals who are in short supply in modern manufacturing and service industries. All regions and departments should make plans for the training of skilled personnel in their own regions and industries according to the needs of regional economy and industry development.

(D) Vocational education should serve the transfer of rural labor. Implement the national rural labor force transfer training project, promote the rational and orderly transfer of rural labor force, help farmers get rid of poverty and become rich, improve the vocational skills of urban migrant workers and help them stabilize their employment.

(5) Vocational education should serve the construction of new socialist countryside. Continue to strengthen the overall planning of the "three religions" in rural areas and promote the combination of "agriculture, science and education". Implement the rural practical talents training project, give full play to the role of various rural vocational schools, adult culture and technology schools and various agricultural technology popularization and training institutions, cultivate rural practical talents and skilled talents on a large scale, popularize advanced practical agricultural technologies on a large scale, and vigorously improve farmers' ideological and moral, scientific and cultural qualities.

(6) Vocational education should serve to improve the quality of workers, especially their professional ability. We will implement adult continuing education and re-employment training projects focusing on improving vocational skills, establish an employee education and training system that combines work with study in enterprises, provide general and continuous cultural education and technical training for on-the-job employees, speed up the training of senior workers and technicians, and build a learning enterprise. Vocational colleges and training institutions should serve for employment and re-employment, and carry out various forms of vocational skills training and entrepreneurship training for junior and senior high school graduates, urban unemployed and rural migrant workers, so as to improve their employability, work ability, career transformation ability and entrepreneurial ability. Vigorously develop community education and distance education, and meet the diverse learning needs of the people through self-study exams, evening schools and weekend schools. Establish an "overpass" between vocational education and other education, make vocational education an important part of lifelong education system, and promote the establishment of a learning society.

Three, adhere to the employment-oriented, deepen the reform of vocational education and teaching

(seven) to promote the transformation of vocational education concept. Adhere to the policy of "service-oriented and employment-oriented" in vocational education, and actively promote the transformation of vocational education from planned training to market-driven, from direct government management to macro-guidance, and from traditional orientation to employment-oriented. Promote the close integration of vocational education and teaching with production practice, technology promotion and social services, actively carry out order training, strengthen vocational guidance and entrepreneurship education, establish and improve the employment and entrepreneurship service system for vocational college graduates, and promote vocational colleges to better face the society and the market.

(eight) to further deepen the reform of education and teaching. According to the needs of the market and society, the teaching content is constantly updated and the teaching methods are improved. Rationally adjust the professional structure, vigorously develop majors facing emerging industries and modern service industries, and vigorously promote the construction of top-quality majors, top-quality courses and teaching materials. Accelerate the establishment of flexible learning system and gradually implement the credit system and course selection system. Strengthen the informatization construction of vocational education and promote the application of modern educational technology in education and teaching. Take students' professional ethics, professional ability and employment rate as important indicators to assess the education and teaching work in vocational colleges. Gradually establish standards and systems for talent training, selection and evaluation that are different from general education and have the characteristics of vocational education.

(9) Strengthen the cultivation of students' practical ability and vocational skills in vocational colleges. Attach great importance to practical training teaching, continue to implement the construction plan of vocational education training bases, and build 2000 vocational education training bases with complete professional categories, high equipment level and high resources in key professional fields. The central vocational education special fund supports the construction of training bases with large market demand, flexible mechanism and outstanding benefits by incentives. Further promote students to obtain vocational qualification certificates. Graduates who have obtained the graduation certificate of vocational colleges are exempted from theoretical examination when they participate in the intermediate vocational skill appraisal related to their majors, and those who pass the operation skill examination can obtain the corresponding vocational qualification certificate. By 20 10, key secondary vocational schools at or above the provincial level and qualified higher vocational colleges should establish vocational skill appraisal institutions and carry out vocational skill appraisal. After their students pass the exam, they can get both academic certificates and corresponding vocational qualification certificates.

(ten) vigorously promote the training mode of combining work with study and school-enterprise cooperation. Close contact with enterprises, strengthen students' production practice and social practice, and reform the traditional talent training mode centered on schools and classrooms. Students in secondary vocational schools should practice in enterprises and other employers in the last year, and the internship time of students in higher vocational colleges should not be less than half a year. Establish a system for enterprises to accept students' internships in vocational colleges. During the internship, the enterprise should cooperate with the school to organize students' relevant professional theory teaching and skills training, do a good job in labor protection and safety during the internship, and pay reasonable remuneration to the students who practice in the post. Gradually establish and improve the work-study program system, and carry out pilot projects for students to receive free vocational education through work-study programs in some vocational colleges, and gradually promote them after gaining experience.

(eleven) actively carry out counterpart support for vocational education from urban to rural areas and from east to west. It is necessary to take the development of vocational education as an important part of the counterpart support work in urban and rural areas and the east and west. All regions should strengthen overall planning and coordination, and closely combine the counterpart support work of vocational education with the transfer of rural labor force, poverty alleviation through education and employment promotion. It is necessary to make full use of the high-quality vocational education resources and employment market in the eastern region and cities, and further promote the joint enrollment and cooperative running of vocational colleges between the eastern and western regions and between urban and rural areas. Implementing a more flexible academic system, local vocational schools with conditions can adopt a phased and sub-regional school-running model. Students study in the western region and rural areas for the first 65,438+0 to 2 years, and study in the eastern region and cities for the rest of the year. Encourage the eastern and urban areas to reduce or waive the tuition fees for students from western and rural areas to study in different regions, and provide employment assistance.

(12) Give priority to moral education and comprehensively promote quality education. Adhere to the principle of educating people, and highlight the professional ethics education focusing on honesty and dedication. Determine a number of vocational education moral education bases, and select a number of model workers and technical experts as moral education counselors. Strengthening the Party Organization Construction in Vocational Colleges and Actively Developing Student party member. We should give full play to the role of school education, family education and social education to create a good social environment for the healthy growth of students.

Four, strengthen the basic capacity building, and strive to improve the level and quality of vocational colleges.

(thirteen) to establish and improve the flexible and open vocational education and training network covering urban and rural areas. On the basis of rational distribution and integration of existing resources, each city (prefecture) should focus on building a higher vocational and technical college and several secondary vocational schools. Every county (city, district) should focus on running a vocational education center (secondary vocational school) with demonstration and leading role. Villages and towns should rely on primary and secondary schools, farmers' cultural and technical schools and other training institutions to carry out vocational education and training. The society should vigorously carry out vocational education and training services. Enterprises should establish and improve modern enterprise training system.

(fourteen) to strengthen the construction of county vocational education center. We will continue to implement the special construction plan for county-level vocational education centers, and the state will focus on supporting the construction of l000 county-level vocational education centers, making them important bases for human resources development, rural labor transfer training, technical training and promotion, poverty alleviation and development, and popularization of high school education. All regions should arrange funds to improve the running conditions of county-level vocational education centers.

(fifteen) to strengthen the construction of demonstration vocational colleges. Implement the construction plan of vocational education demonstration colleges, and focus on building 1000 demonstration secondary vocational schools and 100 demonstration higher vocational colleges that train high-quality skilled talents on the basis of integrating resources, deepening reform and innovating mechanisms. Vigorously improve the ability of these schools to cultivate high-quality skilled talents, promote them to play an exemplary role in deepening reform and innovating institutional mechanisms, and drive the national vocational colleges to run their own characteristics and improve their level. Before 20 10, secondary vocational schools shall not be upgraded to higher vocational colleges or merged into institutions of higher learning in principle, and vocational colleges at the junior college level shall not be upgraded to undergraduate colleges.

(sixteen) to strengthen the construction of teachers. To implement the quality improvement plan for teachers in vocational colleges, local governments at all levels should continue to support the construction of vocational education teacher training bases and teacher training. Establish an enterprise internship system for vocational education teachers, and professional teachers must practice in enterprises or production service institutions for two months every two years. Formulate and improve the employment policy of part-time teachers in vocational education, and support vocational colleges to hire engineering and technical personnel and high-skilled personnel as professional teachers or practical guidance teachers for the society. To strengthen the construction of "double-qualified" teachers, professional teachers with strong practicality in vocational colleges can apply for evaluating the second professional and technical qualification in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Regulations on the Trial Implementation of Professional and Technical Posts, or apply for corresponding professional qualification certificates in accordance with the relevant provisions.

Five, actively promote system reform and innovation, and enhance the vitality of vocational education development.

(seventeen) to promote the reform and innovation of the running system of public vocational schools. Public vocational schools should actively absorb private capital and overseas funds, and explore a school-running system with public ownership as the leading factor, clear property rights and coexistence of multiple ownership systems. Promote the cooperation between public vocational schools and enterprises, and form a school-running entity with front school and back factory (field) and school-enterprise integration. Promote the integration and reorganization of resources of public vocational schools and take the road of running schools in a large scale, collectivization and chain. We should give full play to the main role of public vocational schools in vocational education.

(eighteen) to deepen the reform of the internal management system of public vocational schools focusing on the reform of personnel distribution system. Further implement the autonomy of vocational colleges. Secondary vocational schools implement the principal responsibility system and appointment system, while higher vocational colleges implement the principal responsibility system and tenure system under the leadership of party committees. We will fully implement the faculty employment system and post management system, and establish a system to attract, stabilize and rationally flow talents. Deepen the reform of internal income distribution, link the income of faculty and staff with the development of the school, the positions they employ and individual contributions, and mobilize the enthusiasm of faculty and staff.

(nineteen) vigorously develop private vocational education. Implement the "People's Republic of China (PRC) Private Education Promotion Law" and its implementing regulations, and incorporate private vocational education into the overall planning of vocational education development. Increase support for private vocational education, and formulate relevant policies and measures to improve the construction land and fund raising of private schools. Private vocational colleges and public schools should be treated equally in the aspects of teaching staff construction, enrollment and student treatment. Strengthen the management of private vocational colleges according to law and standardize their school-running behavior. Expand the opening of vocational education to the outside world, learn from foreign beneficial experience, actively introduce high-quality resources, promote Sino-foreign cooperation in running schools in the field of vocational education, and strive to open up the employment market for vocational college graduates abroad.

Six, relying on industry enterprises to develop vocational education and promote the close integration of vocational colleges and enterprises.

(twenty) enterprises should strengthen employee training and improve the quality of employees. To continue to run existing vocational colleges well, enterprises can jointly run schools or cooperate with vocational colleges. Enterprises have the responsibility to accept student internships and teacher internships in vocational colleges. Give corresponding tax incentives to enterprises that pay internship students' wages.

(21) We should conscientiously implement the provisions that "general enterprises can fully withdraw education and training funds according to 1.5% of the total wages of employees, and enterprises with high technical requirements, heavy training tasks and good economic benefits can withdraw them according to 2.5%", and fully withdraw education and training funds, which are mainly used for the education and training of enterprise employees, especially front-line employees. All new projects of enterprises should arrange funds for technical training of employees.

(twenty-two) the competent departments of industry and industry associations shall, under the guidance of the national education policies, carry out the forecast of the demand for talents in this industry, formulate the education and training plan, and organize and guide the vocational education and training in this industry; Participate in the formulation of professional qualification standards, professional skill appraisal and certificate issuance for specific types of work in this industry; Participate in the formulation of qualification standards for training institutions and employees; Participate in national education and teaching evaluation and relevant management of vocational colleges.

Seven, strictly implement the employment access system, improve the professional qualification certificate system.

(23) When employing employees, the employer must strictly implement the provisions of "training before employment" and "training before taking up posts", and give priority to those who have obtained vocational school diplomas, vocational qualification certificates and vocational training certificates. It is necessary to further improve the relevant occupational access measures involving the safety of people's lives and property. Labor and social security, personnel, industry and commerce departments should strengthen supervision over the implementation of the employment access system. Employers who, in violation of regulations, arbitrarily recruit people without vocational education or training will be punished and ordered to train relevant personnel within a time limit. Relevant departments should promptly formulate and improve employment access regulations and policies.

(twenty-four) comprehensively promote and standardize the vocational qualification certificate system. Strengthen the guidance and management of professional and technical personnel's professional skill appraisal, professional qualification evaluation and professional qualification certificate issuance. It is necessary to establish a professional qualification standard system that can reflect economic development and labor market demand as soon as possible.

Eight, increase funding through multiple channels, and establish a student aid system for vocational education.

(twenty-five) people's governments at all levels should increase their support for vocational education and gradually increase the investment of public finance in vocational education. The special funds for vocational education arranged by governments at all levels mainly support the professional construction of skilled personnel in short supply, the training of vocational education teachers, hard industries such as agriculture and geology, and the development of vocational education and adult education in rural areas and ethnic minority areas in the central and western regions. The provincial government shall formulate the per capita funding standards for vocational colleges in the region.

(twenty-six) to further implement the policy of urban education surcharge to vocational education. Since 2006, the proportion of urban education fees added to vocational education is not less than 20% in general areas and not less than 30% in areas where nine-year compulsory education has been popularized. Rural science and technology development and technology promotion funds can be appropriately used for rural vocational training. Vocational colleges and training institutions to carry out re-employment training for laid-off workers can enjoy re-employment training subsidies according to regulations. National and local poverty alleviation funds and resettlement funds should increase investment in rural labor training in poverty-stricken areas. The state encourages enterprises, institutions, social organizations and individual citizens to donate money for education, and enjoys preferential tax policies through the funding and donation of vocational education by government departments or non-profit organizations. It is necessary to reasonably determine the tuition standard of vocational colleges and ensure that all tuition income is used for school development. It is necessary to strengthen the management of the use of vocational education funds and improve the efficiency of the use of funds.

(twenty-seven) the establishment of vocational education for students from poor families. The central and local governments should allocate funds to support the children of poor rural families and low-income urban families to receive secondary vocational education. Secondary vocational schools should arrange a certain proportion of school income for scholarships and tuition reduction and exemption, and organize students to participate in work-study programs and work-study programs as an important way to help students. Financial institutions should provide student loans for students from poor families to receive vocational education, and all regions should include students from poor families who receive vocational education in the scope of national student loans. Through grants, scholarships, loans and other forms, students from poor families and students who choose to study vocational education in hard industries such as agriculture, geology and minerals are given tuition fee reduction and living allowance. The student aid in higher vocational colleges is implemented in accordance with the relevant national student aid policies in higher vocational colleges.

Nine, strengthen leadership and mobilize the whole society to care for and support the development of vocational education.

(twenty-eight) people's governments at all levels should strengthen the overall management of vocational education development planning, resource allocation, conditions and policies and measures, and provide strong public services and a good development environment for vocational education. We should strictly manage education, standardize management and guide the healthy, coordinated and sustainable development of vocational education. It is necessary to give full play to the role of the inter-ministerial joint meeting of vocational education, make overall plans and coordinate the national vocational education work, and study and solve major problems. The education administrative department of the State Council is responsible for the overall planning, comprehensive coordination and macro management of vocational education, and the labor and social security department and other relevant departments are responsible for the relevant work of vocational education within their respective responsibilities. Local governments at or above the county level should also establish a joint meeting system for vocational education departments.

(twenty-nine) people's governments at all levels should earnestly strengthen the leadership of vocational education, and incorporate vocational education into target management as an important indicator to assess the performance of leading cadres, and accept the inspection and guidance of the National People's Congress and the CPPCC. Establish a regular inspection system for vocational education, take vocational education supervision as an important part of educational supervision, and strengthen vocational education evaluation and inspection. Strengthen the scientific research work of vocational education, give full play to the role of social organizations and intermediary service institutions, and serve the macro management of vocational education and the reform and development of vocational colleges.

(thirty) gradually improve the social status and economic income of front-line skilled personnel in production and service, especially high-skilled personnel, and implement special incentive policies and rewards for outstanding skilled personnel. Regularly carry out national vocational skills competitions and commend and reward winners. Vigorously commend advanced units and individuals in vocational education. Widely publicize the important position and role of vocational education, publicize the important contributions of excellent skilled personnel and high-quality workers in socialist modernization, raise the understanding of vocational education in the whole society, and form a good atmosphere in which the whole society cares, values and supports vocational education.