Shanghai dialect and Jiaxing dialect.

In a small dialect area, if the external influence is relatively balanced, it should be said that the speed and direction of language evolution are roughly the same. However, if there are a large number of immigrants from home and abroad in a short period of time, the development and evolution of local dialects will inevitably be impacted by immigrant dialects, and the speed and direction of their dialect changes will be inconsistent with those of similar dialects around them, and eventually they will surpass the surrounding dialects and develop independently.

Compared with the surrounding rural dialects, urban dialects are mostly of this nature, so some people call them urban dialect characteristics or urban dialect islands.

If there are enough diachronic and diachronic language materials, including immigrant dialects, we can observe the track of urban dialects leaving rural dialects and the degree of infiltration and influence by various foreign dialects.

Most of the downtown area of Shanghai (the range of ten downtown areas before 1984) was originally a part of Shanghai County, Songjiang Prefecture. The downtown area of Heather was originally the county seat of Shanghai County, Songjiang Prefecture, and the dialect spoken in the original county seat also belongs to Songjiang dialect (we divide Shanghai dialect into five parts: Chongming dialect, Jiading dialect, Songjiang dialect, Li Antang dialect and downtown dialect). See, Tang, 1993). 1843, the urban area was turned into a trading port. 100 years later, a large number of immigrants poured in. 1852 At that time, the total population of Shanghai county, including Shanghai county, was 5444 13. One hundred years later, the urban population alone is 6147,600, of which the local population only accounts for 15% of the total population (Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Statistics 1980), which shows that the population of immigrants who have flooded into Shanghai in the past 100 years is very amazing.

Although immigrants and their children change to speak the local Shanghai dialect for the convenience of communication, many immigrant dialects from different sources have played a role in speaking some characteristics of indigenous dialects to varying degrees, and the characteristics of immigrant mother tongue will consciously or unconsciously penetrate into the acquired dialects. In this way, the rapid convergence of Shanghai dialect on the basis of the original Songjiang dialect made the old Shanghai dialect, which originally belonged to the remote area of Wu dialect and developed slowly, become the fastest-growing new Shanghai dialect among Wu dialects before it jumped to Changzhou, Suzhou, Ningbo and Shaoxing in 100 years. According to the diachronic records of Shanghai dialect, the author compares it with the surrounding Songjiang dialect. Before and after the opening of the port, there was little difference between them, which can be said to belong to Songjiang dialect (Chen Zhongmin 1992). But today, this difference is far greater than Suzhou, Ningbo and other cities and their suburbs.

This paper discusses the evolution of Shanghai dialect in the past hundred years from the phonetic aspect, and observes the infiltration influence of foreign dialects on Shanghai dialect by combining authoritative dialects and immigrant dialects.

Generally speaking, the historical origin of Shanghai's urban life is most related to Suzhou dialect and Ningbo dialect. Judging from the origin of the composition of modern Shanghai residents and some linguistic elements, this view is not unreasonable. However, judging from the most important characteristics of the old school of urban dialect, the early source of urban dialect should be Songjiang dialect (Chen Zhongmin 1992). Early local chronicles also proved this point. Jiajing's "Shanghai County Records" in Ming Dynasty said that "Huating is the most important dialect". Huating House was later Songjiang House. The dialect of Huating County (later Songjiang County) in Ming Dynasty was closer to Jiaxing dialect than Suzhou dialect. When it comes to dialects, Zheng De's "Huating County Records" and "Songjiang Prefecture Records" all say: "Jiaxing is the most important". It was only in the Qing Dynasty that the authority of Jiaxing dialect and Songjiang dialect gave way to Suzhou dialect. There is a dialect in the Records of Songjiang Prefecture during the reign of Kangxi and Jiaqing in the Qing Dynasty that "Gusu is the heaviest". The rapid expansion of Shanghai's urban area and population growth began after the Qing government opened Shanghai as a trading port in June 1843+065438+ 10. Today, Shanghai's native place is all over China, but the foreign population mainly comes from Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces near Shanghai. 1935, the population of Jiangsu and Zhejiang accounted for 87.43% of the total population of the public concession and 83.40% of the total population of the "China border". Before 1930s, Jiangsu immigrants mainly came from Suzhou in southern Jiangsu. After 1930s, a large number of immigrants from northern Jiangsu (mainly from Yancheng and Yangzhou) entered Shanghai. The most immigrants from Zhejiang are from Ningbo (Zou Yiren 1980, China Book and Magazine Company 1948). After 1949, the government vigorously promoted Putonghua, so after liberation, Putonghua also had a great influence on Shanghai dialect. Based on the above historical background, this paper compares and refers to the related materials of Jiaxing dialect, Songjiang dialect near Shanghai, Jiaxing dialect, Suzhou dialect, Ningbo dialect, Jianghuai mandarin in northern Jiangsu (Yancheng dialect, Yangzhou dialect) and Putonghua in various periods when discussing the phonetic evolution of Shanghai dialect. Through the comparison of these words, the ways to explain the phonetic evolution of Shanghai urban dialect are explained.

J Edkins, a foreign missionary, published Dialogue in Shanghai (Shanghai Presbyterian Press 1968) in 1953, which included the phonetic system of Shanghai county dialect at that time. Not far from 1853, when he went to Shanghai to open a commercial port. It can be said that Edkins's records reflect the phonetic features of Shanghai County dialect in the opening period. Now, according to Edkins's records, we sort out our usual phonological system table. In [] is the international phonetic alphabet, and before [] is the Roman alphabet used in the original book. The International Phonetic Alphabet is determined according to the corresponding descriptions of the selected sounds in the original book, English and French, and with reference to the imitations of 1988 by Zhou Tongchun and 1986 by Qian Nairong.