What are the problems in the income of pyramid society?

First, the current income distribution problems and reasons

Since the reform and opening up, the reform of China's income distribution system has been gradually promoted. The distribution system with distribution according to work as the main body and various modes of distribution coexisting has been basically established, the policy system and regulation mechanism of income distribution have been basically formed, and the overall income level and quality of life of urban and rural residents have been continuously improved. However, in recent years, the income gap between residents has been widening, the income gap among some members of society is very wide, and the disorder of income distribution has become increasingly prominent, which has become one of the social problems that all sectors of society are generally concerned about.

(1) The income gap among residents has widened.

In 2004, the Gini coefficient of urban residents' income was 0.334, an increase of 1.24% over the previous year. The Gini coefficient of rural residents' income was 0.369, an increase of 0. 12% over the previous year. The Gini coefficient of national income reached 0.446, which has exceeded the internationally recognized warning line of 0.4. According to the method of five equal parts, in 2004, the per capita disposable income of the highest-income households (accounting for 20% of the total urban households) was 20 102 yuan, while the per capita disposable income of the lowest-income households (accounting for 20% of the total urban households) was only 3642 yuan, with a ratio of 5.52: 1. The per capita net income of rural residents is 693 1 yuan, and the minimum income is 1.007 yuan. The ratio of income to income is 6.88: 1. If the wealth possession factor is considered, the income gap is even greater. The widening income gap between urban and rural areas, between regions, between industries, between social groups and within is widespread, especially between urban and rural areas and between regions. In 2004, the per capita disposable income of urban residents was 9422 yuan, the per capita net income of rural residents was 2936 yuan, and the income ratio of urban and rural residents was 3.2∶ 1, which was much higher than that of most countries in the world. If we consider the differences between urban and rural residents in housing, medical care, education and social services, it is estimated that the actual income gap between urban and rural residents will expand to about 6 times. From the perspective of regional comparison, the income gap index (the ratio of the highest and lowest regional income) of urban residents is 2.28, and that of rural residents is 4.25.

(2) The income distribution order is chaotic.

From the perspective of government agencies and institutions, in addition to the unified wage policy stipulated by the state, it is more common for all localities and units to issue subsidies on their own. There are many subsidized projects with large scale and irregular sources of funds. According to the survey, the proportion of Tianjin and subsidy income allocated by local governments and units accounts for about 50% of the total income, and a few local governments and units account for more than 80%. The ratio of the highest and lowest average non-wage income of employees in government agencies and institutions is about 10: 1. From the point of view of state-owned enterprises, in the process of restructuring some enterprises, there are some behaviors that infringe on the rights and interests of the state, such as "buying and selling" shares of state-owned enterprises, not evaluating or underestimating the value of state-owned assets according to regulations, and selling state-owned assets to individuals at low prices. Some state-owned enterprises have low transparency in wage distribution, and the management of extra-wage income is out of control. In particular, the wage income of employees in some monopoly industries has increased in disorder, and the income gap with employees in general industries has obviously widened. In addition, a few members of society take advantage of loopholes in systems, policies and management to obtain a large amount of illegal income through embezzlement of public property, tax evasion, smuggling and bribery, trading in power and money, market manipulation and counterfeiting.

(3) Social poverty is still outstanding.

At present, the distribution of income groups of residents in China is "pyramid-shaped", with the least high-income people, followed by middle-income people and the vast majority of low-and middle-income people. According to estimates, in 2000, urban and rural low-income families accounted for 80% of the total number of urban and rural households, including 29% in cities and 7 1% in rural areas. In recent years, this distribution structure has not changed significantly. According to statistics, in 2003, the number of registered unemployed people in China reached 8 million, the minimum living security target for urban and rural residents was 22 million, and the absolute poverty population in rural areas was still 29 million. If we consider the employees of some difficult enterprises, the scale of urban and rural poor groups will be even larger.

According to Gini coefficient and other international standards, the income distribution of China residents is very different, especially between urban and rural areas. Judging from China's population, scale, the general improvement of people's lives since the reform and opening up, and the actual situation of economic structure and system transformation, the overall income gap is still within an affordable or controllable range. However, due to the widening income gap, especially the problems of disorderly distribution, unfair distribution and poverty, the contradiction of income distribution felt by the masses is more prominent, and all sides have great reactions, so we must attach great importance to it.

The widening income gap between residents in China is a comprehensive reflection of some problems in economic development, system transition, policy adjustment and distribution management since the reform and opening up. At present, the reasons for the problems in the field of income distribution of residents in China can be summarized into three categories. The first category is the long-standing reasons determined by the national conditions, such as the imbalance of regional economic development under the influence of historical and natural conditions, the differences in economic and social development between urban and rural areas, etc. It will take a long historical period to fundamentally solve these problems. The second category is the reasons that have objective inevitability in a certain period, such as the stage of economic development, the adjustment of economic system and structure, and the reform of income distribution system. These factors will cause changes in the distribution of interests among members of society and have a great impact on the income distribution of residents, but they are hard to avoid in the short term. The third category is all kinds of unreasonable factors, which cause unfair distribution of social income, such as imperfect system, unreasonable policy provisions, inadequate policy implementation, poor distribution supervision and so on. These problems exist in the field of primary distribution and redistribution to varying degrees, which directly affect the order of income distribution and are most likely to cause dissatisfaction among the masses and need to be solved as soon as possible.

To solve the problem of income distribution, we should focus on the following principles:

(A) adhere to the overall adjustment of national income distribution, not only to do a good job of "cake", but also to divide the "cake".

While developing the economy and making a big cake, we should consider the distribution of national income from the source and optimize the economic structure to help low-income areas and the masses increase their income in the initial distribution. At present, the most important thing is to rationally adjust the allocation of resources, adjust the pattern of national income distribution, promote the economic and social development of rural areas and the central and western regions, vigorously improve the income level of farmers and people in the central and western regions, and increase their income through government redistribution such as financial transfer payments.

(2) Adhere to the reform of the distribution system, further improve the distribution system with distribution according to work as the main body and multiple modes of distribution coexisting, and insist that production factors participate in distribution according to contributions.

This is the embodiment of the basic principles of socialism and the basic requirements of market economy in the distribution system. To deepen the reform of the distribution system, the focus of the primary distribution is to establish and improve the market mechanism of equal opportunity and fair competition, give play to the role of market competition in improving efficiency, and make the primary distribution truly linked to labor and contribution. The focus of redistribution is to ensure the basic livelihood of low-income groups and increase the regulation of high income.

(3) Insist on raising the income level of low-income people, gradually expand the proportion of middle-income people, and effectively adjust excessive income.

We must adhere to the policy of allowing some people to get rich first through honest labor and legal management, and finally achieve common prosperity, so as to prevent polarization. Through distribution adjustment, an "olive-shaped" distribution pattern of "big in the middle and small at both ends" is gradually formed. Through education and training, improve the basic quality and vocational skills of workers, fully expand employment, and enhance the income-generating ability of low-and middle-income people. On the premise of protecting individual economic rights and legitimate income, we should adjust excessive income through taxation and other means to redistribute it reasonably and effectively.

(4) Insist on correctly handling the relationship between efficiency and fairness, and pay more attention to social fairness.

Efficiency and fairness complement each other. Only by constantly improving efficiency and increasing social wealth can we achieve a solid material foundation for fair distribution. On the contrary, if there is no fairness, it will affect efficiency or even inefficiency. Fair distribution is not equal distribution, egalitarianism violates the principle of fairness, and egalitarianism will not be efficient if it prevails; Similarly, if the social income gap is too large, it will also dampen the production enthusiasm of workers and affect efficiency. Serious words will affect social stability, not to mention efficiency. Therefore, efficiency and fairness should be closely combined, and efficiency should be given priority in the field of initial distribution, but fairness must be followed; In the process of redistribution, we should emphasize fairness. Strengthen the redistribution function of the government, increase financial transfer payments, and improve the transparency and effectiveness of redistribution. Paying attention to social equity, the most important thing is to give social participants equal opportunities, realize the fairness of schooling, employment opportunities and distribution process, and let all market players get fair competition opportunities.

(five) adhere to standardize the personal income distribution order, improve the income distribution system of state-owned enterprises and institutions, and strengthen the supervision of the distribution results.

Strengthen the construction of legal system, standardize the principles and methods of factor distribution from the mechanism and system, and curb the excessive expansion of income gap. Further accelerate the reform of monopoly industry system, introduce competition mechanism, adjust the income distribution relationship between the state and monopoly enterprises, strengthen the property right constraint of income distribution, and strengthen the government's regulation and guidance of income distribution in monopoly industries. Promote the reform of civil servant salary system, establish a standardized civil servant salary system and management mechanism, strengthen the incentive and restraint mechanism, and improve government efficiency. Strengthen the construction of personal income information system, further strengthen tax collection and management, and increase the intensity of tax adjustment and distribution. Standardize the distribution order, unswervingly oppose corruption, and resolutely punish tax evasion, embezzlement of public property, trading of power and money and other illegal acts.

(6) Persist in highlighting key points, strive to solve practical problems that people are most concerned about, and alleviate the contradiction of widening income distribution gap.

Reasonable adjustment of income distribution is a systematic project and a comprehensive work, which is very difficult. It is necessary to combine curbing the widening income gap with rationalizing the income distribution relationship, focus on solving the basic living problems of urban and rural poor people, coordinate various interest relationships, prioritize and gradually resolve the contradiction of social income distribution. At present, we should focus on promoting rural economic development, strengthening the adjustment of income distribution and standardizing the order of income distribution, and strive to solve outstanding problems such as farmers' income, employment, social security and rural education.

Three. Key tasks and policy measures to solve the problem of income distribution

According to the above guiding ideology and basic principles, we should focus on the following work:

(a) to promote the construction of a new socialist countryside, do everything possible to increase farmers' income.

At present, the widening income gap between residents in China is the most prominent reflection of the widening gap between urban and rural areas. It is necessary to actively promote the construction of a new socialist countryside, rationally adjust the pattern of national income distribution, establish a long-term mechanism to promote agriculture through industry and lead the countryside through cities, and do everything possible to increase farmers' income in accordance with the principle of "giving more, taking less and letting go". On the premise of ensuring food security, according to the requirements of high yield, high quality, high efficiency and ecology, we will speed up the adjustment of agricultural structure and constantly open up space for increasing agricultural efficiency and farmers' income. Vigorously develop the county economy, speed up the construction of small towns, improve the rural market system, and actively guide the orderly transfer of rural surplus labor to non-agricultural industries and towns. Strengthen rural labor skills training, gradually unify urban and rural labor markets, continue to clean up and cancel discriminatory provisions and unreasonable fees for farmers to work in cities, and further improve farmers' employment environment in cities. Establish and improve the agricultural support and protection system suitable for the national conditions, and comprehensively use tax policies, financial subsidies and financial policies to strengthen the support and protection of agriculture, rural areas and farmers. After reducing all agricultural taxes, we will further implement financial subsidy policies such as direct subsidies for grain production, subsidies for improved varieties of major grain varieties in concentrated production areas, and subsidies for the purchase and renewal of large-scale agricultural machinery and tools, and accelerate the establishment of a subsidy system to stabilize the prices of agricultural means of production. Strengthen macro-control, maintain a reasonable level of agricultural products prices, and promote farmers to increase production and income. It is necessary to further intensify poverty alleviation and development. Efforts should be made to improve the population quality in poverty-stricken areas, improve basic production and living conditions, and open up ways to increase farmers' income. Poverty-stricken areas with poor living conditions will be relocated to help the poor, and a relief system will be established for poor people who have lost their ability to work. Further strengthen the construction of rural infrastructure and vigorously develop social undertakings such as education and health in rural areas. Financial expenditure on education and health should be tilted to the countryside.

(two) to promote coordinated regional development, and gradually achieve * * * prosperity.

It is an important task to solve the problem of income distribution to promote the coordinated development of regional economy and continuously improve the income level of people in the central and western regions. In accordance with the strategic deployment of the central authorities, we will vigorously promote the development of the western region, revitalize the old industrial bases in Northeast China, and promote the rise of the central region. It is necessary to increase support in planning guidance, policy support and capital investment, speed up the construction of infrastructure such as transportation, energy, water conservancy and ecology in the western region, and at the same time promote the construction of projects such as county roads, rural drinking water, rural energy and ecological migration to further improve the production and living conditions in the western region, especially in rural areas. Improve the market mechanism, break the restrictions of administrative divisions, promote the free flow of production factors between regions, and guide industrial transfer. Improve the mechanism of cooperation and mutual assistance, encourage and support various forms of economic and technological cooperation between regions, and developed regions should help underdeveloped regions through counterpart support and social donations.

(3) Reform the management system of monopoly industries and strengthen the supervision over the income distribution of state-owned enterprises.

We will continue to promote the reform of telecommunications, electric power, civil aviation, finance, railways, postal services and public utilities, and realize the separation of government and enterprise, government capital and government affairs in administrative monopoly industries. Gradually relax market access conditions and build an effective competition pattern in monopoly industries. Combine the reform and reorganization of monopoly industries, improve the system of state-owned capital investors, establish and improve the corporate governance structure, and strengthen the property rights constraint of internal income distribution. Accelerate the reform of the employment system and income distribution system in monopoly industries, so that the wage income level of employees in monopoly industries will gradually be in line with the labor market price. We should adopt a standardized way to collect most of the monopoly income into the state finance, and the government should strictly supervise and manage the monopoly income left to enterprises. Establish a budget system for the operation of state-owned capital and a performance appraisal system for enterprises, strengthen the restraining effect of maintaining and increasing the value of state-owned capital on wage growth, and improve the method of linking work efficiency. We will improve the external supervision mechanism of income distribution in monopoly industries and state-owned enterprises, strictly regulate the salary system and job consumption of business operators, and seriously investigate and deal with illegal subsidies.

(4) Reform and improve the tax system, and enhance the adjustment and distribution of tax revenue.

Actively promote the reform of individual income tax. Appropriately raise the wage and salary deduction standard, reduce the tax burden of low-and middle-income people, establish an annual comprehensive declaration system for high-income people, and strengthen the personal income tax collection and management of high-income people. On this basis, a personal income tax system combining synthesis and classification is implemented. Adjust and optimize the tax rate structure, reflect the principle of tax exemption for low-income people, light tax for middle-income people and moderate heavy tax for high-income people, and play its unique role in regulating income distribution.

Reform the enterprise income tax system. In accordance with the principle of fair tax burden and national treatment, unify the income tax system of domestic and foreign-funded enterprises, unify the tax rate, standardize the pre-tax deduction items, balance the tax burden of domestic and foreign-funded enterprises, and promote fair competition among enterprises.

Study and implement the reform of taxes and fees for urban construction, levy a unified and standardized property tax (real estate tax) on real estate when conditions permit, and cancel relevant fees accordingly. Further improve the consumption tax system and include some high-end consumer goods in the scope of taxation. By taxing existing assets and high-end consumer goods, we will increase the adjustment of personal income.

Implement various preferential tax policies to support the economic development of the central and western regions and ethnic minority areas. After the agricultural tax is completely abolished, it is necessary to promote comprehensive rural reform, consolidate the achievements of rural tax and fee reform, and prevent farmers' burden from rebounding.

Vigorously promote tax administration according to law, earnestly strengthen tax collection and management, resolutely crack down on tax evasion and fraud, rectify tax order, improve the quality and efficiency of tax collection and management, ensure the steady growth of tax revenue with economic development, enhance the national financial strength and transfer payment ability, lay a solid material foundation for the government to implement income redistribution, and give full play to the role of tax in regulating economy and distribution.

Strengthen the construction of personal income information system. The tax department, labor and social security department should speed up the establishment of personal income information system, and the financial department should build a personal credit information system to realize information sharing. Accelerate the establishment of an accurate and reliable statistical system for residents' income distribution, which combines sampling survey with comprehensive statistics, timely and accurately grasp the changes in income distribution, and improve the scientific decision-making.