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Look at how ancient officials "welfare housing distribution"

Let's look at how ancient officials "distributed welfare houses"

The government provided housing in different places

The "official residence" is the residence of officials. Because it is often connected with official offices, such as today's "government compound", it is sometimes compatible with the meaning of office space. If expressed in modern vocabulary, it probably means institution housing, because not only is its ownership generally surnamed "official", that is, it belongs to state assets, but it often belongs to a certain government agency, that is, an institution.

This matter can be traced back to the beginning. In the pre-Qin era, when nobles of different sizes used fiefs as their places to exercise government decrees, official houses with specific meanings could not be a common phenomenon. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, officials at all levels have been appointed by the state. No matter whether local talents have been recruited or recommended to the central government as officials, or the original residents in Gyeonggi have been sent to other places as officials, there is a need for officials in different places to solve their residence. Therefore, the provision of housing by the state to officials on duty gradually became institutionalized around the Qin and Han Dynasties.

The Book of Han Dynasty (Volume 39) records that Cao Can was knighted as a marquis and lived in Pingyang, a food city. However, I served as the prime minister in Qi State and the central government successively, and his Chang 'an wrote that "the back garden of the prime minister is close to the official residence, and the official residence is full of songs every day". This "Xiang She" and "Li She" are synonymous with Xiang Guo's residence and Li She's dormitory, which should be provided by the state. Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, issued the Tongan Order to the whole country, saying: "Anyone who is a food city for Liehou will be given to Yinmao and given a spacious residence; A general whose salary reaches 2, stone can move to Chang 'an and be given a second-class house. " This is of course a measure to give preferential treatment to the heroes during the founding of the People's Republic of China.

Look at Book 93 of Hanshu again. Dong Xian, a servant, refused to go home to reunite with his wife on holiday to invite Emperor Ai of Han, so Emperor Ai chartered Dong Xian's wife to move into his residence in the palace, "if an official wife lives in an official temple". According to this historical data, it is known that it is a common phenomenon that officials' families can live in government houses (official temples) until the late Western Han Dynasty. The Book of History of Han Dynasty quoted in Volume 491 of Taiping Yu Lan said that Wei Ba, a doctor of Guanglu, lost his wife, and his eldest brother also deliberately "married (Wei) Ba and sent it to the official residence". The Book of Song Dynasty Volume 41 Song Wudi was born in the "Dantu official residence", and his father Liu Qiao was then a meritorious Cao in Jinling County; Song Xiaozong was born in the official residence of green cedar, Xiuzhou, and his father Zhao Zishi lived in Xiuzhou. In Chengdu Literature, Sima Guang was born in Guanyi, Pixian County, and his father was then the county commandant. There are three records in Quyi Old News. Ouyang Xiu was also "born in the official residence of the household" when his father Ren Mianzhou joined the army. Later generations also changed this residence to "Liuyitang" (Ouyang Xiu's name is Liuyi Jushi) to commemorate it.

Living in an official residence is also a political treatment

Living in an official residence is not only a welfare, but also a political treatment. In Volume 11 of "The Garden of Facts", Kou Zhun, a famous figure in the Northern Song Dynasty, was persecuted by his political opponents and was demoted as a horse in Hengzhou. Hengzhou government has never allocated housing to such people who are in name only, but are actually supervised. "When people hear about it, they will compete for the lotus tiles, and they will meet without supervision, and the public space will be established." Seeing that his prestige was so high among the people, his political opponents quickly moved him to Leizhou, and finally achieved the goal of making him depressed and angry.

Su Zhe, the younger brother of Su Dongpo, was once demoted to Leizhou by Zhang, a political opponent. "He was not allowed to live in an official house, so he lived in a private house.". Zhang learned that the state government was strictly ordered to investigate and punish people who dared to lend their houses to the controllers. Later, Zhang was also demoted to Leizhou, and happened to ask this person for a house. The other party replied with a lingering fear: "When the Soviet Union came, Prime Minister Zhang broke my house several times, and now it is impossible" (Volume 8 of "Bing Tuilu"). This is a reflection of the fierce political struggle on the housing issue.

integration of office and home

The "dignity" of the official residence is related to its location to some extent. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the living areas of the main heads and assistant officials of local governments at all levels in prefectures and counties have always been delineated within their respective government offices, which are commonly known as "internal offices" or "private houses", and the boundaries have been drawn with house-style house doors and office areas centered on the lobby. Kong Pingzhong, a Song Dynasty poet, wrote in Volume 4: "Or take my official as a school ... my son is called the official's son", because we know that the ancients often used "official's son" as a proxy for the children of the government, which is based on their special living conditions.

In Wen Gong Shi Hua, it is recorded that in the Northern Song Dynasty, when Bao was appointed as the Facao of Henan Province, the Henan magistrate "Xue (Ying) visited his school in the summer, and (Bao) was exposed, and he was embarrassed to enter, so he easily took the clothes out". That is to say, officials at the director level (Cao Guan) like Bao Dang also have houses located in the yamen. Because it's a private living space and it's in the midsummer season, I'm afraid I'm still half-shirtless without an official hat, so I look very embarrassed when my boss suddenly visits.

Some people voluntarily gave up this honor. For example, Luo Han in the Eastern Jin Dynasty was appointed as the state capital to drive away, and "made a fuss by building a hut on a small continent in the west of the city, weaving reeds to live as a seat" (Book of Jin, vol. 92). This person is listed in "Biography of Wenyuan", and it seems that he hopes to have a quiet environment where he can read and write in his spare time.

There are more officials and fewer rooms

The tradition that local officials and their accompanying families enjoy government housing free of charge has been maintained until the Qing Dynasty was destroyed (we can see from the reports about the recovery of various places during the Revolution of 1911 that most local officials at all levels in the Qing Dynasty fled with their families when the rebel army attacked the yamen). On the contrary, the solution of official housing in Beijing and North Korea has undergone many changes. As mentioned earlier, in the Han Dynasty, officials lived in the compound of government offices, and Wang Chong in the Eastern Han Dynasty said in "On Heng Qian Shu Pian" that "within the government court, officials and houses were subordinate" (the concept of "officials" in the Han Dynasty included the meaning of "officials"), which showed the scale. Sixty-four records in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty show that Zhao Qi's grandfather was appointed as an imperial official, so he was "born in the Imperial Imperial Examination Platform because of his noble words", and it is known that the family members who live together even include adult sons and daughters-in-law.

However, with the improvement and even complexity of the centralized management function of the country, the number of institutions and employees in Beijing and North Korea is also increasing. According to the statistics provided in Volume 47 of Literature General Examination, the total number of national officials was only about 7, in the Han and Jin Dynasties, and it reached 12,576 after the reunification of the Sui Dynasty, and it increased to 18,85 in the Tang Dynasty, including 2,62 who worked in the capital. If we still follow the method of all-in-one contract in the Han Dynasty, not only will the office space of the "Imperial Capital and Hundred Departments" be in crisis, but also the office functions of the yamen will not be able to be brought into normal play, because in addition to these 2,62 officials of the Beijing Dynasty, there must be several times as many clerks, handymen and guards in the office area, as well as little maids and maids who wait on this large family.

In the Book of the Later Han Dynasty (Volume 27), Zhang Zhanguan paid homage to Dr. Tai Zhong, saying that he was ill and not facing the DPRK, and waited for him at the east gate of the center. Tang Lixian notes that Luoyang * * * has twelve gates, and Zhongdongmen is one of them. In the establishment of the guard, there is a waiting official with a rank of 6 stone, whose duty is to see off the guests coming in and out from this door, and the "waiting house" is the waiting residence. Zhan Zhang, a senior official with a rank of 2, stone, lowered the housing standard without living in the official residence, and moved to the waiting residence. The apparent reason is that since it is called "no illness", it means that it is not a director to take a long sick leave, so it should not live in the official residence. However, I am afraid that the tension in the official residence of the capital is also a reason, so it is better to be smart.

When you retire, you have to move out of the official residence.

"Houses are built by officials", and its nature is naturally "official residence". From the perspective of ownership relations, there are many similar situations in the official residences of Beijing and North Korea distributed in Chang 'an residential areas, that is, the emperor gave some senior officials and their families to stay in state-owned mansions in order to show concern for the ministers, and in general, they were recovered with the transfer, relegation or retirement of the residents. "Datang Xinyu" is recorded in three volumes. Soon after Xuanzong ascended the throne, the old prime minister Li Rizhi asked for retirement. Once approved, "I will return the bag and leave my job", that is, I will immediately return the official residence and move into other houses.

According to the seven records in Tang Yu Lin, Yongning Square has a house called "Jan-Di Kim" by Mr. Feng Shui, and many ministers, such as Wang E, Han Linghong, Shi Xiancheng and Li Zaiyi, have lived in it successively, which shows that this is all job-related treatment. Of course, there are also some officials who take "giving the first place" as their personal interests, but it is difficult to keep their career forever because of the change of government or the punishment. For example, when An Lushan was successful, Xuanzong once "built a house in Qinrenfang South Street" and gave it to him to live in Beijing when he appeared before the court. When he collapses, the house will be confiscated.

There are also cases where small officials live in official houses. Lu Zhaolin's Preface to the Fu of Sick Pear Trees says: "Guiyou was old (in 673 AD, the fourth year of Xianheng, Tang Gaozong), and I was sick in the official house of Guangdefang, Chang 'an"; I heard from the old residents in the workshop that Princess Poyang lived here before, and so did the famous doctor Sun Simiao. It seems that there are other reasons for staying, or it is possible to stay as long as you pay the rent. According to Volume 8 of Chang 'an Annals, Chongren Square in North Street is close to Shangshu Provincial Electoral College (that is, the official department). Any official who takes part in the examination is in "the city has no first house, so stop and rest here (Square)". It is thought that there should be official houses for paying residence, so "it is noisy day and night, and the lights are endless", which is exactly the scene of the office dormitory.

in addition, some departments still retain the treatment that officials' families can live in the government compound, each with its own special reasons. For example, "The Story of the East View" said, "Story: Jing Zhaoyin is in private. Cui Ying left for Jing Zhaoyin, a prisoner who escaped from prison. When he went to Tang Xuanzong, he was ordered to build the residence of Jing Zhaoyin, and Jing Zhaoyin was not allowed to leave the house. " Another example is the Jixian Academy, which belongs to Zhongshu Province, and is similar to the nature of the central academic and cultural center. It has a group of senior bachelors, and has also built a comfortable residence for them (Southern New Book) to show respect for talents. For example, in institutions for discipline and justice, such as Yushitai and Dali Temple, officials concerned must also live in government offices to prevent cheating.

Miscellaneous use of furniture

It is not allowed to add houses without authorization. All furniture and miscellaneous things in the official residence are also provided by the authorities according to the identity of the residents. Taking the Chun 'an County Department of Ming Dynasty as an example, according to the Regulations of Hai Rui Ji Xing Ge, there are more than 2 pieces of furniture of 63 kinds in a magistrate's county, 6 kinds of county officials and master books, and only 19 kinds of classical history. During Hong Wushi's reign, an Zhen, a fellow knowledge in Huangzhou Prefecture, was reported to the inspection department by his subordinate officials for "building a public utility", and the inspection department reported to the central government. When Zhu Yuanzhang learned of it, he excused Anzhen, saying, "All the rooms and appliances are public, and if Anzhen moves to another official, she can't take them away" (Volume 4 of Allusions). According to this, you can use as much furniture as you are given, and it is against the system to buy it with public funds automatically. In addition, when an official is transferred or retired, all the miscellaneous furniture must be returned according to the list.

According to Ping Zhou Ke Tan, Wang Anshi retired after being awarded the post of jiangning house, and his wife Wu brought home a rattan bed in the official residence. A little while later, "the county officials came to ask for it, so don't dare to say anything", so they had to report to the master quietly. Wang Anshi knew that Mrs. Wu was "obsessed with cleanliness", but she was "not consistent with her" because of her untidiness, so she "tiptoed into bed and lay down for a long time. When Mrs. Wu saw it, she gave it back. " From this, it can be seen that when officials move out of public houses, they are not allowed to take away any public goods, which is also a rule of past dynasties. Even if you are a prime minister, you must not violate it.

because of the lack of special construction and maintenance funds and complete property management (in Kyoto, it is managed by departments of various ministries and departments, and in prefectures and counties, it is also managed by workshops), so in most cases, the conditions of government housing, including living facilities, are very poor, and it is usually necessary to overhaul it once every many years.