What is the culture of Gaoshan nationality like?

Gaoshan nationality is the general name of ethnic minorities in Taiwan Province Province, including Bunun, Rukai, paiwan, Peinan, Shao, Taiya, Yamei, Cao, Amei and Han.

The name "Gaoshan Ethnic Group" is a general term for all ethnic groups in Taiwan Province Province after China's victory in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in 1945.

In history, especially before the Ming Dynasty, there was no such name as Gaoshan nationality. The ethnic origin of Gaoshan nationality is multi-source, but it mainly comes from a branch of Guyue people in the southeast coast of Chinese mainland. After the Han people moved to Taiwan Province Province, the aborigines were divided into two parts: one part settled in the plain and merged with the Han people, and was called Pingpu people, including Xilaya 2 1 Society, Hong Anya 13 Society, Barboucha 9 Society, Bazehai 4 Society, Baboulaz 4 Society, Daokasi 6 Society, Kaidalan 28 Society and Kamalan 34 Society. The other part still lives in mountainous areas and is less influenced by the Han nationality. Up to now, it still retains the characteristics of aboriginal language, customs and habits. Nowadays, Gaoshan people refer to these ethnic minorities in general. 1954, 14 In March, the authorities of Taiwan Province Province stipulated that Gaoshan ethnic group included nine ethnic groups (Taiya, Bunong, Cao (renamed as Zou in 1998+065438+ 10), Paiwan, North South and Yamei. Most of these ethnic groups are distributed in the central mountainous areas and islands in the southeast, and a few are scattered in Fujian, Shanghai, Beijing, Wuhan and other places. The total population is about 400,000, and there are 2,909 scattered people in mainland China (1the fourth population census in 1990).

Gaoshan nationality has its own language, belonging to Indonesian language family in Austronesian language family. There are great differences in the internal languages of Gaoshan people, such as Amir, Atayal, Paiwan and Bunun. Don't have their own language. The Gaoshan compatriots living in Taiwan Province Province have their own unique culture and art, and their oral literature is rich, including myths, legends and folk songs.

Most Gaoshan people are engaged in agriculture, and a few are engaged in fishing and hunting. There are handicrafts such as carving and weaving.

For a long time, the Gaoshan and Han nationalities have resisted the invasion of foreign invaders and developed Taiwan Province Province. During the 50 years of Japanese imperialism's occupation of Taiwan Province Province, the resistance struggle was particularly fierce, among which the Wushe Uprising of 1930 was the largest. 1947 Participated in the "February 28th" Uprising dominated by the Han nationality.

Taboo women should not use knives and axes after pregnancy, and should not eat ape meat, bobcat meat, pangolin meat and miscellaneous fruits. A woman's loom can't be touched by a man.

Daily diet customs Gaoshan people live on cereals and potatoes. Except Yamei and Bunun, several other ethnic groups take rice as their daily staple food, supplemented by potatoes and miscellaneous grains. Yamei people living in Lan Yu live on taro, millet and fish, while Bunun people live on millet, corn and potatoes (locally called sweet potatoes). In the production method of staple food, most Gaoshan people like to cook rice or steam glutinous rice and corn flour into cakes and cakes. When the Bunun people are cooking staple food, they mash the small grains of rice in the pot into paste. People in paiwan like to roll up millet with banana leaves, mix it with peanuts and animal meat, steam it and eat it as a holiday delicacy, and take it with them when they go hunting. However, as a small point brought by hunting, salt and other salty seasonings are generally not added to the stuffing. When hunting in the mountains, Atayal people like to use bananas as stuffing, wrap them in glutinous rice, then wrap them in banana leaves, steam them and take them away. Paiwan people like to mix sweet potatoes, cajanus cajan, taro stalks, etc., and eat them when cooked. Yamei likes to mix rice or porridge with taro and sweet potato and cook it as a staple food. When going out to work or travel, dry taro or cooked sweet potato and glutinous rice products similar to zongzi are often used as dry food. When paiwan and other ethnic groups hunt, they only bring matches, not pots. First, they build stones, heat them with dry firewood, and then put taro, sweet potato and so on. Under the stone, cover it with sand and eat it after cooking. Alpine vegetables have a wide range of sources, most of which are planted and a small amount is collected. Common ones are pumpkin, leek, radish, cabbage, potato, beans, pepper, ginger and various wild vegetables. When Yamei eats mustard, first shovel the growing leaves, rub them with salt, and leave them for two or three days before eating. The mustard roots left in the ground continue to grow. Gaoshan people generally love to eat ginger, and some directly use ginger dipped in salt as a dish; Some are pickled with salt and pepper. The source of meat mainly depends on pigs, cows and chickens. Fishing and hunting are also a supplement to daily meat in many areas, especially the Gaoshan people who live in the mountains. Captured prey is almost the main source of daily meat. There are many wild animals in the mountains, such as wild boar, deer and monkeys. Paiwan doesn't eat dogs, snakes and cats. And the way to eat fish is also very unique. Generally, after catching fish, they take a slate and heat it on the spot. They bake the fish on the slate until it is 80% cooked, and sprinkle with salt to eat. Children in paiwan are not allowed to eat eels or even the heads of other fish, which is considered unlucky. When a-mei cooks meat dishes, she likes to cut the meat into pieces, insert bamboo sticks, cook it and put it in a big pot, and the whole family gathers around the pot. Everyone uses rattan baskets to hold rice, * * * uses a spoon to scoop vegetables, grabs rice in one hand and eats meat in the other. During the transplanting season, they like to catch small frogs in rice fields, take them home, wash them with clear water, cook them and eat them. Some ethnic groups, such as Ami and Atayal, also eat raw fish caught. They also like to peel the hunted millet, add salt and marinate it with half-cooked millet for several months. Pickled foods are usually preserved in several ways, such as pickling, drying in the sun and baking. Pickled pigs and fish for a year or two. Gaoshan people used to drink neither boiled water nor tea. Atayal people like to drink cold water soaked in ginger or pepper. It is said that this drink has the effect of treating abdominal pain. I used to hunt in the mountains and also had the habit of drinking animal blood. Both men and women are addicted to alcohol and generally drink their own brewed rice wine, such as millet wine, rice wine and potato wine.

Festivals, rituals, sacrifices and eating customs, Gaoshan people are generous and hospitable. I like to hold banquets and song and dance parties on festivals or festive days. Every festival, pigs and old cows should be slaughtered, and a banquet should be given to give wine. At the end of the year, Bunun people used the leaves of a plant that ate "Sinoe" and steamed them in glutinous rice for their families to enjoy, to celebrate. The most representative foods of Gaoshan banquet guests are cakes and bazan made of various glutinous rice. It can be used not only as a holiday snack, but also as a sacrifice. And cooked glutinous rice to entertain guests. There are many sacrificial activities of Gaoshan people, including ancestor worship, valley worship, mountain worship, hunting worship, wedding worship and harvest worship, among which Paiwan people's five-year sacrifice is the most grand. At that time, besides banquet offerings, there will be various cultural and sports activities. Wedding and banquet scenes are very rich and spectacular, especially a lot of wine should be prepared. At that time, participants drank a lot of alcohol and had the custom of staying drunk. On the day of "Harvest Festival", the clansmen took an altar of wine to the scene, danced around the bonfire, ate and drank, and celebrated the annual labor harvest. People in paiwan often use wooden and beautifully carved mugs on celebration days, and they drink side by side to show their intimacy. If you have guests, you must kill the chicken and treat them. Bunun people leave drumsticks when entertaining guests, and they walk with them when they leave, which means eating drumsticks makes them walk more powerfully. Lu Kairen is good at baking taro with stones as stoves. Baked taro is crisp outside and soft inside, which is easy to carry and often brought to guests to eat on the road. When paiwan got married, he ground the millet into powder, mixed it with water to make a paste, wrapped it in fish and shrimp (the shrimp showed its tail), kneaded it into balls the size of eggs, put it in a boiling pot, cooked it and took it out.

Typical food Gaoshan nationality, ten nationalities have their own unique foods, among which the typical foods are: bacon, the way of storing meat by Atayal and Amir of Gaoshan nationality, among which Atayal pickled monkey meat, Amir pickled venison and wild pork are unique; Miscellaneous liquor is a kind of rice wine brewed by Paiwan people and Bunong people of Gaoshan nationality.

Introduction to Gaoshan Ethnic Group Gaoshan Ethnic Group is a general term for ethnic minorities in Taiwan Province Province, including Bunun, Rukai, paiwan, Beinan, Shao, Atayal, Yamei, Cao, Amei and Han.

Bunun people

Bunong (Bunong means "human" in alpine language) is one of the ethnic groups of Gaoshan nationality. It has a population of more than 30,000 and lives in 60 villages. Originally living in the high mountain area north of Yushan Mountain and west of the Central Mountain Range, he moved to Taitung and Kaohsiung. Now he mainly lives in Renai, Xinyi Township in Nantou County, Sanmin Township in Kaohsiung County, Taoyuan, Maolin Township, Haiduan Township in Taitung County, Yanping Township, Guanshan Town, Wanrong Township in Hualien County, Zhuoxi Township and Yuli Town. The total ethnic group is divided into three small groups: the northern Bunun nationality is distributed in the western foot of the central mountain range; Zhongbunong people are distributed in Kaohsiung County. Nanbunong people are scattered in Hualien, Taitung. Weaving, basket weaving, tanning and pottery making are relatively developed. Social life is a patriarchal system. After marriage, the wife follows her husband, the children follow her father, and the woman has a certain position in the family.

Rukai people

Rukai people are a group of Gaoshan people. With a population of more than 6,300 people, they live in 20 villages, which are distributed in the mountainous areas south of Alishan and Xinshan and north of Dawushan, including the Zhuoshui River and Ailiao River in the upper reaches of Gaoping River and the Dananxi River basin east of the central mountains. It belongs to Pingtung County, Wutai County, Maolin County in Kaohsiung County and the north and south of Taitung County, with Wutai Township being the most concentrated. The living habits of Lu Kai people are the same as those of paiwan. They live in stone houses and are famous for their pottery pots, beads, sculptures and tattoos. Classes have emerged in social life. Only one spouse is allowed in each generation, and the power is inherited by the oldest male. Side burial and straight limb burial were adopted after death. Language and culture are greatly influenced by Bunun people.

Paiwan people

Paiwan people are a group of Gaoshan people. The population is about 55,000, living in 160 villages. I used to live in the foothills, but later I moved to the mountains. Its distribution area starts from Dawushan in the north, reaches Hengchun in the south, starts from Ailiao and Fangliao in the west, and reaches the triangle south of Dali in the east. They are scattered in Sandi, Majia, Wu Tai, Lion, Chunri, Lion and Peony in Pingtung County and Jin Feng, Daren, Damali and Dawu in Taitung County. Paiwan people are divided into Paiwan and Tarot Tarot. The former lives in the middle of the distribution area of this ethnic group and has strong national characteristics. It is bounded by the central mountain range and divided into two small ethnic groups: Dongben. The latter lives on the east coast and is also divided into two small ethnic groups: the East Coast and Barila Leo. Nationalities are divided into civilians, nobles and other classes. Middle-aged children inherit power. Handicraft industry is relatively developed.

Beinan people

North and South are a group of Gaoshan people. The population is about 7,000, living in 8 villages. Legend has it that this clan originated from Banatu near Taitung and was once the owner of Taitung Plain. They are mainly distributed in the coastal areas south of Beinanxi and north of Zhiben, and live in towns and villages such as Beinan, Jin Feng and Daren in Taitung County. In the past, Rukai and Paiwan were listed as one ethnic group, and 1954 was confirmed as an independent ethnic group. Family rights are inherited by the eldest daughter, and family life is biased towards the mother.

Shaoren

Shao people are one of the Gaoshan ethnic groups and live in the Sun Moon Lake area of Nantou County. Some people think it is a part of Cao people, others classify it as a member of Bunong people, and others classify it as a branch of Pingpu people, but its language, customs and habits are unique, so it is considered as an independent nation.

Atayal people

Atayal is one of the Gaoshan ethnic groups. With a population of more than 64,000, accounting for 23.5% of the total population of Gaoshan nationality, it is the second largest ethnic group of Gaoshan nationality. Living in 120 village. Originally living in the western plains of Taiwan, I gradually moved to the mountainous areas under the pressure of the environment, mainly distributed in the northern half of Taiwan Province Province, such as Wulai Township in Taipei County, Fuxing Township in Taoyuan County, Jianshi Township, Wufeng Township in Hsinchu County, Taian Township in Miaoli County, Heping Township in Taichung County, Renai Township in Nantou County, Xinyi Township in Hualien County, Lin Xiu Township, Datong Township and Nan 'ao Township in Yilan County. This nation is divided into two sub-nations: Atayal and Sedek. The Atayal people are divided into Western Jewellery Group, Da (Shan+Ke) Group (Shan+Kan) Group, Hu Da Group and Xikailike Group. Sedkia is also divided into two communities, the east and the west. This nation has the custom of whale face and tattoo. Men are good at hunting, women are good at spinning and live by their husbands.

Yameiren

Yamei is a ethnic group of Gaoshan nationality. It has a population of 2,500 and lives in six villages. Distributed in the coastal area of Lan Yu Island in Taitung County, it is the only fishing and hunting group of Gaoshan nationality. The language is almost the same as that of Bataan Island residents in the northern Philippines. Agriculture is mainly based on the cultivation of taro, and its technology is famous for making pottery, shipbuilding and silver. The nuclear family dominates social life. This ethnic group loves peace and has no habit of headhunting.

Cao Ren (renamed Zou Ren in1998165438+10)

Cao people are a group of Gaoshan people. It has a population of more than 3,000 and lives in 12 villages. Originally distributed in the area from Daxi to Daanxi in Taoyuan, it later settled in Wufeng Township of Hsinchu County, Nanzhuang and Shitan Township of Miaoli County. The ethnic group is divided into two small ethnic groups, namely northern Xia Sai and southern Xia Sai. Within the ethnic group, people live with their fathers, and wives live with their husbands, unchanged from generation to generation, and limited to different spouses in the same generation. Dwarf sacrifices are held every two years.

Ameren

Ami (Ami means "north", which is what Ami southerners call northerners) is one of the ethnic groups of Gaoshan. Gaoshan nationality has the largest population, about 6.5438+0.2 million. It was originally distributed near Xiuguluan Xikou and Hengchun at the north and south ends of the longitudinal valley plain in eastern Taiwan Province Province, and then moved to the east of Hualien County and the northeast of Taitung County along the eastern longitudinal valley and coastline, including Taitung County 1 1 township and Hualien County 12 township. According to language, customs and regional differences, it can be roughly divided into four parts: northern, central, southern Ami and coastal Ami.

Xia Sai people.

Xia Sai people are a group of Gaoshan people. Gaoshan nationality has the smallest population, about 1075. Their ancestors moved from Dabajian Mountain to the flat land around Hu Da and Miaoli, and then gradually moved to the mountainous areas around Alishan and Wufeng Mountain in the southwest of Taiya settlement, belonging to Wufeng Township, Hsinchu County.