How did Australia develop from an early criminal exile to a developed country?

When it comes to Australia, many people think that it is a country made up of exiles, and all the people there are descendants of criminals. In fact, what is the real establishment and development of Australia? Criminals are free, so they are also excellent and self-respecting people. What enables these people to build a great country is not tangible natural resources, but intangible freedom system.

Australia was once a British colony, mainly used to exile British criminals. This matter is well known. A place used to exile prisoners eventually became a developed and rich country. How did it change? Australia has never invaded and plundered other countries, nor has it any economic foundation-before the arrival of the colonists, it was basically a primitive society. Of course, Australia is rich in natural resources, but so are many developing countries. Why can't they be as developed and rich as Australia?

Although it was a British colony, it was Australia that first arrived in Europe? Not English, but Dutch. /kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, under the command of the Dutch East India Company, a Dutch expedition ship came here to look for gold and discovered this land in Australia. Australia means "Southern Continent". In the next few decades, other Dutch people came here.

Although the Dutch discovered this continent, they thought it was a desolate and barren land with no gold and no development value. The Dutch basically abandoned this continent without further investigation or occupation. Moreover, the Dutch description of this continent made Europeans no longer interested in it for a long time. The first wave of colonization had nothing to do with Australia.

After the Dutch, the British came here. At that time, the British were competing with the French all over the world. The two countries are at war with each other in many places. In North America, the French were defeated by the British and lost a lot of colonies. The French began to speed up their exploration in the Pacific Ocean. Seeing the actions of the French, the British also stepped up their pace. 1768, Captain Cook led an expedition ship and set sail for the South Pacific.

Among the people led by Captain Cook, several people later played an important role in the history of Australia. Captain Cook himself played the greatest role and was called "the father of Australia".

Captain Cook's credit lies in his description of Australia as fertile soil, which overthrew the pessimism of the Dutch. Moreover, his conclusion is based on a large number of field visits, with detailed records and high credibility.

Shortly after Captain Cook's inspection, North America went to war. The British have always had the habit of sending criminals overseas. Before the independence of the United States, North America was the main place for Britain to exile criminals. Americans are very dissatisfied with this practice and hate it, but there is no way. Britain is a sovereign country, and she has the final say.

The United States did this first after independence, and no longer accepted criminals from Britain. The British have no choice but to get a batch of abandoned boats on the Thames to hold criminals. Over time, more and more criminals have become overcrowded. It is said that there are at most100000 people. Society is getting more and more uneasy. Tens of thousands of murderers are locked up in abandoned boats on the river not far away, which is really not at ease.

The British government began to worry about finding a solution to this problem. At this time, a man who participated in Captain Cook's expedition suggested that criminals could be sent to distant Australia. The British government hesitated for a moment. Decided to try other directions first.

First, I planned to sell criminals to plantations in the southern United States, but I failed to sell them. Later, it was suggested that criminals should be sent to Gambia in southwest Africa. I tried to send a batch, but I couldn't. The weather was so bad that most of the people who sent it died. What used to be exile has now become the death penalty. Lawmakers attacked the cruelty of the government. The government was speechless. At this time, someone thought of Australia again. Another participant in Cook's expedition wrote a letter to Secretary of State Sydney, advocating the development of this colony in Australia.

Yes, this is Sydney, and the name of that city is taken from his name. The Secretary of State read the letter and attached great importance to it. He studied it and made a decision, that is, Australia, to send criminals there.

Of course, Secretary of State Sydney did not anticipate Australia's bright future. He intends to do this only because, in his view, it is more economical to regard Australia as a criminal exile.

1787, the first ship carrying criminals left Britain for Australia. At the beginning of the second year, I arrived in Australia. I landed in Sydney today and gave this place this name.

The British side did not pay special attention to this voyage. The people on board are basically just criminals and guards, and there are not many technicians. When they landed, they found that the situation was not as easy as originally thought. They needed a lot of construction, but they couldn't find anyone who could work. As a result, everyone was in trouble. How to feed these people?

Criminals are often idlers, and few people can become craftsmen. Moreover, without strict supervision, these people are unwilling to work. Building a house takes time and energy. Permanent camp 18 months? It was built later. Because they don't know technology, the crops they grow are very poor and there is not enough food at all. For a long time, the food of these people who go to Australia will be transported from Britain to places thousands of miles away. Away from the ocean, once there is a problem with the transport ship, the British in Australia will immediately face the danger of starvation.

1790 was a hard year. Food had to be distributed and a large number of people were sent to nearby islands to make a living. When these people get there, they still can't eat. Fortunately, there were many seagulls, so I killed them to satisfy my hunger.

This situation is a headache for the Australian Governor-General and the British Government. It was thought that sending criminals to Australia could save money, but as a result, the colony could not stand on its own feet for a long time and always relied on Britain to support itself. Is it 1800 already? It cost the British government 654.38 million pounds. In Britain, it costs more to settle accounts than to imprison criminals. It seems that some changes must be made. British politicians have never been ashamed to talk about interests. On the contrary, they always make the calculation of interests clear. It is normal for the British to change their policies because they are uneconomical.

The Australian governor told the British government that it seemed that criminals could do nothing serious, and we had to find a way to recruit some freemen. After several requests, the government finally sent 50 free farmers. With their technical support, agriculture has indeed been greatly improved, with thousands of acres of land opened and the output increased a lot. Seeing that the policy of attracting freemen was so effective, the governor decided to promote this policy and formulate more preferential policies to attract people to Australia.

Having said that, we can see the importance of the legal system for local development. At the beginning, Britain only regarded Australia as an overseas prison, with a deep degree of vertical management and a strong militarization of management. The colonial authorities have no right to make any laws. Nevertheless, the British government still gave the governor the power to issue orders on the governance of the colonies. This law actually became the local law of the colony. In other words, the Governor has considerable legislative power.

Under this authorization, the Governor transplanted or revised the laws of Britain and gradually established a quasi-legal system suitable for local conditions in Australia. The policy of attracting freemen is part of this legal system.

The policy of attracting freemen has gradually attracted some British people. These people believe that in this distant continent, there is a good opportunity to open up their own new life. In the famous novel david copperfield, there is a plot in which the British turn to Australia to explore a new life. Obviously, at that time, going to Australia no longer meant only exile and hardship, but also opportunities and a bright future.

1806, Bly became the new governor of Australia. The new official was grumpy, rude and autocratic, which aroused the dissatisfaction of the colonial people. 1808, some officers staged a coup and arrested Governor Bly. This incident was called "January coup". The coup in January made the British government feel the need to strengthen Australia's autonomy. First of all, Australia should set up an advisory legislature.

I can't help but sigh the good luck of Australia. In the same coup, perhaps only Britain can conclude that autonomy must be strengthened, not control. Even today, how many countries can reach Britain's political wisdom in this regard?

1823, Britain promulgated the New South Wales Act, which gave Australia the power to make laws and established the corresponding legislature. "1823 Act" is a turning point in Australia's development. From then on, Australia was no longer just an overseas prison, but became a highly autonomous colony like other parts of the British Empire.

Perhaps it is precisely because of the British government's enlightened policy towards Australia that the relationship between Australia and its home country has been very harmonious and even somewhat dependent. When other white colonies sought independence, Australia did nothing. Even by the British government to promote Australia's autonomy.

With the improvement of Australia's autonomy, they are no longer the harsh place of militarized management, and gradually have a set of legal systems from Britain to adapt to the industrial revolution. When the legal system is established, economic development will come naturally.

Many people set the starting point of Australia's economic development as1the large-scale sheep raising that began at the beginning of the 9th century. It seems so. There was a great demand for wool in British industry at that time. Some people tried to introduce sheep into Australia for breeding and achieved great success. This has attracted the attention of many entrepreneurs. More and more people began to invest in animal husbandry in Australia. In this way, not only ordinary people come to Australia, but also some big capitalists choose to immigrate here. This has greatly promoted the development of Australia.

However, don't think that the key to economic development is sheep or grassland. The key to economic development is seemingly invisible laws and systems. There are many good pastures in the world. Good grass and sheep alone are not enough to build a developed industry. We can't see the role of the legal system, only the rapid development of the economy, which just shows that the legal system has played an excellent role behind it. Unfortunately, people often think that the more important factors are those natural conditions.

With the development of animal husbandry, all aspects of Australian society have gradually developed. /kloc-After the 1920s, Sydney has completely become a developed metropolis. In Australia, people can already enjoy the same standard of living as in Britain-maybe better.

Prosperous Australia is not the product of a person, an organization or the British government's deliberate design. No one can even foresee that Australia will develop into a developed society. From exile to rich countries, it looks amazing, even incredible, but it is not vigorous. And those who want to catch up with each other vigorously often fail in the opposite direction.