What exactly do you mean by a trip to Kanto?

The trip to Kanto specifically refers to Jilin, Liaoning and Heilongjiang provinces. Because the three northeastern provinces are located in the east of Shanhaiguan, it is named.

Pass, refers to Shanhaiguan. The gate of Shanhaiguan, separated by a pass, defines the land outside Shanhaiguan and the Central Plains. However, from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China for hundreds of years, Shandong people who left their homes began to venture eastward. The so-called Kanto refers to Jilin, Liaoning and Heilongjiang provinces. Because the three northeastern provinces are located in the east of Shanhaiguan, it is named. The number and scale of people who broke through the Kanto River can be regarded as one of the largest population movements in human history. But the biggest difference from the migration of Sophora japonica in Hongdong is that the migration of Hongdong is an official act, and the invasion of Kanto is spontaneous by the people.

Braving the Guandong, why is it?

The word "Chuang" highlights the hardships of this route. The Qing court took the northeast as the "land of Longxing", fearing that a large number of Han people in Shanhaiguan would harm the interests of flag-bearers and destroy the Manchu customs and order. In the seventh year of Kangxi (1668), the policy of banning was implemented, and then the measures became more and more severe, from partial ban to comprehensive ban, from customs clearance to expulsion of refugees. Although the ban is getting more and more severe, it can't completely prevent people from entering the northeast. Due to the increasing pressure of life and the continuous natural famine, more and more farmers from Shandong and Hebei provinces sneaked across the ocean to Liaodong, or crossed the Great Wall to western Liaoning privately and flocked to the sleeping northeast Woye. These immigrants were all carried out under the conditions of the forbidden policy of the Qing court, so they were called "eastward crossing".

Why do you want to go to Guangdong?

Breaking through the Kanto is a tragic history and an immigration feat. In essence, Shandong people's crusade to the East is a spontaneous, overwhelming and tragic survival movement of poor farmers who are dying. From the starting point, on the one hand, there are natural disasters, drought, water, hail, insect disasters and epidemics. On the one hand, there are man-made disasters, such as the Second Opium War, Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Nian Army, the Black Flag Army, the Boxer Rebellion and so on. , sweeping across the provinces of North China. The direct Anhui war, the two direct Anhui wars and the melee between the old and new warlords year after year, the war disaster spread to the provinces in North China. Frequent military disasters and banditry increasingly aggravate the burden of land rent, tax, poor service and extra sharing. More and more bankrupt farmers, victims and refugees have to go to the northeast to escape and take refuge.

From the perspective of immigrants, the social productive forces in Northeast China are relatively backward, most of the land has not been reclaimed, and North China is vast and sparsely populated. In Shandong and other places, it has a long history of "going east". Some immigrants send money to their hometown, some bring property back to their hometown for the New Year, and some get rich and get married. These have stimulated more people to make a living outside the customs. In some villages in Jiaodong, almost every household has "going to Kanto", and even the young people in the village who don't go to Kanto are regarded as worthless by the villagers, and the custom of "going to Kanto" has gradually formed. Therefore, in North China, especially in Jiaodong, Shandong Province and Jidong, Hebei Province, when the labor force is slightly abundant, or when encountering natural or man-made disasters, the first thing that comes to mind is to bring family members or gather friends and relatives to flock to Kanto to make a living.

The difficulty of crossing the border

Japanese Obuchi Hiranaga recorded a real historical picture in 1899's Travel Notes of Manchuria: On the way from Fengtian to Xingjing, I saw my husband pushing a wheelbarrow, a woman sitting on it, a child crying and falling asleep, my husband pushing behind, my brother pulling in front, the old man leaning on a stick and the girl leaning on it. On the way, my husband scolded the little woman, and my mother called her. Teams always enter Tonghua, Huairen, Hailong City and Chaoyang Town, opposite each other. From Fengtian to Jilin, Shandong immigrants slept all the way. Despite the ban, thousands of bankrupt farmers risked their lives to "rush" into the northeast.

Who is going through this journey?

At the end of Qing Dynasty, Russia invaded the northeast of China, followed by Japan. The two countries are competing to expand their power in the northeast, build railways and plunder resources, which requires a lot of labor and forces North China to go bankrupt. Outside the customs, most farmers immigrated from North China, especially from Shandong and Hebei provinces. Dengzhou, Laizhou and Qingzhou in Jiaodong, Shandong, Baoding and Luanzhou in Hebei, and the Beijing-Tianjin area, with convenient roads and the custom of "crossing the Kanto", are the main transport areas for immigrants. Later, Henan province, the hardest hit area, relied on developed railways, and a considerable number of farmers fled to the northeast.

Taking the railway construction in the Middle East at that time as an example, The History of Northeast Development quoted Toshiyama Dono as saying: "China coolies are like a collection of ants, and Shandong, which is supplied with labor, took the opportunity to transport countless laborers out of Tamen. It is no exaggeration to say that Zhongdong Road, which is more than 1500 miles, was completed by Shandong coolies. "

How many people broke in?

According to statistics, in 192 1 year, only 209,000 people immigrated to the northeast, which increased to 567,000 in 1926, and then the number of immigrants soared, reaching10 in 1927 and 1028. That is, from 192 1 to 10 in130, nearly 6180,000 people went to the northeast to make a living. Some scholars estimate that the number of immigrants (including descendants) has reached140 thousand, with an average annual population of nearly 300 thousand. Some experts believe that before the 1930s, there were about 400,000 to 500,000 people going to the Northeast from Hebei, Shandong and Henan every year, and in many years it exceeded one million.

Northeasters and Shandong people

For the vast majority of Shandong immigrants, the three eastern provinces are nothing more than the expansion of Shandong Province. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, the door of Shanhaiguan, which was left unlocked, was opened and the tide of refugees surged. People are the carriers of culture and information, and the flow of people is actually the flow of culture. The large-scale advance of Central Plains culture to kanto region is actually a plane transplant of Central Plains culture. No matter in language, religious belief, customs, family system, ethics and economic behavior, there are similarities between North China and Northeast China. The most important thing is that the members of the immigrant society in the three northeastern provinces have no different ideas from the cultural matrix. "

It is said that the popular tide has broken the limitations between regions, promoted the dissemination, exchange, integration and complementarity of social economy and culture, contributed to the improvement of population quality, and promoted the coordination and unification of social economy and culture, the exchange of goods, the complementarity of resources and the integration of cultural customs in Northeast China and Shanhaiguan.