Basic knowledge of classical Chinese: synonyms (3)

Words with the same or similar meaning are called synonyms. There are many synonyms in classical Chinese. Say "synonymous", in fact, they are often not the same, or slightly different in meaning, or different in usage.

It is necessary to master some common words as much as possible when reading classical Chinese. However, only by understanding the subtle differences between synonyms can we really master these words. There are some words with different meanings, but they are related. The following words in each group have the same, similar or related meanings:

8. Migration, migration, migration; Worship, belittle, blame and condemn

"Migration" means migration and movement, such as "migration and moving mountains". "Migration" also refers to migration and movement and is synonymous with "migration". The difference is that "moving" and "moving" not only indicate the movement of people or things, but also often indicate the change of official positions. There is a difference between "moving" and "moving", which means the change of official position: "moving an official" means promotion, and "moving an official" means horizontal transfer or demotion. "Move" is also used to derogate, but that usually means "move to the left" (the ancients respected the right and despised the left).

"Move" means promotion, which is easily confused with "worship". In fact, "worship" and "relocation" are different: "relocation" is to be promoted from a lower-level official to a higher-level official, and "worship" is to grant a certain official title. The Biography of Zhang Hengchuan in the Later Han Dynasty: "Andy heard about the skill of Hengshan Mountain (Han Andi often heard that Zhang Heng was good at math), the skill of bus (invited by bus), worshiping the doctor, and moving back to the Taishi order." From being an official to being a doctor, worship is useful, and from being a doctor to being an official, moving is useful. The difference between worship and touching is very obvious.

"Migration" means demotion, which is easily confused with "demotion, censure and reprimand". In fact, "demotion", "demotion" and "expulsion" all have their specific meanings, which are different from "migration": "demotion" refers to the demotion and demotion of officials, such as "another example of the demotion of Sima in Yongzhou" (Han Yu: epitaph of Liu Zihou); "Chen" is degraded and released, such as "Chen lives in Xunyang City, and his illness is also" (Bai Juyi: Pipaxing); "Refuse" means refuse, no need. For example, Liu Zongyuan's "On Feudalism" said: "Admire without Taoism, and refuse it later."

9. Road, road, painting (road), path, path, bridge, and strangers

"Road, Road, Tu (Tu)" is the main road, which can be opened to traffic: "Road" accommodates three tracks, "Road" accommodates two tracks, and "Tu (Tu)" accommodates one track.

The "path" is not open to traffic, but a path: the "path" is a straight and closed path (now there is a disyllabic word "shortcut"), and the "path" is a path that has been trampled by people. "Peach and plum alone have become a road without words" ("Wen Xin Diao Long Cai Qing") well illustrates how this road was formed.

"Money and Mo" refers to the path in the field, with "money" in the north and south and "Mo" in the east and west. "Qian, Mo" also refers to the general road, such as "crossing the strange road" (Cao Cao: "short Song Xing"), which means "coming from afar".

10. Go, step, act, accelerate, go, run and die.

The original meaning of "behavior" is road, which is extended to walk and walk, and the step "behavior and tendency" has become synonymous. The difference between the two is that "walking" refers to walking in a general sense, such as "walking above the king"-walking in front of the king; "Step" means walking slowly, such as "a step of self-improvement"-but you barely walk around; Apprentice emphasizes not relying on any means of transportation, such as "leaving the car apprentice" in Zhouyi Benjing; "potential" refers to small steps, such as "advance, slow down"

"Walking" and "running" are not "walking" in the modern sense, but running, running desperately, running desperately. In Liu Zongyuan's Snake Catcher, it is said that "people of all ages are fighting for running" and "running away" are synonyms. "Ben" also refers to fleeing to other countries for refuge, such as Zhong Er, the son of the Jin Dynasty, who was in trouble and "Ben Di". In this sense, "running" is different from "walking" ("walking" has no such meaning), but is synonymous with "death".

"Death" is escape, and it also refers to fleeing for refuge. Biographies of Qu Yuan in Historical Records: "The angry king refused to listen, but died and returned to Zhao", and "died and returned to Zhao" means "fled to Zhao".

1 1. Go, die, go, go, go, go, yes, yes, yes and yes.

Both "go" and "die" mean to leave, but "die" means "never to return", which is different from "go". Going, going and going is also leaving the original place, but it is different from going and dying: going to Qi (leaving Qi State) and dying; There is no destination for going and dying, but going, going and going must have a clear destination. For example, I plan to go to Taohuayuan happily, and I went to Dongshan. I went to Dongshan to explore, and the destination of "go, go, go" was very clear.

"Go", "Long" and "Go" are synonyms, but there are also differences: "Long" and "Go" can take an object, the word "Go" can't, "I long for Dongshan" can't say "I want to go to Dongshan"; Moreover, "going" is not a general "going", but often refers to running towards danger.

"Know, be like, and be willing" means "to (somewhere)" rather than a general departure. In this sense, there is no difference between "knowledge, Confucianism and Shu", and "Zhao Zhi" can also be said to be "Confucianism, Zhao and Zhao Shu".

"Yi" means going to the elders, which is different from the previous words. For example, "two officials are bound together, and one is loyal to the monarch" and "righteous, so to speak".

12. Look, look, look down, look, look, look, look, look.

There are many words in classical Chinese that express the action of "seeing". "Look" means to look at it in general, while "look" means to look at it from a distance. Argument on Cao Gui by Zuo Zhuan: "Look from the bottom, look from the top", and the difference between "look" and "look" is very clear.

Seeing is seeing, which is different from seeing, so we can say "turning a blind eye". "Looking" and "looking" are also looking into the distance, but they are different from "looking": the object of "looking" is generally scenery, such as "looking up"; "Looking ahead and looking back" means being far-sighted, and later generations have the disyllabic word "looking forward and looking back".

"Inspection, inspection and inspection" are all close-range, but they also have their own characteristics: "Inspection" is a close-range with a purpose, and "inspection" is observation and understanding, such as "observing autumn" (idiom); "Xiang" is a kind of review and appraisal, such as "reading from the book" (idiom). In addition, "stand up" means to look sideways, "show" means to show people, "look back" means to look back, and so on.

To be continued.

There are novels, essays, poems, historical allusions, China traditional culture and writing techniques.

There are many contents in my official WeChat account (idle reading and hard reading). This platform does not have all the contents, but WeChat official account is the most comprehensive. You can find it by searching for "idle reading, hard reading" in WeChat!

This number is a platform for spreading and inheriting pure literature, advocating reading pure literature and rejecting cool novels on the Internet! We also don't advocate listening to books. Chinese characters are abstruse and obscure. Can you understand them only by "listening"?