What are the main manifestations of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty?

"Modernization" and "Great Unification" Measures of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

Politics: weakening relative power and strengthening imperial power; Weaken the power of princes and kings,

? Strengthen centralization; Strengthen the central supervision power.

Economy: unify the casting of five baht and strengthen the central economic power.

Thought: "Dismiss a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone", and set up imperial academy.

Managing the frontier: in the west, Zhang Qian made two missions to the western regions; in the south

? Department, with Huiji County and Nanhai Nine Counties; Jinglve southwest

? Easy; It is located in western Sichuan and northern Guizhou, Yunnan.

? Magistrate.

Politics: In politics, Zhu's suggestion was adopted and the "Enzhi" was promulgated, which weakened the power of enfeoffment of vassal states in the early Han Dynasty and strengthened the supervision system. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also made innovations, including the right to receive photos, the establishment of secretariat, the establishment of a clean government system and other major reforms and innovations. This legal tradition became the basic paradigm of China's imperial system in the next two thousand years. ?

Military and foreign friendship: militarily, it is mainly to concentrate military forces and enrich the central military forces; Reform the military system. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were sent to attack the Huns, which made the northern border counties stable, and Zhang Qian was sent to the western regions, which opened up the land supply channel connecting the western regions and even Central Asia in the northwest frontier.

Economy: in the economic aspect, we should pay more attention to agriculture than commerce, rectify our finances, issue "accounting" and "warning" orders, levy a merchant asset tax, and vigorously crack down on profiteers; Sang Hongyang suggested that iron smelting and salt boiling should be taken back from the official camp, and counties and States should be prohibited from casting money, and five baht should be cast in a unified way; The establishment of leveling officials and loss-sharing officials, as well as the government's management of transportation and trade, have greatly enhanced the country's economic strength. At the same time, building water conservancy projects, emigrating to the northwest and implementing the "land substitution law" are conducive to the development of agricultural production. Another important measure in the economy was to unify the currency at that time.

Thought: Ideologically, Dong Zhongshu's suggestion was adopted, and Confucianism became the dominant thought in China society, vigorously promoted Confucianism, and established imperial academy in Chang 'an. Confucianism became the orthodox thought of China's feudal rule, which lasted for more than two thousand years and had a far-reaching impact on the politics, society and culture of China in later generations.

Personnel: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also attached great importance to the development of talents. He established an inspection and evaluation system, which is the origin of China's systematic talent selection system and has a great influence on later generations.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty conducted the first population statistics in human history.

Significance: The Western Han Dynasty entered its heyday, which was also the first heyday of China's feudal era. ?

Diplomatic relations

Launch a war against the Huns.

On the one hand, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ended the pro-Xiongnu policy since the Battle of Mayi in 133 and began to formally declare war on Xiongnu. Li Guang, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were sent to conquer the Xiongnu, relieve the Xiongnu threat, recover the Hetao and Hexi Corridor, expand the territory of the western regions, put the Xiongnu in a passive position, and ensure the economic and cultural development of the north. ?

Send Zhang Qian to the Western Regions.

While waging war against Xiongnu, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions, which opened up the famous Silk Road, further strengthened its ties with the Western Regions and developed economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West.

Use troops to the northeast and south to expand the territory.

In Northeast China, the territory of the Han Empire was basically formed by sending troops to destroy Wei's Korea (present-day Korea) and establishing four counties of Le Lang, Xuantu, Lintun and Fan Zhen.

At the same time, Yelang and Nanyue regimes in the south were attached to the Han Dynasty, and seven counties were established in the southwest, the southernmost of which surpassed Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam today, which also made today's Guangdong and Guangxi regions return to Chinese territory after the Qin Dynasty.

What are the consequences?

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty used troops to crusade against Xiongnu and the Western Regions for years, and because of his profligacy in meditation and worship of gods and immortals, he aggravated the corvee and increased taxes, which led to a large number of peasants going bankrupt and exiled. In the second year of Tian Han (the first 99 years), peasant uprisings of different scales broke out in Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao and Nanyang. However, the attack on Xiongnu made Xiongnu unable to resist the Western Han government and ensured the security of the northern border counties and even the whole country.

What are the historical achievements of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty?

First, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty implemented some political systems to strengthen centralization, which consolidated the unity and development of the Western Han Dynasty. ?

When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty first ascended the throne, his grandmother Dou Taihou held the power. In 135 BC, Dou Taihou died, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty began to hold all power in his own hands to show his political ambitions. He first attacked the consort Tian, the prime minister, and then strengthened the position of the minister who sent and received documents around him, making the prime minister a nominal position. Since then, Zhongshu and Shangshu have become the central institutions that give orders. ?

In order to strengthen centralization and thoroughly solve the problems of vassal States, he ordered the kings of vassal States not to pass on the fiefs only to the eldest son who succeeded to the throne, but also to set aside some of them for other sons, and they were not unified. As a result, the land of the vassal States is getting smaller and smaller, and their strength is getting weaker and weaker, so they can't compete with the central authorities. This is a clever move by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. ?

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also strengthened the original supervision system and established a new system of selecting officials. He adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, ordered each county and township to honor one person's loyalty every year, and adopted the method of "writing a letter on the bus" so that officials and people could write a letter to the emperor and suggest state affairs. If the opinion meets the requirements of governing the country, it will be awarded an official position according to the author's specialty. ?

Second, in order to strengthen and consolidate his rule, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", which consolidated the unity and centralization of the country and had a long-term impact on later history. ?

Dong Zhongshu believes that the emperor manages the people according to God's will, and God has given him the power to rule the people, which can never be violated. This statement just catered to the wishes of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, who regarded this thought as a tool for ruling ideology and maintaining the feudal system. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took the exam, he did not take other schools of thought, but only took the exam of Confucian scholars. Therefore, if you want to be an official, you have to accept Confucianism, and scholars have become Confucian scholars. ?

Third, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to crusade against the Huns, which made the regime of the Western Han Dynasty more consolidated and the country more unified, and created extremely favorable conditions for the economic and cultural development of the Western Han Dynasty. ?

From 133 BC to 1 19 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent troops to carry out many large-scale battles with the Xiongnu, and finally won an all-round victory over the Xiongnu, which fully reflected his great talent and excellent military command ability. In the process of fighting against Xiongnu, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also enriched the frontier defense and developed production through a large number of immigrants. ?

Fourthly, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions twice, which strengthened the economic and cultural exchanges between the Han Dynasty and the West. ?

In BC 138, Zhang Qian, a famous and great explorer in the history of China, was ordered by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to go to the Western Regions, with the purpose of uniting with the Dayue family to defend and attack the Xiongnu forces. In BC 1 19, Zhang Qian was ordered to go to the Western Regions for the second time. Subsequently, countries in Central Asia and the Western Regions often visited and traded in Chang 'an in the name of tribute. The personnel and trade exchanges between China and the countries in the Western Regions lasted for more than 1000 years, starting from the Western Han Dynasty, passing through the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and finally reaching the Tang Dynasty. ?

Fifth, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty opened up the southern and southwestern territories, which made the Yue ethnic group, the southwest ethnic groups and the Han nationality better integrated. ?

After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty assigned the three tribes of the Yue nationality to the Han Dynasty, they moved to the Yangtze River, Huaihe River, South China Sea and other places, and lived together with the Han nationality for a long time, and gradually merged with each other, forming a "great unification" situation that has not been completed since the pre-Qin period. In the process of developing southwest China, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty spread iron tools and high Han culture to these areas, which more or less broke the occlusion of these areas and promoted the development of local economy and culture. ?

Sixth, vigorously build water conservancy and develop agricultural production. ?

During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Cao Canal, Bai Canal and Longshou Canal were built, and six auxiliary canals were opened next to Zheng Guoqu, which was opened in the Qin Dynasty, to irrigate highlands. In BC 109, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty recruited tens of thousands of soldiers to block the breach of the Yellow River. After this operation, there has been no major flood in the lower Yellow River for about 80 years. ?

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also vigorously promoted reclamation and other major measures to develop agriculture. He also vigorously promoted the method of replacing cultivated land and new farm tools, which greatly promoted the development of agriculture.

At the beginning of Liang Wudi's accession to the throne, on the one hand, the political situation was relatively stable, and the national economic situation was quite good. On the other hand, the separatist factors of vassal States still exist, and the potential threat is not small. Therefore, while continuing to implement various policies of Jingdi, he adopted a series of measures to strengthen centralization.

Politics: In politics, Zhu's suggestion was adopted and an "Enzhi" was promulgated, which weakened the power of vassal states that were enfeoffed in the early Han Dynasty, strengthened centralization and strengthened the supervision system. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also made innovations, including the right to receive photos, the establishment of secretariat, the establishment of a clean government system and other major reforms and innovations. This legal tradition became the basic paradigm of China's imperial system in the next two thousand years. ?

Military: militarily, it is mainly to concentrate military forces and enrich the central military forces; Reform the military system. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were sent to attack the Huns, which made the northern border counties stable, and Zhang Qian was sent to the western regions, which opened up the land supply channel connecting the western regions and even Central Asia in the northwest frontier.

Economy: in the economic aspect, we should pay more attention to agriculture than commerce, rectify our finances, issue "accounting" and "warning" orders, levy a merchant asset tax, and vigorously crack down on profiteers; Sang Hongyang suggested that iron smelting and salt boiling should be taken back to the official camp, and it is forbidden to cast money in counties and States, and five baht money should be cast in a unified way; The establishment of leveling officials and loss-sharing officials, as well as the government's management of transportation and trade, have greatly enhanced the country's economic strength. At the same time, building water conservancy projects, emigrating to the northwest and implementing the "land substitution law" are conducive to the development of agricultural production. Another important measure in the economy was to unify the currency at that time.

Thought: Ideologically, Dong Zhongshu's suggestion was adopted, and Confucianism became the dominant thought in China society, vigorously promoted Confucianism, and established imperial academy in Chang 'an. Confucianism became the orthodox thought of China's feudal rule, which lasted for more than two thousand years and had a far-reaching impact on the politics, society and culture of China in later generations. But it also has disadvantages, that is, it is not conducive to the development of ideological diversification.

Personnel: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also attached great importance to the development of talents. He established an inspection and evaluation system, which is the origin of China's systematic talent selection system and has a great influence on later generations.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty conducted the first population statistics in human history.

Significance: The Western Han Dynasty entered its heyday, which was also the first heyday of China's feudal era.

Diplomatic relations

Launch a war against the Huns

On the one hand, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ended the pro-Xiongnu policy since the Battle of Mayi in 133 and began to formally declare war on Xiongnu. Li Guang, Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were sent to conquer the Xiongnu, relieve the Xiongnu threat, recover the Hetao and Hexi Corridor, expand the territory of the western regions, put the Xiongnu in a passive position, and ensure the economic and cultural development of the north. ?

Send Zhang Qian to the Western Regions.

While waging war against Xiongnu, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions, which opened up the famous Silk Road, further strengthened its ties with the Western Regions and developed economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West.

Use troops to the northeast and south to expand the territory.

Portrait of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty? In Northeast China, the territory of the Han Empire was basically formed by sending troops to destroy Wei's Korea (present-day Korea) and establishing four counties of Le Lang, Xuantu, Lintun and Fan Zhen.

At the same time, Yelang and Nanyue regimes in the south were attached to the Han Dynasty, and seven counties were established in the southwest, the southernmost of which surpassed Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam today, which also made today's Guangdong and Guangxi regions return to Chinese territory after the Qin Dynasty.