Where did the Han nationality who lived in Yunnan in ancient times mainly migrate from?

On the Origin of Han Nationality in Yunnan

Author: Su Lianchang

Wood has its roots, and water has its sources. Man is an advanced sentient animal in the universe, the soul of all things, and should have the source of ancestors. In order to trace the ancestors of the Han nationality in central Yunnan, many people who like to study the origin of the Han nationality have told me recently that their ancestral home is Liushuwan, Gaoshikan, Yingtianfu, Nanjing. In order to find out the truth and historical facts, it is necessary to further understand the specific origin of the Han nationality in Yunnan. So I deliberately looked up a lot of information and carefully researched it.

Regarding the question of whether there is a Liuwan in Nanjing, according to Maitreya Buddha Liu, Anning Zhu, Yiqun, Song Ming Li Tianfu, Nanjian Jinfa and other people who discussed the migration history of the Han nationality in our province, they wrote to Nanjing to inquire about this matter. An inquiry letter was published in the second issue of Nanjing History 1984, and the answers were publicly solicited. Later, in the fourth and fifth issues, they published textual research articles by two teachers, Zhang Zhengxiang and Ji Min.

In the fourth issue of Historical Records of Nanjing (1984), Mr. Zhang Zhengxiang said in the article "Examination of Willow Bay": "Willow Bay in the Ming Dynasty is generally located in the present Guanghuamen, in the area of Biaoying and Lan Qi Street in the southeast of Wulongqiao on the east side of Yudao Street". "The name of Liushuwan, in addition to the annals of Nanjing Douchayuan and some local chronicles, only one physical data is left. The stone tablet that dredged ditches in the forty years of Wanli (AD 16 12) provided a reliable basis for our archaeological investigation of the official site of the Ming Dynasty in Liushuwan. " The "Willow Bay" written on the stone tablet is the southern end of today's Lan Qi Street, and the "Gaoshikan" is the area of today's Shimenkan (that is, the moat area in the southeast corner of the Ming Palace Museum). At the beginning of the Ming dynasty, there were defenders living there. At that time, Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, was too busy consolidating the dominant position of the Central Plains to take care of Yunnan, and he also looked down upon Yunnan ideologically. I believe that national reunification is the general trend. As long as the north is stable, Yunnan is not worth mentioning. As long as you send envoys to lobby and know where the stakes are, you can please them. So he sent two ministers, Wang Taboo and Wu Yun, to Yunnan to surrender. As everyone knows, Yunnan, far away from the Central Plains, was still under the control of Wang Liang and local toast in the Yuan Dynasty, and did not buy Zhu Yuanzhang's account at all. Not only did they not want to impress, but they also killed Wang taboo and Wu Yun. So he was angry with Zhu Yuanzhang: "Yunnan has been a barbarian in the southwest since ancient times. I was an official in the Han Dynasty, and I belong to China. The remnants of today's yuan are constantly striving for self-improvement and have far-reaching influence. Send special envoys to summon metaphors. If you get hurt, your guilt will be hidden and you will be asked. " In addition, after more than ten years of operation, its dominant position in the Central Plains has been basically established. Therefore, in the 14th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (AD 138 1 September), Zhu Yuanzhang, the great ancestor of the Ming Dynasty, appointed Fu Youde as the general of conquering the south, with Aquamarine and Mu Ying as the left and right lieutenants, and personally deployed and mobilized 300,000 troops to set out from Nanjing to crusade against Yunnan. From it: Mu Ying and others set out from Liushu Bay in Gaoshikan, and Zhu Yuanzhang personally went to Shimonoseki to bid farewell. After conquering Yunnan, Fu Youde and Aquamarine returned to Korea in the 16th year of Hongwu (namely 1383), and Zhu Yuanzhang became the first person to study Muying, so he ordered Mushi to defend Yunnan.

In view of the fact that Yunnan is located in the frontier and developed late, and at that time, ethnic minorities other than the Han nationality were concentrated and numerous, with closed traffic and little contact with the mainland, making it a "wild" place isolated from the world. In order to promote the development of Yunnan's frontier and consolidate it, Mu Shiying took three measures: First, he changed the original local official system into a floating official system to strengthen his rule; The second is to implement the system of wasteland reclamation, that is, to set aside a large area of land for the Ming army to cultivate in order to prepare for military supplies; The third is to return to Nanjing and recruit three groups of military families and craftsmen to move to Yunnan to teach technology, reclaim wasteland and build water conservancy projects. In the 22nd year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (AD 1389), Mu Ying went to Nanjing for pilgrimage and was ordered to return to the city, taking 250,000 people from Jiangnan and Jiangxi into Yunnan. In the 23rd year (AD 1390), 800,000 people from Huguang and Jiangnan moved to Yunnan. From 25 to 31 years (i.e. 1392 to 1398), Mu Chun, son of Mu Ying, moved to Nanjing, and another 300,000 people entered Yunnan. During this period, in the twenty-first year of Hongwu (namely 1388), Ma also led 33,000 troops of Xi 'an Yulin Army into Yunnan (the author's hometown originally belonged to Midu and returned to Nanjian). According to Midu County Records (Volume 8), "My Mi people are purely Han Chinese and live in groups. After Fu, Mu and Lan settled in Yunnan, they established a farming system to make a large area of land fertile, and most of them are here. " Among those who settled in Yunnan or retired after the implementation of the "military camp", many village names in Midu, Nanjian and other places still bear traces of guarding the wasteland, reflecting the historical fact that Han people moved to the area from other provinces in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Moreover, Liushuwan is not only a forbidden area in front of the imperial city, but also the seat of the central government, so it is possible to move the residents who used to live here to Yunnan. In the later period of Hongwu, many central organs were set up in Liushuwan, and it was inevitable for officials to "guard the town". This is the "root" of many Han people in Yunnan today.

Ji Min wrote in the article "Gaoshikan and Liushuwan have been preliminarily identified" in the fifth issue of Nanjing History (1984): "When we visited Gaoshikan, we found a big stone tablet in front of the ruins of the Ming Palace, and an inscription helped us solve this problem. The inscription reads: "The king's important task is to look at the circulation ditches. Except for the large and small ditches under the Thirteen Gates, in the east of Hongwugang, from Guanshou Xiabei to Dongbei Military Forces Company's Xiabei Biaoying, Liushuwan, Wang Guan Temple, Tai Hospital and other places, the ditches in the west were not allowed to flow down, so despite dredging, the water was still blocked. Near the pool outside the water gate of East Chang 'an Gate, a careful look reveals a ditch and hole, which is indecent. Dig silt in the hole, enter the hole for processing, and go straight to the back of Zongren House. From then on, the head of the Ministry of Industry, the head of the East Military Forces Company, the head of the Bay, the head of the Temple and the head of the Tai Hospital instantly flowed into the downstream pool of the East Chang 'anmen in case of heavy rain ... and then entered the water gate of the East Chang 'anmen from the west of the pool, and went out of the West Chang 'anmen from the west of Wulong Bridge to the rivers of Baichuan Bridge and Dazhong Bridge, which made Gu Hongwu's yamen and residents in Dong Gang, large and small, unable to get floods for forty years ... This inscription, first, explains the name of Liushuwan. The second is that it is near the edge of a ditch. So, where is Liushuwan in the ditch? Judging from the appraisal, it is consistent with the location of Shimenkan and Lan Qi Street today. It is also a fact that the original Gaoshikan is now Shimenkan.

To sum up, most of the Han people in Yunnan said that their ancestors belonged to Liushuwan people in Shimenkan, Yingtianfu, Nanjing. This is not entirely correct. There are not so many descendants of Liushuwan people in Yunnan. The "Gaoshikan" circulated by Yunnan people is a slip of the tongue of "Shimenkan"; Liushuwan, once, is now a hard-to-find, densely populated, high-rise downtown, and even Nanjing people don't know much about it. Although Nanjing was the location of the military camp during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, it was also the focus of the Ming army's expedition to Yunnan. However, in this period, apart from a few Nanjing people, their ancestral homes were in Sichuan, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Anhui, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Huguang and other places. If readers have a more comprehensive understanding of this historical material, I sincerely hope that it can be corrected and enriched.

The third is to return to Nanjing and recruit three groups of military families and craftsmen to move to Yunnan to teach technology, reclaim wasteland and build water conservancy projects. In the 22nd year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (AD 1389), Mu Ying went to Nanjing for pilgrimage and was ordered to return to the city, taking 250,000 people from Jiangnan and Jiangxi into Yunnan. In the 23rd year (AD 1390), 800,000 people from Huguang and Jiangnan moved to Yunnan. From 25 to 31 years (i.e. 1392 to 1398), Mu Chun, son of Mu Ying, moved to Nanjing, and another 300,000 people entered Yunnan.