Ask the Tibetan areas in Sui and Tang Dynasties.

After Sui and Tang Dynasties, Tubo gradually unified Tibet.

Outward expansion and migration, including the migration of Tubo in northwest China.

Immigration plays an important role and has a certain influence.

A notable feature of Tubo migration is migration and its military nature.

Activities are closely related. Since the early Tang dynasty, Tubo has been

Northwest expansion. In the twelfth year of Zhenguan (638), Tubo.

If you attack Tuguhun, you will break the Tangut and the Qiang departments of Prynne.

Two hundred thousand people were stationed in the west of Songzhou and lived in Gaoshuo for three years (663).

Tuguhun, Tuguhun Khan Yibo was forced to move to Hexi.

Dry seal for two years (667), Zhu Qiang 12 countries broke. The first year of Yifeng.

In 676, the Tubo army entered the capital (the capital of today, including

Nieshui River basin), Guo (governing the northern part of Jianzha in Qinghai today), He (governing prescription)

Today, Gannan in Gansu Province, southeast of Diebu) States, and put some Tubo.

Tribes moved here, and lived together with Qiang, dangxiang and other ethnic groups here, and were established.

The political dominance of Tubo here. ( 1)

In the first year of longevity of Wuhou (692), the leader of Tubo changed hands.

Su led the Tubo Guichuan Department to join the Tang Dynasty and was released after being captured.

Another minister is responsible for handsome and strong, with 8 thousand attached, and he is willing to buy it.

Several states near Sue.

During the period of Wu Zetian, the Tang government strengthened its support for Tubo.

This attack, coupled with the Tibetan civil strife, forced the Tubo to slow down the speed of crossing the river.

It invaded Longyou in the west and retreated under the attack of the Tang Dynasty.

In the second year of Kaiyuan (7 14), Tibetan troops invaded Lintiao.

The army (now Ledu) attacked Lanzhou and Weizhou (now Longxi County, Gansu Province)

Southeast), Tang Jun defeated Tubo in Weizhou, and Tubo retreated to fetch water.

To the west, in the 16th year of Kaiyuan (728), the Tang Dynasty broke Tubo.

At the entrance of Qilian Mountain in Hexi, the Tubo in Hexi retreated to the southern foot of Qilian Mountain.

Chiling (now Sun Moon Mountain and Laji Mountain in Qinghai) was used in the later Tang Dynasty.

In the world, the two sides did not invade each other and maintained a friendly relationship for quite some time.

Good relationship.

After the Anshi Rebellion broke out, it defended Hexi, Longyou and the Western Regions.

Tang moved to the East, and Tubo took advantage of the situation and successively captured the tyrant (now

Northwest of Han County, Sichuan), V 1K (now Mianxian County, Gansu Province), Qin (now Qin 'an)

Northwest of the county), Cheng (now west of Longxi County), Wei (now east of Longxi County),

Lan (now Lanzhou), He (now northeast of Linxia County) and Da Luo (now near Linxia)

Tan County), Du (now Ledu County, Qinghai Province) and other states, the enemy is in Guanzhong area.

"From Fengxiang (now Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province) to the west, it is divided into G states.

North, all belong to the leftist society. "Jianzhong four years (783), Tang.

In Qingshui and Tubo, a grand ceremony was held to delimit

The boundary between the two sides stipulates that "Zhou Jingxi to Zhengdanxia (now

The source of the path), west of Longzhou to Qingshui County (now Qingshui, Gansu Province)

County). Fengzhou West to Tonggu County (now Chengxian County, Gansu Province) ... East.

Jiangguoshou Town in Han Dynasty was located in Lanzhou, Wei and Yuan (now Guyuan, Ningxia).

Will (now Jingyuan County, Gansu Province), west to Lintao, east to Chengzhou.

..... "Wei" ② So Hexi, Longyou and Guannei Road are west.

The Ministry was ruled by Tubo.

In the winter of 783, the fourth year of Jianzhong, Yuan Jing appointed Yao Ling as the ambassador to Vietnam.

Yan led a mutiny in Chang 'an, relying on the power of Tubo.

Quantity to quell the rebellion, Tubo to quell the rebellion and "no"

On the grounds of appreciating "③", he entered China, Yanzhou, Zhou Xia,

Lingzhou was occupied by Tubo again. In the second year of Changqing, Tang and Tubo were there again.

Chang 'an and Lhasa formed an alliance to restore friendly relations.

After the Tubo occupied the Dragon Region, they stationed troops there.

200,000, most of these troops are from mainland Tibet.

Tribes, they are both military and political organizations and production orders.

A according to the Tubo system, "when you start your business, you will find a luxurious room full of slaves."

From, usually scattered in farming and grazing ",(4) therefore, Tubo is in military conquest.

This process is often accompanied by national migration and settlement, new levy.

The service area has become a living and nomadic area for Tubo people. (5)

"Every expedition of the Tubo army with tribes as the unit is real.

The world is the migration of a nation. "6. There is much grass.

Yuanzhou is a nomadic land of Tubo, where he grazes every winter and spring.

Summer is "Qinghai animal husbandry". All landowners livable for eleven years (857

Now the heart is on the river, and Wei's tribe spread to the Tang Dynasty and moved to.

He was appointed as the emissary of Dahe River and Weihe River, and nomadic in Dahe River and Weihe River.

There are also many Tubo people in Hexi area. The general is good at strengthening the spleen.

The headquarters has been nomadic in Duzhou for four years (850 years).

Afraid of the defeat of another Tibetan army led by the heat, in addition to extension.

Huaiguang Shoudu Zhou, "Shuai Department has more than 3,000 people.

State West ". After that, the Ministry of Heat was afraid that it could not stand its cruelty.

During the reign of Emperor Jianwen, many people were still scattered in the Tibetan Department of Kuozhou and other places.

Drop, or drop in Tuoba Huaiguangzhou.

Shazhou was originally the land of the Tang Dynasty and was the general of the Tang Dynasty in the second year of Zhong Jian (78 1).

Yan surrendered to Tubo. In the second year (848), Zhang Yichao.

Arise and crusade against Tubo and expel the Tubo rulers from Hexi.

Corridor. Tibetan officials at all levels in Gansu have returned.

In the Tang Dynasty, a large number of Tibetan tribes remained in Gansu.

According to the literature, except the Tang people, Zhang Yichao joined the army.

There are also many local Hu people and Tubo people living outside.

And the people of all ethnic groups in Xizhou and Ganzhou who returned from the magpie, even among the leaders.

And Tubo people. In the first year of Kaicheng (863), Zhang Yichao

It is said that "since you are a fan, 7,000 Han soldiers recovered Liangzhou". It's enough to attend this.

It proves that there is a lot of spit in Hexi area besides Tibetan army.

Ordinary people, and Zhang Yichao can command the Tubo uprising.

The military flag shows that these Tubo people have migrated here for a long time.

I know this better. They probably migrated from the Tubo headquarters.

Here it is.

By the end of the Tang Dynasty, Tubo was still widely distributed in Helong area. Tubo

After the collapse of the dynasty, the Tubo army originally stationed in this area and

Unable to return, the embedded tribe joined the local Han people and Tangut people.

Such as mixed, in-situ agricultural and animal husbandry reproduction. History of Song Dynasty, Volume 492.

"Tubo Biography" said: "At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the land of melon and sand was divided. however

Moreover, its country is relatively weak and its ethnic groups are scattered, ranging from thousands to thousands.

Hundreds of people, there is no unity. Self-instrument (now Huating, Gansu)

County), Wei (now Pingliang, Gansu), Jing (now Jingchuan County, Gansu),

Yuan (now Zhenyuan, Gansu), Huan (now Huanxian, Gansu) and Qing (now Gansu)

Su Qingyang) and (now Guyuan County, Ningxia), and Yu.

Spirit, summer has it, each has its own master, and those who belong to it are called familiar households.

It is called the birth family. Although Liangzhou is separated, its land is self-grazing.

Or ask China and North Korea for orders. "

According to some scholars' research, by the end of the Tang Dynasty, Tibetan tribes

The main immigrants live in five major areas: First, Tibet along the Shaanxi border.

Residential area; Second, the far army and the four States of Henan, Hebei, Lanzhou and Huizhou.

Tubo residential area; The third is Nie, Zheng, Guo and the western part of Qinghai.

Residential area; The fourth is to accumulate Shi Jun and the five states of picking, sleeping, overlapping, rock and walking.

Tubo residential area in Henan; Fifth, it includes Liang Ling, Liangzhou and rivers.

Hexi residential area in Hexi Corridor. @

In addition, a large number of Tubo people migrated to the western regions.

After Tubo attacked Tuyuhun, he stayed in Tang Gaozong for three years.

(670) sent troops to attack the western regions, forcing the Tang Dynasty to stop Qiuci.

ICI, Shule four towns. Later, Tang and Tubo were in the Western Regions.

There have been many wars, and each time there have been wins and losses. Tianbao fifteen years (757

Tubo took advantage of the "An Shi Rebellion" and captured Shibao City (now

Xining city, Qinghai province), enterprising towns of Longyou and Hexi in Tang Dynasty.

In the sixth year of Zhenyuan in Tang Dezong (790), Tubo attacked the North Court, and later

In the four towns of Dezhou and Anxi, Tubo finally occupied and controlled it.

The western regions east of Congling. During Tibet's occupation of the Western Regions.

Many Tubo people have migrated to the western regions, such as the Tubo regime.

Combine the tunes of more than a dozen thousands of tribes belonging to Tibet.

In Yuwen, Tibetan wood 1t found here since modern times.

There are many letters sent to Shen Shanbao, many of which are counterproductive.

It reflects that Tubo people have settled here for a long time.

Precautions:

① Yang Jianxin: A History of Ethnic Minorities in Northwest China, published by Ningxia People's Publishing House.

She 1987 edition, 3 12 pages.

② ③ History as a Mirror Volume 228,232.

④ The Book of the New Tang Dynasty (Volume 2 16).

⑤ History of Chinese Immigrants (Volume III) edited by Ge, published by Fujian People's Publishing House.

Press 1997, page 67.

⑥ Shi Shuo: The History of the Development of Tibetan Civilization in the East, Sichuan People's Publishing House.

1994, page 109.

All landowners "the whole tang dynasty" volume 369 (chengyuan county).

⑧ ⑨ ⑩ See Note ② of Volumes 249, 249 and 250.

⑧ Tang Kaijian: The distribution of Tibetan tribes in Gan Qing during the Song and Jin Dynasties,

China Tibetology No.4, 1989.

⑩ Quoted from Yuan Zuliang: A Study on the Ethnic Population in the Ancient Frontier Areas of China,

Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House, 1999, p. 18 1.

Attending Xue Pingshuan: Historical Population Geography of Shaanxi, People's Publishing House, 200 1.

Version, page 4 1 1.

Attending Zhou Weizhou: "On the trend of ethnic integration in northwest China during the Sui and Tang Dynasties and

Features, Journal of Northwest University, No.3, 1990.

Attending Huang Wenhuan: Catalogue and Postscript of Tubo Scriptures in Hexi, published in the world.

World Religious Studies,No. 1, 1982.