History of Israel's development? introduce

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Division of Israel and Distribution of Major Cities

Israel is the birthplace of the world's major religions Judaism, Islam and Christianity. The distant ancestor of the Jews was the Hebrews, a branch of the ancient Semitic people. Hebrews, that is, ancient Jews, Jews and Arabs all recognized Abraham as their ancestor. In modern human genetics, the DNA of Jews and Arabs is closer than that of other races.

Israel originally refers to a nation rather than a place name, and the earliest record can be found in BC 12 1 1. In the past 3000 years of history, Jews regarded Israel as the core of their national and spiritual life, calling it "holy land" or "promised land". Israel has a special meaning in Judaism, including temple relics and related religious ceremonies, which are the important foundation of modern Jewish tradition.

Israel means "wrestler with God", which comes from the Bible. Jacob, the ancestor of the Jews, wrestled with God (angel) and won. God (angel) changed Jacob's name to Israel. Jacob gave birth to twelve tribes.

Jacob led his descendants to Egypt and lived there for 430 years. He left Egypt around BC 1450 (BC15th century) and moved back to Canaan (present-day Palestine).

In 1 1 century BC, the United Kingdom of Israel was founded. King Solomon, the son of David, split into two countries in the 10 century BC, namely, the kingdom of Israel, which is composed of ten tribes in the north, and the kingdom of Judah, which was inherited by David's descendants in the south.

In 722 BC and 586 BC, the two kingdoms were conquered by Assyrians and destroyed by Babylonians respectively. Most Jews were captured in the two river basins and did not return in batches until the Persian Empire.

In 332 BC, Alexander the Great conquered this area, and later Israel became the place where Seleucid and Ptolemy dynasties competed.

From 167 BC to 63 BC, Israel was ruled by the Magabites. Later, the Romans Pompeii occupied Palestine, incorporated Israel into Syrian provinces, and fostered Herod's family as the acting government. At the end of the first century BC, Herod expanded Jerusalem.

From 66 to 70 AD, due to the atrocities of the Romans, a large-scale Jewish uprising broke out and was brutally suppressed by the Roman army many times. Jerusalem was destroyed again, and Jews were driven out of their homes and scattered around the world. A large-scale uprising broke out in A.D. 132 and was suppressed again by the Roman army. (See entry: Jewish War)

In 638 AD, Muslims seized control of the region from the Byzantine Empire, and then several Muslim countries ruled the region, and Arabs became the main residents of the region. Later, it was conquered by Umayyad Dynasty, Abbasi Dynasty, Varamozi Dynasty and Mongolian Empire respectively, ruled by Mamluk from 1260 to 15 16, and became a province of Ottoman Empire in 15 17.

After the rule of Assyria, Babylon, Persia, Greece, Rome, Byzantium and other ancient countries, Jews gradually declined and were expelled in this area, scattered around the world, and even there were traces of synagogues in Kaifeng, China. Messina and Talmud, the two most important Jewish classics, were also written in this period.

The wave of Jewish return

/kloc-there were several small waves of return in the 0/8th century. 1878, the first large Jewish farm colony appeared in petatikva. Jews bought land from the Ottoman Empire and Arabs and settled there. With the increase of Jewish residents, their relationship with Arabs is becoming increasingly tense.

From 65438 to 0896, theodor herzl, a Jewish journalist from the Austro-Hungarian Empire in Central Europe, launched the Zionist Movement (also known as the "Zionist Movement"), calling on Jews all over the world to return to their homes and restore their way of life.

1897 On August 29th, in Basel, Switzerland, he convened the first "World Zionist Congress", which decided to establish "a homeland (or country) recognized by the public and guaranteed by law". The Jewish National Fund and the Palestinian Land Development Corporation were established to help Jews from all over the world immigrate to Palestine.

Eilat, Israel's only Red Sea tourist city.

The development of Zionism promoted the second wave of return (1904 ~ 19 14), and about 40,000 Jews returned to China to settle down.

19 17 when Britain occupied Palestine, Foreign Minister Belfo issued the Balfour Declaration: "Your Majesty's government is in favor of the establishment of a Jewish nation-state in Palestine and will do its utmost to promote its realization".

After World War I, Jews set off the third and fourth waves of return.

From 65438 to 0920, the League of Nations entrusted Britain with jurisdiction over Palestine.

1922, Britain divided the trusteeship into two parts: the east (now Jordan) was inhabited by Arabs and the west by Jews.

In a Palestinian uprising that broke out in 1929, Arabs killed 133 Jews. 1922, the league of nations adopted the British "mandate rule" over Palestine, stipulating the establishment of a "Jewish national home" in Palestine. Later, Jews from all over the world moved to Palestine in large numbers. Then there were several riots in 1936 ~ 1939.

In response, Britain issued a white paper in 1939, limiting the number of Jewish immigrants to 75,000 and restricting Jews from buying land. This white paper is regarded by many Jews and Zionists as a betrayal of Jews and a violation of the Balfour Declaration. Arabs didn't stop there, they wanted to stop Jewish immigration completely. From 65438 to 0933, the Nazis came to power in Germany and set off the fifth wave of Jewish return.

1940, Jews accounted for 30% of the total local residents. Later, the Jewish Holocaust in Europe further promoted the return of Jews.

From 1944 to 1948, more than 200,000 Jews came to Palestine through various channels. After World War II, Palestine has 600,000 Jewish residents.

Israel's revival

Netanya, an Israeli Mediterranean city.

Since the end of 19, the number of Jewish immigrants has been increasing steadily. Influenced by the Holocaust in World War II, the idea of Jewish revival has gained more and more international support. 1947, in view of the escalating violence between Jews and Arabs and the frustration of peace efforts, the British government decided to leave the Palestinian trust territory.

The United Nations established the "Special Committee on Palestine", and in 10, the United Nations General Assembly voted "1947 United Nations partition plan", with 33 countries in favor (including the United States and the former Soviet Union), 13 countries against, 10 countries abstained and passed the resolution:

1947165438+1October 29th, the day when the United Nations adopted the partition plan, David Ben-Gurion accepted the plan, but it was flatly rejected by the Arab League. The top leader of the Arab League Committee ordered a three-day violent attack on Jewish civilians in Israel, attacking buildings, shops and residential areas, and then the underground militia forces of Jewish organizations fought back. These struggles quickly spread to large-scale conflicts, which led to the Israeli war of independence of 1948.

1948 On May 4, the day before the end of the British trusteeship period, the State of Israel was formally declared, which was Israel's national day.

In the national election of1949 65438+1October 25th, 85% of eligible voters voted, and then the first parliament with 120 seats was convened. Two people who led the founding of Israel became the leaders of this country, and David Ben-Gurion, the leader of Jewish institutions, was elected as the first prime minister. Chaim weizmann, the leader of the world Zionist organization, was elected as the first president by Parliament.

1949 On May 1 1 day, Israel won the seat of the United Nations and became the 59th Member State.