On the origin and development of Russian.

The Russian nation is a member of the Slavic nation. Slavs have a short history of using written language. Slavs have long lived under the slavery and incitement of foreigners in history. In English, "Slavs" and "slaves" are the same root, but it also creates Slavs' unique calmness and melancholy.

Perseverance is fully reflected in Russian music.

The early use of hieroglyphs by Slavs was directly influenced by Greek characters and Latin characters, кирилл (Cyrillic English and Chinese kirill, 826-869) and мел.

Also known as "kirill alphabet" or "Serik alphabet"), the Cyrillic alphabet at that time was different from the Cyrillic alphabet used now in numbers and shapes, and finally formed today's Cyrillic alphabet after several evolutions.

There are two kinds of scripts used by Slavs today: Latin alphabet and Cyrillic alphabet. The most representative is "Serbian-Croatian", which is originally the same language. Serbs use Cyrillic letters and Croats use Latin letters. Due to traditional and emotional factors, Slavs today use Cyrillic letters to represent pro-Russian factions and Latin letters to represent pro-Western factions. When Russians can't use Cyrillic letters for input, they have to use Latin letters.

For power transmission and communication software that does not support Cyrillic alphabet, the Russian on telex is Latin alphabet, such as Konsignacija Zapchastjej (консигнация).

запчастей)。 In fact, there is no need for Russia to cling to the Cyrillic alphabet. After all, Latinization is the development direction of language, which is easy to use and spread to the world.

Russia also imposed the Cyrillic alphabet on others, creating various languages of Cyrillic Mongolia and Cyrillic Turkey. There is a people in Turkey who are descendants of Han ancestors in Ningxia and Gansu. The Soviet Union helped them to design the Cyrillic language called дунган (Donggan language), which is probably the only phonetic dialect in the world.

At this point, the leaders of the Soviet Union and Russia are not as good as Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong initiated the New Chinese Character Movement, established the Chinese Character Reform Committee, and formulated Latin Chinese characters. At that time, he suggested that citizens use bilingualism when writing letters, so as to get used to and transition. Unfortunately, because there are four tones in Chinese, there are too many homophones, and more importantly, it is difficult to change habits, and finally it has not been realized, so new characters have been created.

It replaced the old-fashioned Pinyin and became the scheme of Chinese Pinyin. Even so, the Latinized Chinese Pinyin provides a lot of convenience for us and our international friends to learn Chinese. By the way, the main reason why Chinese was not latinized in the end was habit. British BBC's Chinese textbooks are all pinyin, and there are no Chinese characters, but its European students can have oral communication with China people, but they just don't understand why there are so many locative words in China's surnames: "Shang", "Xia", "Qian" and "Hou".

geographical distribution

Russian is one of the official languages of the United Nations and Russia. It is one of the official languages of ethnic minorities recognized by People's Republic of China (PRC). Until 19 17, Russian was the only official language of the Russian Empire. However, during the Soviet period, every member and country had its own official language, and Russian became the language of the Russian Empire. 199 1 year later, an independent country encouraged its mother tongue, thus reversing the dominant position of Russian, although its role as a national communication has not changed.

In Latvia, there are more than one third of the Russian population, mainly immigrants from Russia and the former Soviet Union before the two world wars. The use of Russian in class is still controversial. In Estonia, Soviet-era immigrants and their descendants account for about a quarter of the country's current population.

In Lithuania, the Russian-speaking population accounts for less than one tenth of the total population. However, about 80% of the population in the Baltic region can talk in basic Russian. In Finland, once a part of Russia, there are still several Russian-speaking communities.

In the 20th century, Russian was widely used in schools in Warsaw Pact countries, including Poland, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Albania. However, the younger generation is usually not fluent because Russian is no longer used in schools. In addition, influenced by the Soviet Union, some Asian countries such as Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia and Mongolia still teach Russian. Russian is still used as a lingua franca in several tribes in Afghanistan.

In Israel, at least 750,000 Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Union use it (1999 population survey). Israeli news, websites and publications often use Russian.

In North America, there is a considerable Russian-speaking community, especially in urban areas of the United States and Canada, such as new york, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Toronto, Miami, Chicago and Richmond Heights in the suburb of Cleveland. The Russian population in new york and Los Angeles alone is estimated to be 500,000. They publish their own newspapers and live in self-sufficient areas (especially immigrants who started in the 1960s).

According to the 2000 US Census, Russian is spoken by 1.50% of the population in the United States, which is about 4.2 million people, ranking 10th among American languages.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, there have been many Russian-speaking immigrants in Western Europe. There are 3 million Russian-speaking communities in Germany, Britain, Spain, France, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Brazil and Turkey.

official language

Russian is the official language of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, the internationally unrecognized Transnistrian Republic, South Ossetia and Abkhazia. It is also one of the six official languages of the United Nations. In Russia and the former Soviet Union, teaching in Russian is a common choice for people whose mother tongue or second language is Russian.

Although the Russian population accounts for 78% in Russia, Belarus 10%, Kazakhstan/26%, Ukraine 17%, Kyrgyzstan/9%, Moldova/6%, Azerbaijan/2%, Georgia 1.5%, and Armenia and Tajikistan1. It accounts for 75% in Belarus, 465,438+0% in Kazakhstan, 25% in Ukraine, 265,438+0% in Kyrgyzstan, 7% in Moldova, 7% in Azerbaijan, 5% in Georgia and 2% in Armenia and Tajikistan.

Unless the government tries to reduce the number of subjects taught in Russian, Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania still teach in Russian.

believe

Main entry: Russian alphabet

The Russian writing system uses the revised Cyrillic alphabet. * * * has 33 letters. There is a difference between printing and handwriting. There are vowels and consonants. Consonants are divided into unvoiced consonants (vocal cords do not vibrate) and voiced consonants (vocal cords vibrate). In addition, Russian consonants can also be divided into soft consonants and hard consonants, and their pronunciation actions are basically the same. The main difference is that when making soft consonants, the middle of the tongue needs to be raised to the upper jaw.

The following is a Russian alphabet, which lists all the letters and the case of their letter names.

Аа

а Бб

бэ Вв

вэ Гг

гэ Дд

дэ Ее

йэ Ёё

йо Жж

жэ Зз

зэ Ии

и Йй

short

Кк

ка Лл

эль Мм

эм Нн

эн Оо

о Пп

пэ Рр

эр Сс

эс Тт

тэ Уу

у Фф

эф

Хх

ха Цц

цэ Чч

че Шш

ша Щщ

ща ъ

Hard tone symbol ыы

ы ь

Light tone symbol ээ

э Юю

йу Яя

йа

pronounce

Russian phonetic system originated from Slavic language family, but it has undergone great changes in its early history, and it took shape around 1400.

It has five vowels, which are written into different letters according to whether the preceding consonant is voiced (hard voiced). Typical consonants appear in pairs: ordinary and jaw. Traditionally called hard consonants and soft consonants. Hard consonants are usually soft-jawed, especially before the last vowel, although in some dialects, jawed is limited to hard /l/. Standard Russian is based on St. Petersburg dialect, with strong accent and moderate tone sandhi. Stressed vowels are a little elongated, while unstressed vowels tend to be reduced to closed vowels or fuzzy vowels/? /。 In Russian, the initials and finals of a syllable can contain up to four consonants, so the syllable structure will be very complicated. Expressed by the following formula (V stands for vowel and C stands for consonant): (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) V (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c) (c).

grammar

Main items: Russian grammar

Words in Russian are classified into 10:

There are morphological changes:

Noun: комната (room)

Adjective: большой (big)

Numbers: один (1), первый (first)

Pronouns: он (he), это (this)

Verb: слушат (Listen)

No morphological changes

Adverb: хорошо (good)

Prefix: на (on ...)

Conjunction: и (and)

Modal particle: да (Yes)

Interjection: ах (oops)

Nouns and adjectives have singular and plural cases: nominative case (1 case), objective case (4 cases), dative case (3 cases), possessive case (2 cases), instrumental case (5 cases) and locative case (6 cases, prepositional case). Verbs can be divided into complete and incomplete cases, as well as adverbials and auxiliary verbs.