A research report on the history and modernity of Gao surname

The first group of people with high surnames: Gao Yuan, Gao Benrong and Gao Qumi Gao Yuan are the earliest people with high surnames in history. The article "Lu Chunqiu does not bow" says: "Be a studio." In ancient times, there was a man who was the first person in history to take "Gao" as his surname. "Gaoyuan Workshop", in the present words, is the house invented by Gaoyuan. Gao Yuan was the first person to let mankind go out of the cave age and enter a civilized society. His contribution goes beyond the word "inventor". After Gao Yuan, there was Gao Benrong in the Western Zhou Dynasty and Gao Qiu in the early Spring and Autumn Period. They were all the first people named "Gao". Gao Benrong is the guardian of Zhou Muwang. King Mu went hunting in Zhengpu, and there were tigers among the reeds in the swamp. Gao Benrong volunteered to get the tiger back. Mu Wang was overjoyed and ordered people to build cages to raise tigers and put them in Dongguo, hence the name of "Tiger Prison". Tiger Prison was later renamed Gaoping, which belonged to Korea during the Warring States Period. In 249 BC, Qin conquered Korea, and Han Xiancheng gave it to Qin. Qin set up a pass here, called "Hulao Pass". Locking the mountain, facing the Yellow River in the north and steep cliffs, it has been a battleground for military strategists since ancient times. During the Chu-Han War, Liu Bang and Xiang Yu fought here for two and a half years. This place now belongs to Sishui Town, Xingyang, Henan Province. Gao Qiu was a minister of Zheng Zhuanggong in the early Spring and Autumn Period. Zhuang Gong wanted to appoint him as Qing, but the chief minister in charge of state affairs, the Prince, opposed it. Duke Zhuang pushed his way through the crowd and appointed Gao Qumi as Qing. After the death of Duke Zhuang, the prince succeeded to the throne, and it was Zheng. Gao Qumi was worried that Zhao Gong would harm himself, so he killed Zhao Gong when he went hunting with him and set up another monarch. In the second year, Gao Qiu accompanied the new gentleman to see Duke Wei. Qi Huangong had an old enemy with the new monarch, so he took the opportunity to kill him, and Gao Qiu Mi died together. It is beyond reproach that Gao Benrong and Gao Qumi take "Gao" as their surnames. But it can be inferred that many of their descendants are included in today's populous ethnic group with high surname. The descendants of Gao's family are from complex backgrounds, which is the main source of the huge high surname group formed by the confluence of multiple sources in later generations. This Gao family originated from the surname Jiang and was the son of Emperor Yan. According to the genealogy, in the Spring and Autumn Period, the grandson of Gao, the son of the State of Qi, began to take "Gao" as his surname and called it Gao. Gongzi Gao is a descendant of Jiang's surname, so the book "The List of Prime Ministers' Descendants in the New Tang Dynasty" says that "Gao's surname comes from Jiang's surname". Jiang's ancestor was Emperor Yan. Yan Di was born in Gu (now Fufeng County, Shaanxi Province) and took the word "Jiang" as his surname. Emperor Yan had a descendant named Boyi, who helped Dayu to control the water and was sealed to establish the State of Lu. Later generations took Lu as their surname. Lu has a descendant named Lu Shang, who is the prototype of Jiang Ziya in the novel Romance of Gods. He was born at the end of Shang Dynasty, and he was resourceful, but he had poor opportunities. At the age of 70, he can only fish by the Weihe River every day for a living. One day, Zhou Wenwang came to the Weihe River to hunt. Before hunting, Zhou Wenwang had divined once. The diviner said, "I have gained a lot from hunting today. Not a dragon, not a thorn (a horned dragon in ancient legend), not a tiger, not a cockroach (a wild animal, called brown bear in modern times, also called Ma Xiong or human bear), but to meet an assistant wizard who can help you succeed. " Zhou Wenwang met Lu Shang by the Weihe River. After the conversation, Wang Daheng said to Lu Shang, "My grandfather Tai Gong predicted that there would be saints to help us revitalize the Zhou family. Today I really met you. You are now a saint that our squire hopes for. " So he ordered everyone to address Lu Shang as "King Tai Gong" and take him back as a teacher's gift. With the help of Lu Shang, the territory of King Wen gradually expanded. After the death of King Wen, Lu Shang helped Zhou Wuwang, the son of King Wen, overthrow the Shang Dynasty and establish the Zhou Dynasty. Zhou Wuwang named Lu Shang in Yingqiu (now north of Linzi, Shandong Province) and established Qi. Lu Shang was revered as Qi Taigong by later generations. Qi Taigong's sixth grandson is Qi Wengong. Duke Wen of Qi has a son named Gongzi Gao. Gongzi Gao has a grandson named. According to the patriarchal clan system at that time, the vassal family only included three generations of close relatives, namely, the vassal, the son of the vassal and the grandson of the vassal. Gongsun's son no longer holds public office and must start a new family. At that time, there were many ways to establish the surname of Gongsun's son, one of which was to take the name of Grandfather as the surname. He is the grandson of Gongzi Gao, so he takes Gongzi Gao as his surname and calls it "Gao". Announced the main source of the huge high surname in later generations. First, there are four sources, 1, from the surname Jiang. According to legend, Emperor Yan Shennong was born in and took Jiang as his surname. Sun Boyi, 17 Yandi, assisted Dayu in water control, and was named Lu Hou, so his descendants also took Lu as their surname. Jiang Shang, the 37th generation grandson of Lv Hou Boyi, namely Jiang Taigong, also known as Lu Shang, helped King Wu destroy Shang Lizhou and was sealed in Qi. Qi passed it on to Sun Wengong and Jiang Chi, the eighth squire, and Wen Gong's second son was sealed in Gaoyi, called Gongzi Gao. According to the aristocratic etiquette of the Zhou Dynasty, his grandson was named Gao Nuo after his ancestors. When Gao Biao was in the state of Qi, he welcomed his son Xiao Bai as the king, that is, Qi Huangong. Become the ancestor of the Gao family in Bohai. The seventh Sun Gaoxi was pushed out by Gong Sunzao and Gong Sunfan in Qi State, and started his career. Sun Gaoliang, the ninth generation of Kochi, was Stuart in the Song Dynasty, and Sun Gaohong, the ninth generation of Kochi 10, was the commander of the Bohai Sea in the Eastern Han Dynasty. As a result, the Gaos in Bohai began to multiply and became the largest Gaos group. Gao Hong's descendants founded the Gao family in Liaodong, and Gao Hong's descendants founded the Gao family in Guangling. The descendants of Bohai Sea are high in rehabilitation, Jing Zhao and Gao Shi. Four of the top five noble families in Gaowu use Bohai high money. Therefore, today's descendants of Gao are mostly descendants of Bohai Gao. 2, with the word Wang Fu as the surname, according to Tongzhi? According to the brief introduction of the genealogy, the son of Qi was named Gongzi Qi, with a high word, and his descendants were Gao and Shandong Gao. In A.D. 10, Qi Hui, the son of Qi Huangong and his concubine Lieutenant Ji, became the monarch of Qi. Qi's son is called Gongzi Qi, with a high word, and his descendants also take Gao as their surname. 3, from other ethnic groups or his surname changed to give surname, minority surname changed to Gao surname. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty carried out reforms and carried out the policy of sinicization. One of the measures is to change the compound surname of the northern Hu people into the single surname of the Han people. During this period, the Xianbei nationality changed its surname from Lou to Gao. According to Wei Shu, some Xianbei people changed their surnames to Gao's, and in the Sixteen Kingdoms period, Emperor Murong Yun of Houyan claimed to be a descendant of Levin (one of the legendary five emperors), so he changed his surnames, and some of his descendants changed their compound surnames to single surnames, calling Gao's, which was Gao's in Hebei. From the Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty to the early years of the Republic of China, there were many cases in which the Manchu surname was changed to the Han surname, and some of them were transliterated from the Manchu surname to the Han surname, and the Gao family was changed to the Gao family. Gao Longzhi, an important official in the Northern Qi Dynasty, was originally named Xu. His father was the chief of Baishui County in the Northern Wei Dynasty because of his name, and was later adopted by his aunt Gao. Gao Longzhi also changed his surname from his father's surname to Gao. He is an important minister of Beiqi. After he was killed for some reason, the Northern Qi Emperor Yin Gao ordered his brother Gao Ziyuan to inherit the title of king, and Gao Ziyuan's descendants developed in Qixian County, Henan Province and became a local family. In addition, Gao Lishi, the eunuch of the Tang Dynasty, was Feng Ang's great-grandson, whose real name was Feng, and was adopted by Gao Yanfu, so he was promoted. When Gao established the Beiqi regime, Gao became the national surname of Beiqi, and the emperor of Beiqi named him Gao in order to show his favor. Jing yuan An was awarded the title of Du Xiang Duke of Xihua County by Gao Huan for his meritorious service in Mangshan War. After the establishment of the Beiqi regime, it was named Gao in 550 (the first year of Tianbao). In addition, Yuan Wen Yao was also highly valued by Gao Yang and Gao Yan in the Northern Qi Dynasty. In 566 (the second year of Tiantong), the late master Gao Wei gave him a special surname. Their descendants take Gao as their surname. According to Tongzhi? According to the Clan Profile, Korea, the feudal country on the Korean peninsula, was later renamed Gao. Koguryo was originally an ancient tribe in the Hunjiang River valley in northeast China, which was under the jurisdiction of Xuantu County in Han Dynasty. In 37 BC, Gojumon Ng, the tribal leader, established Koguryo with its capital in Gusheng (now Huanren, Liaoning). Gao's rule in Koguryo lasted for more than 600 years. In AD 3, Koguryo moved its capital to the inner city (now Ji 'an, Jilin), and in 427, it moved its capital from the inner city to Pyongyang. Because the king of Koguryo is Koguryo, during the existence of ancient Koguryo, Koguryo had a high political status. Some of them moved to Chinese mainland. For example, his grandfather Gao E is a branch of Koguryo and a descendant of Levin, so Gao. In the Northern Zhou Dynasty, General Gao Lin, a descendant of Goguryeo, was named the Hou of Juye County, and the five ancestors entered the Northern Wei Dynasty, thus being named the first democracy. Because of Gao Lin's outstanding military exploits, one of his sons was made Duke of Xuchang. The descendants of Gao Lin developed in Juye, Shandong Province and Xuchang, Henan Province. Gao Xianzhi, a general of the Tang Dynasty, was also a Koguryo. When his father raised chickens, he worked as a military attache in the Tang Dynasty. He also went to Anxi with his father and later became a famous military general in the Tang Dynasty. His descendants also settled in Miyun County, Beijing. 4. The compound surname of the two words beginning with the word "Gao" is changed to "Gao" as the surname. For example: Gaoche, Gaodong, Gaotang, Levin and Gao Ling. Second, the historical distribution and migration of the high surname During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the high surname mainly lived in North China, one of which was in the late Warring States Period. After the Chu State was destroyed, it entered the Chu State through the land of wuyue and finally reached Hainan. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Gao's footprints have spread all over North China, Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia and the Central Plains. The last years of the Eastern Han Dynasty was the heyday of Gao surname, and the most famous Bohai Gao surname was formed in Shandong. In the Western Jin Dynasty, Gao mainly migrated to the north and northeast. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, due to the demise of the Northern Qi Dynasty, Gao was forced to emigrate to southern Shaanxi and western Shu. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Gao's main activity place was still north of the Yangtze River, but he continued to migrate to Sichuan and Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. During the Five Dynasties, Song and Yuan Dynasties, Gao migrated to all parts of the south of the Yangtze River, especially in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Gao entered Taiwan. In Song Dynasty (AD 960- 1279), the population of Gao surname was about 890,000, accounting for 1. 15% of the national population, ranking 15. Anhui is the largest province with high surname, accounting for 15.6% of the total population in China and 3. 1% of the total population in Anhui. The distribution in China is mainly concentrated in Anhui, Hebei, Shaanxi, Henan and Sichuan provinces, among which the high surname accounts for 62% of the total population of the high surname; Secondly, it is distributed in Shanxi, Hubei and Zhejiang, and the high surnames in these three provinces are concentrated in 20%. The whole country takes Anhui, Henan, Shaanxi and Hebei as the center, and the distribution area of high surname is radial to the northeast, northwest and southeast. During the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1368- 1644), there were about 930,000 Gao surnames, accounting for 1% of the national population, and it was the 19 th surname in the Ming Dynasty. During the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the net population growth rate was 20%, and the population with high surname basically did not increase, far below the national population growth rate. Over the past 600 years, the net increase rate of the population with middle and high surnames has been 4%, with a net increase of 40,000. Shandong is the largest province with high surname, accounting for 18.8% of the total population of high surname. The distribution in China is mainly concentrated in Shandong, Jiangsu (12.5%) and Zhejiang (12.2%), and the high surnames in these three provinces account for about 44% of the total population of high surnames. Secondly, it is distributed in Shanxi, Jiangxi, Gansu and Hebei, and the high surnames in these four provinces are concentrated at 29%. During the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the overall distribution pattern of Gao surname changed greatly, and the population mainly migrated from the north to the southeast and northwest, especially to Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Jiangxi. Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Shaanxi and Shanxi have re-formed three regions with large surnames. At present, the population with high surname has reached14.52 million, which is the first surname in China, accounting for about 1.2 1% of the national population. In the 600 years since the Ming Dynasty, the population of middle and high surnames has surged from 930,000 to 1.45 million, reaching 1.5 times. The average population of the Ming Dynasty was close to 93 million, and the contemporary population was 65.438+0.2 billion, an increase of 654.38+0.3 times. The growth rate of the population with high surname is higher than that of the whole country, and the growth rate of 1 000 population with high surname shows a "V" shape. The distribution in China is mainly concentrated in Shandong, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces, accounting for about 30% of the total population; Secondly, it is distributed in Hubei, Hebei, Henan, Sichuan and Guangdong, with a concentration of 365,438+0% in these five provinces. Shandong is a big province with high surname, accounting for 14.6% of the total population and 2.3% of the total population. Bohai Bay and the eastern coastal areas have formed a high proportion of high surname areas. In the past 600 years, the degree and direction of the migration of the population with the high surname have been very different from those in the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, especially the migration direction from the east to Central China and North China has always been greater than that from the north to the south and east. At the same time, the migration to the southwest and south has become an important flow. The highest distribution frequency of contemporary high surnames is in Shandong, Hebei, Jiangsu, Anhui, northern Zhejiang, eastern Hubei, western Gansu, northeastern provinces and eastern Inner Mongolia, with a population of more than 2.7 per square kilometer, especially in central Shandong, which is as high as 6.4. The schematic diagram of the distribution density of Gao surname (see color diagram 5.2.3A) shows that the density is the highest (2. More than 7 people/square kilometer) accounts for 18 1, and the population with high surname is about 64 10000; The area of 0.9-2.7 people /km2 accounts for 42.2 of the national territory, and the population with high surname is about 710.9 million. The area with less than 0.9 people per square kilometer accounts for 39.7% of the national territory.