What kind of person is aldo leopold?

Aldo leopold is a famous American ecologist and a pioneer of environmentalism. He is called "the founder of American new environmental theory". He was an official of the Federal Forestry Administration and devoted his life to forestry and prey management research. He published three books and more than 500 articles in his life. 1949, Shaxiang Yearbook published one year after his death is his most important work.

1887 65438+1October1Leopold was born in an immigrant family in Burlington, Iowa, USA. His father is an excellent mahogany furniture manufacturer; Grandfather is a German, well-educated gardener. He grew up in a luxurious mansion overlooking the Mississippi River. Because the house is built on the cliff of the river bank, coming down from the cliff and crossing the railway track is the wide Mississippi River, which is the only place on the mainland where 1/4 wild ducks and geese migrate once a year, so the floodplain here is Leopold's growing natural wildlife paradise.

Leopold's brother Frederick said: "When I was a child, Leopold seldom spoke, but he was a clever boy. He has read many books and knows what animals live on and what natural enemies they have. He is so keen on outdoor life that he seems to have inherited it from his father. "

Leopold liked to follow his father to the wild since he was a child. Burlington, located on the Mississippi River, has beautiful natural scenery. Leopold's childhood and adolescence were cared for by the gentle hand of nature. On the morning of late autumn, little Leopold and his father put on high boots under the dim kerosene lamp and went all the way down the mountain to the railway station. They had some fried pork beans and baked apples for breakfast. Then I crossed the Mississippi River by train and came to a swamp, where I waited for the call of wild ducks in the muskrat house. If it is not in the season when wild ducks appear, they will search everywhere in the swamp, explore mink caves and see what they are eating. Before the federal government issued a law prohibiting hunting in the animal breeding season, Leopold's father decided that it was wrong to do so, so he didn't hunt in winter, and his spirit was inherited by Leopold.

When Leopold was studying in Burlington, New Jersey and Yale University, he kept a keen interest in ornithology and the history of natural science. He kept everything he observed in his diary, which became the habit of his life. 1July, 909, graduated from Yale University with a master's degree in forestry. He joined the newly established State Forestry Administration and was sent to work in Arizona and New Mexico. In those days, Leopold quickly gained a lot of work experience and was promoted.

19 12, Leopold was promoted to the position of director of Carson State Forestry Bureau in northern New Mexico. In that remote place, Leopold experienced a cruel snowstorm and suffered from acute nephritis. This serious illness almost killed him, and at the same time ended his days working there. More than a year later, Leopold recovered in his hometown of Burlington and returned to the New Mexico and Forest Service.

19 15 was appointed to be responsible for fishing and hunting activities in the southwest of the forest bureau. Before Leopold managed the fishing and hunting activities in the southwest, the Forestry Bureau signed an agreement with the state government, stipulating that the forest police could also represent the hunting supervisors of the state government. No one has been arrested since Leopold got there. He immediately drafted a fishing and hunting manual, which stipulated the rights and obligations of forest management officials in the corresponding hunting work, and set up wooden stakes to protect animals in some areas, set up hunting protection groups, strictly enforced the hunting protection law, created refuge homes for animals, and revived the exhausted water resources and land.

Leopold played a role in the proposal to manage Gila as a wilderness. He made a suggestion to the Forestry Bureau. He suggested that areas without roads should be designated as nature reserves. He doesn't want to see these areas open to all kinds of entertainment places, such as camping places, private or commercial rental places, etc. 1924, the Forestry Bureau adopted his suggestion and opened the Gila National Forest in New Mexico as a wild nature reserve, which was 40 years earlier than the famous wildlife protection plan (bill).

From 65438 to 0924, he was appointed by the Ministry of Forestry as the head of the American Forestry Production Laboratory in Madison, Wisconsin. Leopold didn't stay in the forest products laboratory for long. He needs a job related to protecting wild animals. 1928, Leopold left the Forestry Bureau, and he shifted his interest to wildlife research that he was more concerned about. With the support of the Sports Weapons Manufacturers Association, he began to conduct wildlife surveys in several important northern states and wrote a book "Wildlife Management". The investigation and the publication of the book made Leopold an authority on hunting animal management, and he was recognized as the founder of wildlife management research.

To this end, the University of Wisconsin invited him to attend a hunting management course. 1933, Leopold became a professor in the Department of Agricultural Management at the University of Wisconsin. Leopold's courses are very popular. He teaches students how to observe nature, understand what they see, and get pleasure from understanding. He gradually formed a complete set of earth ecological view and earth moral view.

As advocates of protecting wild animals and wild areas, Leopold and Robert Marshall, a famous natural scientist, established the "Wild Association" on 1935, with the aim of protecting and expanding the wild land and free life in the wild that are being violated and polluted. Aldo leopold Wilderness, named after him, is located in Gila National Forest, New Mexico. Leopold Wilderness and Gila National Forest are often regarded as the starting point of modern wilderness protection movement in the United States.

For many years, Leopold has been looking around Madison as a pastime for weekend activities. He found an abandoned farmland, a salinized swamp and a small bald mountain made of quicksand at the bend of the Wisconsin River. The only building is a chicken coop, part of which is stuck in the mud. 1In April, 935, Leopold bought this place and began to restore its ecological environment. In the following ten years, this place he called "Shaxiang" and a dilapidated wooden house above it became a "paradise" for Leopold and his family to get close to nature on weekends and holidays.

During the Second World War, Leopold wrote the most important book in his life-The Yearbook of Shaxiang, which is the crystallization of his observation and thinking on the relationship and fate between nature, land and human beings and land. He advocated an open "land ethics" and called on people to treat the land with humility and kindness. He tried to find a way to establish people's sense of responsibility for land, and hoped to influence the government's attitude and management methods towards land and wildlife in this way. Leopold expressed the ecological function of land in his article, in order to inspire people's love and respect for land and strengthen people's moral responsibility to maintain this integrity. Leopold believes that the future of American wildlife depends largely on the protection of private land and the attitudes and decisions of American farmers and landowners.

The book "Yearbook of Shaxiang" was published from 194 1 until1April, 948/July, when Leopold received a long-distance call, Oxford University Press decided to publish his book, which made him feel extremely gratified. However, just a week later, Leopold's neighbor's farm caught fire. On the way to the fire, he died of a heart attack. This day is1April 24, 948.

From 65438 to 0949, Shaxiang Yearbook was officially published. This book is Leopold's diary of life observation, which reflects the internal relationship between ecology and morality. Leopold believes that people's moral concept develops according to three levels. The earliest moral concept is to deal with the relationship between people and between people and society. These two levels of morality are to coordinate the competition between tribes, so as to achieve the purpose of * * * survival * *. However, with the human understanding of the living environment, the third level has gradually emerged: the relationship between people and land. However, for a long time, the relationship between man and land is based on economy. People regard land as people's property in customs and traditions, and only need to maintain a privilege without any obligation. Leopold put forward the concept of land for the first time, and thought that land is not only soil, but also includes climate, water, plants and animals. Land morality is to transform human beings from the role of land conqueror into equal members and citizens in the same body. It implies respect for each member, including respect for the same body itself, and any plunder on land will bring disastrous consequences.

At that time, it was the post-war economic recovery period, people were conquering and using nature with confidence, and the ecological consciousness and concept were still strange to people. The publication of this book did not cause much influence at that time. Leopold put forward the standard of the relationship between man and nature from the perspective of ethics for the first time in history. Leopold's cleverness, wisdom and foresight far exceeded his time. Since the 1960s, people have gradually discovered all kinds of crises hidden in the affluent life-environmental damage caused by conquering nature. Earth ethics was written into the ethics of American forestry workers in 1990.

After Leopold's death, he was never seen in the wilderness by the Wisconsin River. Leopold's soul returned to the land and wilderness that he loved all his life and ran and cried for. Leopold's former residence is still preserved in the sand by the Wisconsin River, which represents a spirit and a simple way of life.