Major water transfer projects in China

After the idea of "South-to-North Water Diversion" was put forward in 1950s, after decades of research, the overall layout of South-to-North Water Diversion was determined as: transferring water from the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to meet the development needs of northwest and north China, that is, the west route project, the middle route project and the east route project of South-to-North Water Diversion. The South-to-North Water Transfer Project is divided into three water transfer routes: east, middle and west. Upon completion, it will be connected with the Yangtze River, Huaihe River, Yellow River and Haihe River, forming the overall pattern of "four horizontals and three verticals, north-south allocation and east-west mutual assistance" of water resources in China.

Middle Route Project of South-to-North Water Diversion: Water is diverted from the dam at the head of Taocha Canal in Danjiangkou Reservoir after expansion, and then transported along the planned route, passing through Fangchengyakou, the watershed between Yangtze River and Huaihe River along the west side of Tangbai River Basin, and then passing through the Yellow River along Gubaizui, west of Zhengzhou, along the west side of Beijing-Guangzhou Railway, which can basically flow to Beijing and Tianjin by itself. The plan is implemented in two stages. Recently, water was diverted from Danjiangkou Reservoir on the Hanjiang River, a tributary of the Yangtze River, along the Funiu Mountain and the piedmont plain of Taihang Mountain, ending in Beijing. In the future, we will consider transferring water from the Three Gorges Reservoir of the Yangtze River or the main stream of the Yangtze River below to increase the amount of water transferred to the north. The middle route project has the advantages of good water quality, large coverage and self-flowing water delivery, and is a major infrastructure to solve the water crisis in North China. The preliminary research work of the mid-line project began in the early 1950s. Over the past 40 years, the Yangtze River Water Conservancy Commission, together with relevant provinces, cities and departments, has carried out a great deal of survey, planning, design and scientific research. 1994 1 month, the Ministry of Water Resources approved the feasibility study report of the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project compiled by the Yangtze River Water Conservancy Commission, and reported it to the State Planning Commission to suggest the construction of the project. West Line Project: Dams and reservoirs will be built in the upper reaches of Tongtian River, Yalong River and Dadu River in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and a water conveyance tunnel will be dug in Bayankala, the watershed between the Yangtze River and the Yellow River, to introduce the Yangtze River water into the upper reaches of the Yellow River. The water supply target of the West Line Project is mainly to solve the water shortage problem in the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River and the Guanzhong Plain of Weihe River in six provinces (autonomous regions) such as Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi and Shanxi. Combined with the construction of the key water control project in the main stream of the Yellow River, water can also be supplied to the Hexi Corridor in Gansu Province adjacent to the Yellow River basin, and water can be replenished to the lower reaches of the Yellow River when necessary.

Adjustable water quantity and water supply range

According to the later scale of Danjiangkou Reservoir, the water storage capacity of the middle route project is completed, and the normal water storage level is1.70m. Considering the development level in 2020, some compensation projects are needed in the middle and lower reaches of Hanjiang River to ensure the industrial and agricultural development, shipping and environmental water use in the water transfer area. After that, the average annual adjustable water volume is1410.40 billion m3, and the normal dry year is about 65,440 (the guarantee rate is 75%). The water supply scope is mainly in the western and central parts of Tangbaihe Plain and Huanghuaihai Plain, with a total water supply area of about 6,543,800+0,550 km2. Due to the limited amount of water diverted from the Hanjiang River, it can not meet the water demand requirements of the planned water supply area, and can only be mainly used for urban life and industrial water in five provinces and cities of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Henan and Hubei, taking into account agricultural and other water use in some areas.

Engineering layout

The main project of the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project consists of two parts: water source project and water conveyance project. The water source area project is the late continuation of Danjiangkou water control project and the compensation project in the middle and lower reaches of Hanjiang River. The water conveyance project is the main canal for water diversion from Hanjiang River and Tianjin. (1) water source area project 1. Danjiangkou Reservoir is a continuation project of Danjiangkou Water Control Project, which controls 60% of the Hanjiang River Basin, with an average natural runoff of 40.85 billion m3 for many years. Considering the upstream development, it is predicted that the water volume in 2020 will be 38.54 billion m3. On the basis of initial scale, Danjiangkou Water Control Project was completed as planned. The elevation of the dam crest is increased from the current 162m to 176.6m, and the designed water level is increased from 157m to 170m, with a total storage capacity of 29.05 billion m3, an increase of 1650 compared with the initial stage. When the normal water level of Danjiangkou Reservoir is 1.70m in the later period, the submerged area will increase by 370km2. According to the survey of 1.992, the main physical indicators of inundation are: population: 224,000 houses: 4,794,000 m2 of cultivated land: 235,000 mu of industrial and mining enterprises: 1.20 (township enterprises), and the original value of submerged fixed assets. 2. Compensation Project for the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Hanjiang River In order to avoid the possible adverse impact of recent water transfer on the water consumption in the middle and lower reaches of the Hanjiang River, it is necessary to build: the chemical engineering of the main canal is booming or the Nianpanshan hub, the Dongjing River diversion project, the reconstruction and expansion of some sluice stations and the addition of some waterway regulation projects. (2) Water conveyance project 1. The route of the main canal south of the Yellow River is limited by the position of the built canal head, the Yangtze-Huaihe River watershed, and the scope of crossing the Yellow River, and the direction is clear. In the north of the Yellow River, two schemes, the existing water conveyance scheme and the newly-opened river scheme, are compared, and the newly-opened river expressway scheme is selected from two aspects of ensuring water quality and self-flow of the whole line. The main canal takes water from the head of Taocha Canal in Xichuan County, Nanyang City, extends along the completed 8-kilometer channel, travels northeast in the area where the foot of Funiu Mountain and the plain alternate, crosses Nanyang Baihe River, and then enters the Huaihe River Basin through Fangcheng, the Jianghuai watershed. After Baofeng, Yuzhou and Xinzheng West, it crosses the Yellow River at Gubaizui in the northwest of Zhengzhou. Then along the piedmont plain at the eastern foot of Taihang Mountain, the west side of Beijing-Guangzhou Railway goes north to Tangxian County, enters the hilly area, crosses Juma River in the north, crosses Yongding River and enters Beijing area, ending in Yuyuantan. Total length of main canal1241.2km ... Tianjin main canal divides water eastward from the north main canal of Xiheishan Village in xushui county, Hebei Province to Tianjin Xihe Gate, with a total length of 142km. The design water level at the head of the main canal is 147.2m, and the end point is 49.5m, and the whole line flows by itself. The water level and flow of main control points are: design flow of control point or canal section (m3/s), design water level (elevation of Yellow Sea), (m) from the head of canal to Fangcheng 630 (increased by 800). 147.2 ~ 137.8 crosses the Yellow River 500119.5 ~106.0 enters Hebei 415910.3 enters Beijing 706/kloc-3. North of the Yellow River1/30000 ~115000. According to different soil conditions, the whole channel is lined with concrete, cement-soil and shotcrete gypsum to prevent leakage and reduce roughness. The design water depth of the canal gradually decreases with the design discharge from south to north, from 9.5m at the head of the canal to 3.5m in Beijing, and the width of the bottom varies from 56m to 7m. The engineering geological conditions and main geological problems of the main canal are basically clear. Corresponding engineering measures were taken in the design, which solved the problems of channel slope stability in expansive soil and loess canal section, vibration liquefaction in saturated sand section and earthquake resistance in high earthquake broken section, coal pressing and goaf collapse in coal mining area. The Grand Canal connects the Yangtze River, Huaihe River, Yellow River and Haihe River. It is necessary to cross the main stream of the Yellow River and other rivers with a basin area larger than lOkm2, and cross 44 railways. It is necessary to build 57 1 highway bridge across the main canal, as well as control gates, sluices, backwater structures, tunnels and culverts. There are various buildings on the main canal * * 936. Tianjin main canal crosses 48 rivers, with buildings 1 19. 2. The main canal of the Yellow River crossing project crosses the Yellow River in Taohuayu reservoir area planned by the Yellow River basin. The Yellow River crossing project is the most critical building on the main canal because of its large scale, complex problems and high investment. Through the comprehensive study and comparison of multiple schemes, it is considered that the aqueduct and tunnel inverted rainbow are technically feasible. Because the tunnel scheme can avoid the contradiction with the Yellow River regime and planning, and the shield construction technology can be used for reference at home and abroad, combined with the layout of canal lines on both sides of the strait, the Gubaizui tunnel scheme is recommended. The total length of the tunnel crossing the Yellow River is about 7.2km, the designed water conveyance capacity is 500m3/s, and two circular cross-section tunnels with an inner diameter of 8.5m are adopted. (3) Main quantities of earthwork excavation and investment of 600 million m3; Stone excavation of 600 million m3; Earth and stone filling of 230 million m3; Concrete15.83 million m3; Cement-soil lining 765438+800000 m3; 700,000 tons of steel bars; The middle line project covers a permanent area of 422,000 mu (including 235,000 mu in the reservoir area) and a temporary area of110.00 mu. The main factors controlling the progress of the project are the resettlement of the Danjiangkou reservoir area and the Yellow River crossing project of the main canal project. The yellow river crossing project is excavated by shield machine, and the construction period is about six years, so the preparation period of the project should be considered. According to the price level at the end of 1993, the static total investment of the project is about 40 billion yuan.

Engineering benefit

The mid-line project can alleviate the water crisis in Beijing, Tianjin and North China, increase the domestic and industrial water supply in Beijing, Tianjin and cities along Henan and Hebei by 6.4 billion cubic meters, and increase the agricultural water supply by 3 billion cubic meters. Greatly improve the ecological environment and investment environment of the water supply area and promote the economic development of the central region. The heightening of Danjiangkou reservoir dam has improved the flood control standard in the middle and lower reaches of the Han River and ensured the safety of Hanbei Plain and Wuhan City. Water diversion from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River basically goes northward along the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal, supplying water to the eastern part of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain and ending in Tianjin. The Eastern Route Project was conceived in the early 1950s. 1972 After the drought in North China, the Ministry of Water and Electricity organized research. Led by the South-to-North Water Diversion Planning Office for more than 20 years, Huaihe Water Conservancy Commission, Haihe Water Conservancy Commission and Tianjin Survey and Design Institute of the Ministry of Water Resources have done a lot of survey, design and scientific research in cooperation with relevant provinces, cities and departments. 1976 put forward the Report on Recent Project Planning of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, submitted it to the State Council, and made a preliminary examination. 1In March, 983, the State Council approved the Feasibility Study Report of the East Route Project of South-to-North Water Transfer Project submitted by the Ministry of Water and Electricity. 1In September 1993, the Ministry of Water Resources, together with relevant provinces and cities, reviewed and approved the revised report on the planning of the East Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project and the revised report on the feasibility study report of the first phase of the East Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project in Fushun City.

Project scale and water regulation

The lower reaches of the Yangtze River are rich in water, with an average inflow of about 960 billion m3 for many years, even in extremely dry years, there are more than 600 billion m3. The east route project takes water from the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, which is rich in water resources, and the water regulation depends on the scale of the water transfer project. In the planning, the reasonable final scale of the East Route Project, the planning scale for the development level in 2020 and the scale of the first phase of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project in this century are considered.

Eastern route project

Water supply scope of the East Line Project: involving Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong, Hebei and Tianjin. Specifically: the lower reaches of Huaihe River in northern Jiangsu Province except the belly of Lixia River and its eastern and northern highlands; The banks of Huaihe River below Bengbu in An Wei, the banks of the new Bianhe River east of Huaibei City and some areas of Tianchang County; Around Nansi Lake, Hanzhuang Canal, along Ji Liang Canal, some cities in Jiaodong area and Lubei non-Yellow River diversion irrigation area; Hebei Heilonggang Yundong area; Tianjin and its suburbs.

The East Route Project of South-to-North Water Diversion is based on the existing South-to-North Water Diversion Project in Jiangsu Province, the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal Waterway Project and the Huaihe River Regulation Project, and combined with the Huaihe River Regulation Plan, some related projects are planned and arranged. The main project of the East Line consists of three parts: water conveyance project, water storage project and power supply project. (1) Water conveyance project includes water conveyance river project, pump station hub project and yellow river crossing project. 1. The water conveyance channel has two water intakes: Sanjiangying, where the Huaihe River enters the Yangtze River estuary, and Liuwei, where the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal enters the Yangtze River estuary. The total length of the Yangtze River-Tianjin water conveyance trunk line is 1 150km, including 65 1km south of the Yellow River, 9km across the Yellow River and 490km north of the Yellow River. The total length of the trunk line is 740km, including 665km south of the Yellow River. 90% of water conveyance channels use existing channels. 2. The topography of the east line of the pumping station hub leans north and south against the Yellow River, and the water intake is more than 40 meters lower than the ground along the Yellow River. To transfer water from the Yangtze River to the south bank of the Yellow River, it is necessary to set up a 13 cascade pumping station with a total lift of 65m, which can flow to Tianjin by itself when crossing the Yellow River. South of the Yellow River, except Nansi Lake, there is a cascade between the upper and lower lakes, and there are three cascades in other reaches. There are 30 pumping stations on the main water conveyance line south of the Yellow River; Trunk line 13, branch line 17, designed pumping capacity * *10200m3/s, installed capacity1/770,000 kW, of which 7 existing pumping stations can be used, with designed pumping capacity1. The first phase of the project still has 13 steps and 23 pumping stations with an installed capacity of 453,700 kilowatts. There are 5 pumping stations at the entrances and exits of water storage depressions north of the Yellow River, with a designed pumping capacity of ***326m3/s and an installed capacity of 1.46 million kW. The east route pumping station of South-to-North Water Transfer Project has the characteristics of low lift (mostly 2 ~ 6m), large flow (single machine flow is generally 15 ~ 40m3/s) and long operation time (the pumping station south of the Yellow River is about 5,000 hours/year). Some pumping stations also have drainage tasks, which require flexible operation and high efficiency. 3. The Yellow River crossing project chooses the tunnel under the Yellow River between Dongping County and Dong 'e County in Shandong Province. Through years of geological exploration and excavation of the experimental tunnel crossing the Yellow River, the bedrock structure and karst development at the bottom of the river have been found out, and the construction problem of plugging and excavation of the tunnel at the bottom of the river has been successfully solved. The total length from Dongping Lake Sluice to the entrance of the adjacent canal in the Yellow River Crossing Project is 8.67km, of which the inverted rainbow tunnel in the Yellow River Crossing Project is 634m long and the flat tunnel is 70m deep under the Yellow River. It is two tunnels with a diameter of 9.3m, and the first phase of the project will be excavated first. (2) There are Hongze Lake, Roman Lake, Nansi Lake, Dongping Lake and other lakes along the east line of the water storage project, which have been slightly renovated and strengthened, with a total storage capacity of 7.57 billion m3, so there is no need to build a new water storage project. The existing Beidagang Reservoir in Tianjin, located in the north of the Yellow River, can continue to be used. Tuanbowa in Tianjin and Qianqingwa in Hebei need to be expanded, and Dalangdian and Langwa in Hebei need to be built. The total regulating capacity of the five plain reservoirs north of the Yellow River is 654.38+490 million m3. (3) There are 30 pumping stations in the south of the Yellow River in the power supply project, with an additional installed capacity of 887,700 kilowatts, with an average annual power consumption of 3.82 billion kilowatt hours and a maximum annual power consumption of 5.75 billion kilowatt hours ... There are 23 pumping stations in the first phase of the project with an installed capacity of 343,200 kilowatts and an average annual power consumption of 65.438+0.9 billion kilowatt hours ... (IV) Major quantities and overall investment planning of the first phase of the project, Earthwork (100 million m3) is 7.763.04, of which, south of the Yellow River (100 million m3) is 5.331.76 concrete (10,000 m3) is 529143, and a new pumping station (10,000 kilowatts) is installed. 92. 18 34.4 1 new transmission line (km) 1326 1282 permanent and temporary land occupation (ten thousand mu) 33.9 1 30.2l house demolition (ten thousand rooms) 7.6 7.6 press/kloc. The first phase of the project is about 9.4 billion yuan.

Engineering benefit

The water supply of Cheng Kewei, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shandong, Hebei and Tianjin increased by 654.38+04.33 billion m3, including 6.656 billion m3 for domestic, industrial and shipping use. Agriculture is 7.676 billion m3. After the implementation of the Eastern Route Project, the water shortage problems in Tianjin, the eastern region of Heilonggang in Hebei, Lubei in Shandong, Southwest in Shandong and some cities in Jiaodong can be basically solved, and the conditions for supplying water to Beijing can be met. Promote the economic development of the Bohai Rim region and the eastern part of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, and improve the environment deteriorated by water shortage. Guaranteed the perennial navigable water source of the Jining-Xuzhou section of the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal. The two major commodity grain bases in western Shandong and northern Jiangsu have been consolidated and developed. The South-to-North Water Transfer Project is a strategic measure to realize the optimal allocation of water resources in China. Limited by geographical location and water resources in the water transfer area, the three water transfer lines in the west, middle and east have their own reasonable water supply ranges, which cannot be substituted for each other, and can be based on the needs of economic development in various regions; The preliminary work and the national financial situation were implemented step by step.