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Looking at the connotation and characteristics of grassland culture from the ethnic distribution of the Inner Mongolia Plateau during the Warring States Period

It is generally believed that culture is the material wealth and spiritual wealth created by human beings in the process of social and historical development. The sum is the historical accumulation of ideas and material means. It has the characteristics of nationality, era, regionality and historical continuity. Grassland culture undoubtedly embodies some of these characteristics. Grassland culture is a diverse and complex culture, which mainly includes national culture, regional culture and historical culture of different eras, that is, the uniqueness and continuity presented in the process of historical development. A large number of research results and archaeological discoveries have proved that grassland culture has become an indispensable and important part of Chinese culture with its rich connotation and unique quality.

By describing the distribution of various ethnic groups on the Inner Mongolia Plateau during the Warring States Period, we briefly summarize the connotation and characteristics of grassland culture in this historical period:

1. The grassland culture of the Inner Mongolia Plateau during the Warring States Period was a collection of multi-ethnic cultures. During the Warring States Period, the Inner Mongolia Plateau was mainly home to the Linhu, Loufan, Xiongnu, Donghu and Huaxia ethnic groups. The culture in this specific historical period was mainly created by them. Therefore, it should include the northern ethnic culture. Specifically, it can It is divided into Linhu culture, Loufan culture, Xiongnu culture and Donghu culture. Northern nomads generally focus on animal husbandry, with hunting as an economic supplement and military training function, handicraft industry and commerce that are closely related to animal husbandry. The society is tribal. They lived a nomadic life of eating animal meat, drinking cheese, wearing leather clothes, wearing felt fur, living in dome huts, and migrating in search of water and grass. There are unique customary laws, wedding customs and burial customs. During the Warring States Period, the Inner Mongolia Plateau grassland culture also included the Central Plains Chinese culture. During the Warring States Period, the Huaxia people mainly had an agricultural economy, with handicrafts and commerce closely related to agricultural production. The society implements the county system. Contrary to the irregular migration of ethnic groups in the north, they practice settlement. Mainly food crops are the main daily necessities. The customs and habits are also different in form and essence from those of the northern peoples. Before Qin Shihuang unified the six countries and established the Qin Dynasty, the cultures of the seven heroes of the Warring States Period were also different and unique. The Chinese culture in the grassland culture can be divided into Qin culture, Zhao culture and Yan culture.

2. There is a regional cultural component. The Inner Mongolia Plateau can be mainly divided into four parts: Hulunbuir Plateau, Xilingol Plateau, Ulanqab Plateau and Bayannur, Alxa and Ordos Plateau. There are vast grasslands in the east of the plateau, and vast deserts such as Badain Jaran, Tengger, Ulan Bhe, Kubuqi, and Mu Us in the west. The main mountain ranges include the Daxinganling Mountains, Yinshan Mountains, and Helan Mountains. At the eastern foot of the Greater Hinggan Mountains, at the foot of the Yin Mountains and on the banks of the Yellow River, there are the plains on the west bank of the Nenjiang River, the plains on the west bank of the Liao River, the Tumochuan Plain, the Hetao Plain and the plains on the south bank of the Yellow River. Due to differences in the natural environment, restrictive influences and traditional historical habits, historical cultures with different contents and characteristics have been formed in different regions of the Inner Mongolia Plateau. Such as the nomadic culture in the grassland areas, the fishing and hunting culture in the alpine forest areas, and the farming culture on the plains. Nomadic culture, fishing and hunting culture, and farming culture are all different from each other in form and content, showing the diversity and richness of grassland culture.

3. During the Warring States Period, the culture of Zhao culture and other vassal states in the Central Plains, that is, the farming culture, was more influenced by the nomadic culture. The more famous historical example is "Hufu riding and shooting". From this perspective, the dominant northern grassland culture during this historical period was nomadic culture. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the central plains regime and the northern ethnic regimes stood side by side and influenced each other culturally. Due to the single nature of the nomadic economy, which resulted in a certain degree of dependence on agricultural and sideline products, the nomadic culture of the northern peoples began to be gradually influenced by Han culture.

4． During the Warring States Period, the area of ??activity and control of the nomadic peoples in the northern part of the Inner Mongolia Plateau was much wider than that of the Huaxia people. It was not until the late Warring States Period that the Qin, Zhao, and Yan states expanded northward and occupied large tracts of land of various ethnic groups in the north. This also brought about the development of the farming culture of the Central Plains. Its influence has expanded to the northern region. In terms of cultural influence, the Central Plains farming culture on the Inner Mongolia Plateau during the Warring States Period was not as influential as the northern nomadic culture. Archaeological excavations also show that the prehistoric period of the Inner Mongolia Plateau was mainly agricultural during the Neolithic Age and the Bronze Age. That is to say, the material culture created by the prehistoric ancestors active on the Inner Mongolia Plateau was mainly agricultural culture; it is different from the prehistoric period. On the contrary, during the Warring States Period, the nomadic culture on the Inner Mongolia Plateau became the main body of grassland culture.

Documentary records and archaeological data show that during the Warring States Period, the Inner Mongolia Plateau had become the main place for northern peoples to engage in animal husbandry production and nomadic life, gradually forming a nomadic culture that was different from farming culture in the historical period. By the end of the Warring States Period, the Yan, Zhao, and Qin states in the Central Plains adopted a strategy of attacking the nomadic peoples in the north, and brought the central and southern parts of present-day Inner Mongolia and the southern edge of eastern Inner Mongolia into the jurisdiction of the Central Plains regime. The agricultural cultural elements of the historical period were able to enter the Inner Mongolia Plateau. After the Central Plains regime gained control over parts of ancient Inner Mongolia, they successively built the Great Wall. To the north of the Great Wall, Inner Mongolia and the vast area in the north are home to nomadic peoples such as the Xiongnu and Donghu who are mainly based on animal husbandry. In Inner Mongolia to the south of the Great Wall, people from Qin, Zhao, Yan and other counties and counties are mainly based on agricultural economy. Since the Warring States Period when there were clear documented records, this pattern of roughly using the Great Wall as the dividing line between ancient China's agricultural and animal husbandry countries has gradually taken shape, and became even more clear during the Qin, Han and Xiongnu periods.

Each group established two political systems, economic models and cultural connotations. They had close contact along the Great Wall, and the two major cultures of nomadic and farming collided and merged fiercely. The forces of both sides are ebbing and flowing, restricting each other, and interacting with each other, forming a historical pattern in which each has its own national and regional characteristics, as well as the same cultural connotation, but is difficult to separate from the other. Since the Three Kingdoms of Yan, Zhao and Qin in the Warring States Period, one of the ruling measures of the Central Plains regime in Inner Mongolia was to establish prefectures and counties, which brought some areas of Inner Mongolia into the jurisdiction of the Central Plains regime for the first time. The Qin and Han Dynasties inherited and developed it, which influenced the future governance of various ethnic groups. Inner Mongolia's rule had a significant impact. It can be said that the history of the northern nomads during the Warring States Period and the history of the Central Plains regime's rule over parts of the Inner Mongolia Plateau are both important parts of ancient Inner Mongolia's history. From the perspective of cultural composition, grassland culture is a multicultural culture. Nomadic and farming cultures have become the main components of grassland culture, each with very rich connotations and characteristics. Historical facts have proved that since the Warring States Period, the Inner Mongolia Plateau has been the place where many ethnic groups live and reproduce, and it is also an important area where multiple cultures collide and intersect. The historical development and evolution of nomadic culture, farming culture, immigrant culture, and military culture on the Inner Mongolia Plateau since the Warring States Period have laid the foundation for the unique historical culture of Inner Mongolia. The mutual influence and integration of multiple cultures made ancient Inner Mongolia the most important place in Chinese history. It is one of the most dynamic regions and has always influenced the future social, historical and cultural development of Inner Mongolia. The historical activities of various ethnic groups in ancient northern China during the Warring States Period jointly created the rich and colorful grassland culture of the Inner Mongolia Plateau.

By describing the distribution of various ethnic groups on the Inner Mongolia Plateau during the Warring States Period, we briefly summarize the connotation and characteristics of grassland culture in this historical period:

1. The grassland culture of the Inner Mongolia Plateau during the Warring States Period was a collection of multi-ethnic cultures. During the Warring States Period, the Inner Mongolia Plateau was mainly home to the Linhu, Loufan, Xiongnu, Donghu and Huaxia ethnic groups. The culture in this specific historical period was mainly created by them. Therefore, it should include the northern ethnic culture. Specifically, it can It is divided into Linhu culture, Loufan culture, Xiongnu culture and Donghu culture. Northern nomads generally focus on animal husbandry, with hunting as an economic supplement and military training function, handicrafts and commerce that are closely related to animal husbandry. The society is tribal. They lived a nomadic life of eating animal meat, drinking cheese, wearing leather clothes, wearing felt fur, living in dome huts, and migrating in search of water and grass. There are unique customary laws, wedding customs and burial customs. During the Warring States Period, the Inner Mongolia Plateau grassland culture also included the Central Plains Chinese culture. During the Warring States Period, the Huaxia people mainly had an agricultural economy, with handicrafts and commerce closely related to agricultural production. The society implements the county system. Contrary to the irregular migration of northern ethnic groups, they practice settlement. Mainly food crops are the main daily necessities. The customs and habits are also different in form and essence from those of the northern peoples. Before Qin Shihuang unified the six countries and established the Qin Dynasty, the cultures of the seven heroes of the Warring States Period were also different and unique. The Chinese culture in the grassland culture can be divided into Qin culture, Zhao culture and Yan culture.

2. There is a regional cultural component. The Inner Mongolia Plateau can be mainly divided into four parts: Hulunbuir Plateau, Xilingol Plateau, Ulanqab Plateau and Bayannur, Alxa and Ordos Plateau. There are vast grasslands in the eastern part of the plateau, and vast deserts such as Badain Jaran, Tengger, Ulan Bhe, Kubuqi, and Mu Us in the west. The main mountain ranges include the Daxinganling Mountains, Yinshan Mountains, and Helan Mountains. At the eastern foot of the Greater Hinggan Mountains, at the foot of the Yin Mountains and on the banks of the Yellow River, there are the plains on the west bank of the Nenjiang River, the plains on the west bank of the Liao River, the Tumochuan Plain, the Hetao Plain and the plains on the south bank of the Yellow River. Due to differences in the natural environment, restrictive influences and traditional historical habits, historical cultures with different contents and characteristics have been formed in different regions of the Inner Mongolia Plateau. Such as the nomadic culture in the grassland areas, the fishing and hunting culture in the alpine forest areas, and the farming culture on the plains. Nomadic culture, fishing and hunting culture, and farming culture are all different from each other in form and content, showing the diversity and richness of grassland culture.

3. During the Warring States Period, the culture of Zhao culture and other vassal states in the Central Plains, that is, the farming culture, was more influenced by the nomadic culture. The more famous historical example is "Hufu riding and shooting". From this perspective, the dominant northern grassland culture during this historical period was nomadic culture. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the central plains regime and the northern ethnic regimes stood side by side and influenced each other culturally. Due to the single nature of the nomadic economy, which resulted in a certain degree of dependence on agricultural and sideline products, the nomadic culture of the northern peoples began to be gradually influenced by Han culture.

4． During the Warring States Period, the area of ??activity and control of the nomadic peoples in the northern part of the Inner Mongolia Plateau was much wider than that of the Huaxia people. It was not until the late Warring States Period that the Qin, Zhao, and Yan states expanded northward and occupied large tracts of land of various ethnic groups in the north. This also brought about the development of the farming culture of the Central Plains. Its influence has expanded to the northern region. In terms of cultural influence, the Central Plains farming culture on the Inner Mongolia Plateau during the Warring States Period was not as influential as the northern nomadic culture. Archaeological excavations also show that the prehistoric period of the Inner Mongolia Plateau was mainly agricultural during the Neolithic Age and the Bronze Age. That is to say, the material culture created by the prehistoric ancestors active on the Inner Mongolia Plateau was mainly agricultural culture; it is different from the prehistoric period. On the contrary, during the Warring States Period, the nomadic culture on the Inner Mongolia Plateau became the main body of grassland culture.

Documentary records and archaeological data show that during the Warring States Period, the Inner Mongolia Plateau had become the main place for northern peoples to engage in animal husbandry production and nomadic life, gradually forming a nomadic culture that was different from farming culture in the historical period.

By the end of the Warring States Period, the Yan, Zhao, and Qin states in the Central Plains adopted a strategy of attacking the nomadic peoples in the north, and brought the central and southern parts of present-day Inner Mongolia and the southern edge of eastern Inner Mongolia into the jurisdiction of the Central Plains regime. The agricultural cultural elements of the historical period were able to enter the Inner Mongolia Plateau. After the Central Plains regime gained control over parts of ancient Inner Mongolia, they successively built the Great Wall. To the north of the Great Wall, Inner Mongolia and the vast area in the north are home to nomadic tribes such as the Xiongnu and Donghu, whose mainstay is animal husbandry. To the south of the Great Wall, Inner Mongolia is mainly inhabited by the people of Qin, Zhao, Yan and other counties whose mainstay is agricultural economy. Since the Warring States Period when there were clear documented records, this pattern of roughly using the Great Wall as the dividing line between ancient China's agricultural and animal husbandry countries has gradually taken shape, and became even more clear during the Qin, Han and Xiongnu periods. Each group established two political systems, economic models and cultural connotations. They had close contact along the Great Wall, and the two major cultures of nomadic and farming collided and merged fiercely. The forces of both sides are ebbing and flowing, restricting each other, and interacting with each other, forming a historical pattern in which each has its own national and regional characteristics, as well as the same cultural connotation, but is difficult to separate from the other. Since the Three Kingdoms of Yan, Zhao and Qin in the Warring States Period, one of the ruling measures of the Central Plains regime in Inner Mongolia was to establish prefectures and counties, which brought some areas of Inner Mongolia into the jurisdiction of the Central Plains regime for the first time. The Qin and Han Dynasties inherited and developed it, which influenced the future governance of various ethnic groups. Inner Mongolia's rule had a significant impact. It can be said that the history of the northern nomads during the Warring States Period and the history of the Central Plains regime's rule over parts of the Inner Mongolia Plateau are both important parts of ancient Inner Mongolia's history. From the perspective of cultural composition, grassland culture is a multicultural culture. Nomadic and farming cultures have become the main components of grassland culture, each with very rich connotations and characteristics. Historical facts have proved that since the Warring States Period, the Inner Mongolia Plateau has been the place where many ethnic groups live and reproduce, and it is also an important area where multiple cultures collide and intersect. The historical development and evolution of nomadic culture, farming culture, immigrant culture, and military culture on the Inner Mongolia Plateau since the Warring States Period have laid the foundation for the unique historical culture of Inner Mongolia. The mutual influence and integration of multiple cultures made ancient Inner Mongolia the most important place in Chinese history. It is one of the most dynamic regions and has always influenced the future social, historical and cultural development of Inner Mongolia. The historical activities of various ethnic groups in ancient northern China during the Warring States Period jointly created the rich and colorful grassland culture of the Inner Mongolia Plateau.