Nanzhao's Culture and Technology

In the glorious Tang Dynasty, as Nanzhao, which respected China culture, there was no doubt that a number of accomplished minority poets and their works emerged. It's just that these poets and their works, due to the lack of historical materials, we have been unable to know their names and have no face to read their poems again.

Besides Yang Qikun and Duan, Nanzhao also has two outstanding poets, Zhao Meilong and Zanwei Yaocen, who also wrote poems when they were assigned to the Tang Dynasty. From Duan's poem "The Judge Zan listens in the prostitute cave", we can know that Zan Cen's official position is the judge, and "Cave" is written by Zan Wei and sings with Duan. Zhao Meilong also has something to say. This proves that the four Nanzhao messengers recorded in history are also four Nanzhao poets, and there should be a chorus between them, but it is not recorded in history. In addition, Dong Cheng in Shilong period should also be an accomplished poet. Shilong once "sent Dong Cheng, an official of the Qing Dynasty, to Chengdu" (Nanzhao unofficial history), and was imprisoned by our messenger Li Fu, who was almost killed. So some people think that the poem "Homesickness" was written by Dong Cheng.

Monk Daonan is suspected to be a monk and poet in Nanzhao period. Volume 2 of Wanli Yunan Annals and Volume 28 of Apocalypse Yunan Annals all contain a seven-rhyme poem of Tang Daonan's Jade Case Mountain, including Zhu Qian Temple, which has thirteen clouds, and Zhu Qian Temple was first built in the Tang Dynasty. Guo Songnian once saw the "Fan Yu Yun Team" of the Yuan Dynasty here. The poem "Yushan" says:

Songming is a beautiful mountain, and Vientiane should always protect it. Cang Shi played a game of fairy chess, and several voices roared among the white clouds.

Gankun does not cover the southwest, and the gold and silver are equally divided. It is difficult to grind the original through the ages. When will the phoenix crane return it?

This poem vividly depicts the charming scenery of Pan Yu and tells the touching legend of this famous mountain. It is puzzling that the whole poem is full of Taoist meaning, which is not in tune with Daonan's status as a "monk".

Nanzhao poets with poetic names include Wang Zaixuan and Zhang Mingheng who live on the fifth floor of Chuxiong. Volume 17 of Yunnan Apocalypse says that Wang and Zhang lived in the five-story mountain of Chuxiong. "Aim at the clear sky, the wine is at its peak, and people are ignorant for a while." Later, I met an "unintentional Taoist". On the agreed day of the following year, Wang and Zhang boarded the traffic jam again and said, "Last year, frost and grass broke people's souls, and autumn water crossed the river. I still remember that I left the pavilion and the western hills were blocked. " After the singing, the breeze Xu Lai, colorful clouds dancing unintentionally, Taoist priests often come immediately. In a short time, Wang Zaixuan vacated with an unintentional Taoist priest, and Zhang Mingheng died suddenly. However, the source of this poem is not explained in Yunnan Tongzhi, and the source is unknown.

Nanzhao literature is famous for its poems. During Nanzhao period, due to the increasing contact with the mainland, Han immigrants continued to enter Nanzhao territory, and Han literature was widely spread in Nanzhao, so "the literature of Erhai people in Nanzhao Dali period was mostly influenced by China (mainland) literature". Nanzhao literature has the style of Tang literature. King Nanzhao and his descendants mostly studied Chinese and read Confucian books. Ge Luofeng "does not read evil books" and "tastes Confucian books". Zheng Hui, the envoy of the Tang Dynasty's westward expedition to Shanghai, was highly regarded by Ge Luofeng, and his children, Feng Jiayi and Sun Yimou, sons of Ge Luofeng, studied Confucianism under Zheng Hui. Therefore, "Yi Mou is quite knowledgeable and wise", "Everyone knows rites and music, and this Tang people is civilized". Nanzhao also sent the rulers' children and nobles to Chengdu to study, which lasted for 50 years and attracted thousands of scholars. These children who studied in Chengdu brought China culture back to Nanzhao, which greatly enriched Nanzhao's literature and art, and many poets and literati emerged. Many of Nanzhao's poems spread to the mainland of Tang Dynasty, and some of them were included in The Whole Tang Poetry and The Whole Tang Poetry.

There are many famous poets and literati in Nanzhao, among which Wang Xunge, the king of Nanzhao, is one of the famous poets. His poem "Tanabata Travel and Shelter from the Wind" has been circulated through the ages. In the poem, it says: "Be good at sheltering from the wind and release the platform, and see the vines as much as possible. The past and the present are sad, and the smoke is still on the moon; I live in Aurora (Nanzhao King) and I am loyal to Wei Ban. I am far away from the emperors of the past. I am brave and loyal. I don't feel the clouds fading, but I feel the stars returning to the festival. Chang Yuan is United, and children and grandchildren are surprised. " This poem has quite a Tang style.

There are also many poets among Nanzhao officials, and Duan's poems are widely circulated. For example, the famous sentence "Moonlight Biography of the Abbot" in "Peony in Daci Temple" and "Jade Brand Blowing Coral Hall, Jade Tower with Golden Fault and Dangerous Column" in "Three Classrooms" are all excellent works. Shilong also has a poem "Nostalgia" written by A Guanping and Dong Cheng: "Shanghainese never went, but Yunnan did not reply. If you don't sweep the flowers in front of the court, you will climb the willow outside the door. Sitting for a long time will lose face. Hanging on the autumn moon night, Wan Li shines on Guanshan. " This poem has outstanding style and is included in the whole Tang poetry. Zhao, a Qingping official, is also famous for his poems. The poems written by Yang Qikun, the magistrate of Qingping County, are novel in artistic conception and full of the charm of Tang poetry. For example, "Jade Embedded in Rock" included in "The Whole Tang Poetry": "The sun and the moon were once green, and the wind on the temples depended on the grass. Once they rode on the phoenix, they ascended to the sky, and the flowers turned green, leaving an empty valley. " It fully embodies the high level of Nanzhao's poetry.

Nanzhao's prose is also very accomplished. The widely circulated Nanzhao Dehua Monument is the most famous masterpiece of prose. The inscription is striking, elegant, noble and fluent in words, falling rocks and putting on airs in one go, quite in the style of Tang Dynasty prose. The music and dance in Nanzhao period were rich and colorful, especially the court music in Nanzhao. Palace music is formed by absorbing the music from the mainland and Southeast Asia on the basis of Yunnan minority music. The "Lu Guole" in Southeast Asia was first introduced to Nanzhao, and then spread from Nanzhao to Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty. The "Qiuci Music" given by the Central Plains Wang Chao was also very popular in Nanzhao court.

Nanzhao also has its own court music. Wang Yimousun of Nanzhao wrote "Nanzhao Sheng Feng Le" and dedicated it to the Tang Dynasty. Nanzhao's music also includes "Tiannan Dianyue Folk Songs", which is the official music processed from Yunnan folk songs. There are also music such as Gallo Sew, Zanpuzi and Bodhisattva Man. Nanzhao's musical instruments are Zheng, Zou, banjo, pipa, sheng, flute, clapper, cymbal, Tudor, pheasant and bronze drum. Nanzhao also has many "folk songs" and "folk dances", the most common of which is "singing" (playing songs), accompanied by instruments such as sheng and flute. This is what Gui Fu said in "A Trip to Yunnan": "Folklore, when men and women meet, one plays the flute, one plays the lusheng, and dozens of people sing loudly."