Apart from the four ancient civilizations, which other countries had advanced cultures in ancient times?

It was founded in today's central and eastern Turkey by the Hati people, who developed into an early country around 2700 BC. Some people think that the trade between Assyrians and Hati stimulated the birth of Hati civilization. However, the early Hittite culture did not reflect the obvious Mesopotamian elements, and its civilization did not end until the Hittites who moved from the north conquered the Hittite country in 1900 BC. However, the Hittites inherited and promoted the Hittite culture, established a powerful Hittite empire, and became one of the overlords in the ancient Near East. In the early academic circles, Hittites often regarded it as a derivative civilization of Mesopotamia-Dagna civilization because of its cuneiform characters. However, in recent years, academic circles generally believe that Hattie-Hittite civilization has a very independent civilization system. Its greatest feature is exquisite metal smelting technology, which produces a large number of exquisite bronze and gold works of art. The picture below shows the bronze bull statue of Hattie at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. It can be seen that its slender and curved corners show the exquisite metal smelting technology of Hati people. In addition, we generally think that the Hittites are the earliest people who smelt iron in the world, but according to the early documents of the Hittites, when they conquered the Hittites, they were required to hand over the iron scepter and the iron crown. If this record is true, the Hittites may have mastered the technology of smelting iron, but there is no evidence at present. In the12nd century BC, the Hittite Empire collapsed, and many small countries appeared on its territory, becoming new Hittite countries and continuing its culture. But in the 8th century BC, this area was conquered by Assyria, and then the Anatolian civilization gradually disappeared, and Anatolia was completely Hellenistic in the classical era.

Amu Darya civilization

Amu Darya civilization is located in today's northern Afghanistan, southeastern Turkmenistan, southern Uzbekistan and southern Tajikistan. Although the climate in this area is dry, the Amu Darya River flows through it, thus forming an oasis agriculture irrigated by river water. The Amu Darya civilization began to develop around 2800 BC, matured in 2400 BC and died out in 1900 BC. The Amu Darya civilization has formed a complex city-state, and large-scale temple buildings have appeared. The inside of the temple often forms a labyrinth of complex shapes. Some scholars believe that this is the birthplace of Zoroastrianism prevailing in ancient Persia. These temples are all early Zoroastrianism temples, but this is worth discussing. The following picture shows the city ruins of Amu Darya civilization, which shows its complexity.

The Amu Darya civilization is most famous for its male and female statues. The female statue is called "Princess Bactria" and the male statue is called "Scarface Man". The picture below shows the case of "Princess Bactria" collected by the Chicago County Museum. The civilization of Amu Darya died out 1900 years ago, probably due to the invasion of northern nomads, and the civilized cities of Amu Darya are often equipped with a large number of defense facilities, which may represent its conflict with northern nomads. However, the demise of the Amu Darya civilization is more likely due to climate change, because its decline is similar to that of the Indus civilization in the south. In this era, the northern hemisphere experienced a large-scale drought, which may lead to the collapse of oasis agriculture, and then the nomadic culture in the north entered the Amu Darya River basin. However, after 1000 BC, the climate in Central and South Asia improved, and this region began to urbanize and agriculturalize for the second time. However, it was soon conquered by the Persian Empire. Although it seems that the Khorezm region has remained independent for a long time, it is a pity that there are not many international studies on the history of Khorezm. However, the history of Central and South Asia did not end there. After Hellenization, the Greeks established the Greek-Daxia Kingdom, and later this area became the core of Guishuang Empire. This area evolved into a famous Sogdian city-state and Tuholo country in the Middle Ages, and it has always been an economically developed agricultural area and trade hub throughout the ancient world.

Cillov special civilization

Girovt civilization was discovered in Girovt city in eastern Iran, hence its name, and its origin can be traced back to 3000 BC. This civilization was discovered at the beginning of 2 1 century, which is a very new discovery. The research is still in the primary stage, and the main research focuses on Iranian scholars. So most of the related research is in Persian, and there are only two or three English books so far. Although the development of Girovt civilization is very close to the Indus civilization in the west. However, the artistic style is quite different, and its origin time is even slightly earlier than that of Indus civilization, and it is also far from Elam, the sister civilization of western Mesopotamia. At present, a clay tablet with an independent writing system has also been found. Girofft civilization discovered several large-scale urban sites, which may be the commercial center at that time. It has contacts with the Amu Darya civilization in the north, Mesopotamia civilization in the west and Indus civilization in the east, but at the same time, it is willing to have a war, because the image of prisoners dressed by Girovts has been found in the Amu Darya civilization. The artistic style of Girovt civilization is rather peculiar, but some themes may be influenced by Mesopotamia. The following picture shows Girofft-style container. The theme of a man fighting animals on it is easily reminiscent of a common theme in Mesopotamia, "Animal Master", but his character modeling style is far from Mesopotamian art. The Loft civilization of Sayukichi disappeared in BC 1200, and it is likely to be wiped out by the invading Indian Iranians.

Central American civilization

Central America is generally translated into Central America in China, but it actually collides with Central America in the geographical sense, so many scholars translate it into Central America or Central America. This area is recognized as one of the six cradles of civilization in the world at present, but its status has never been generally accepted in China due to the lag of world history. There are about three centers of origin of American civilization in Mesopotamia, namely Olmec civilization in the lowlands along the Gulf of Mexico, Maya civilization in the highlands along the Pacific Ocean and Sapotek civilization in Zhou Zhou, Havakka, Mexico. Olmec civilization, which originated in 1200 BC, has long been regarded as the "mother of Central American civilization", but in recent years, archaeological discoveries in some cities in the highlands of Maya can be traced back to around 1500 BC. Even so, it is generally believed that Olmec civilization developed rapidly, which also influenced the later Maya and the later Sapotek civilization. However, after the disappearance of Olmec civilization, the central plateau of Mexico rose rapidly, and later Teotihuacan civilization, Toltec civilization and Aztec civilization appeared. Because of the strength of the Aztec Empire, contemporary people often use the phrase Aztec civilization to describe the civilization of the Mexican plateau. In addition, after the decline of the highland Maya, the lowland Maya rose and established the classical Mayan civilization. The civilization in this area is famous for building pyramids. If you are interested, you can go online to search for information, not much to say.

Andean civilization

The core of Andean civilization lies in today's coastal areas of Peru, and it is also the internationally recognized birthplace of civilization. In the early years, people thought that Andean civilization originated from the tea culture that appeared around 900 BC. However, the discovery in recent years pushed the origin of Andean civilization to Becic civilization (Xiaobei civilization) before 3000 BC, which was impressive because of the establishment of large pyramids. The origin of the North Chico civilization probably depends on the fishery along the coast of Peru, so its appearance challenges the theory that agriculture is the basis of civilization. After the North Chico civilization, many civilizations appeared in the Andean region, such as Chawen, Moche, Tiwanaco, Wali, Chim, Xikan and Chang Kai. The Inca Empire that we are familiar with only appeared in 1 1 century, but it was in15th century that it became powerful and unified the entire Andean civilization area. The picture below shows the remains of the temple of the North Chico civilization.

aegean civilization

It is generally considered to be the earliest civilization in Greece, but its founder is not necessarily Greek. Aegean civilization can be divided into cyclades, Minos and Mycenae. Among them, the earliest culture is cyclades, which is located in the Aegean Sea. It was formed around 3300 BC, and the civilization of Clardy has not been universally recognized. However, in recent years, more and more scholars believe that Clardy has an early state. Subsequent Minoan civilization established magnificent palaces and maritime hegemony in Crete, Greece today. In the early days, people thought that Egyptians came from ancient Minos. However, in recent years, more and more evidences point out that the Minoan civilization and Clardy culture were built by Anatolia, and some scholars even think that the Minoan people use Ruwei (related to Hittite, mainly the language used by Hittite civilians). The Mycenaean civilization that later appeared in the Greek mainland can be recognized as the earliest Greeks, and they were obviously influenced by the Crete civilization. Mycenae built large palaces and mausoleums, with rich gold artworks and a large number of chariots. The picture below shows the ruins of Minos Palace.

Southwest Arab civilization

The civilized divisions of southwest Arabia are located on both sides of the Red Sea, Yemen and Saudi Arabia are in the southwest of today's Arabian Peninsula, and Eritrea and Ethiopia are in today's Horn of Africa. First of all, it is certain that the civilizations of the two regions were established by Semites, and it is generally believed that African residents migrated from Yemen. But Africa may be influenced by ancient Egypt, and its own country, the Kingdom of Damotte (D? Mt), and Yemen may not establish the so-called Saba Kingdom until 800 BC. Many people think that this Saba Kingdom is the Kingdom of Sheba in the Old Testament, but at present, according to the early ruins of Saba Kingdom, it is difficult to push its national establishment to the Queen of Sheba in the 10 century BC. There are independent characters in the Red Sea region, which are ancient southern Arabic letters. The characters used in Damot Kingdom and Saba Kingdom are variants of each other and should be homologous. However, at present, only a few inscriptions have been found in the Kingdom of Damotte, but the roads in the Kingdom of Saba became solid in the 5th century BC, leaving a large number of large buildings, tombs and some artistic relics. The picture below shows Malibu (horse? Rib) architectural sites. Therefore, the civilizations on both sides of the Red Sea should be homologous, but in the end, the two sides went to different paths. In the early Middle Ages, the Kingdom of aksum on the African side converted to Christianity and gradually formed the predecessor of Ethiopia today. Aksum crossed the sea and occupied Yemen, but was driven away by Sassanian Persians. Islam was formed in the Arabian Peninsula, and the two sides were completely separated. Southwest Arabia originally carved exquisite sculptures with alabaster, casting all kinds of exquisite bronze and bronze works of art, but unfortunately, after the rise of Islam, it opposed this art and led to its complete disappearance.

Guinean civilization

Today, Nigeria is the most developed area in sub-Saharan Africa in the ancient world and the most important center of black civilization. The earliest Noke culture here can be traced back to around 1500 BC. Due to the barrier of the Sahara desert, the iron smelting technology did not spread to the south, but the Nokes developed their own independent iron smelting technology (completely different from the iron smelting technology north of the Sahara). The art of the Nokes is also exquisite. They have unique statues of Ren Tao, which are exaggerated and peculiar in shape and have quite modern artistic style. By the 6th century, Philadelphia had become the center of civilization in Guinea, and formed the Ifei culture centered on it, thus gaining the reputation of "Black Athens". After the 9th century, a large number of city-states appeared in Inner Asia, and their residents were collectively called Yorubas. In addition, the Kingdom of Benin in the East is also very prosperous, and its founders Edo and Yoruba are sister nations (note: the Kingdom of Benin is in today's Nigeria and has nothing to do with today's Republic of Benin).

Ancient Colombian civilization

In the Andes of Colombia today, it is not far from the Andean civilization in southwest Peru. The ancient residents in this area are famous for their exquisite gold art, because it was mainly established by the people who spoke Chabuchar, so there is also the Chabuchar civilization (unofficial name, because not all Chabuchar people). The early complex society here originated in 3300 BC, including St. Augustine, Mu iscar, Terrones, Kumbaya, Kalima, Cauca and other cultures. There are still many controversies about whether this region has established its own civilization, but its highly complex gold art is staggering. The following picture shows the gold artworks made by the Narotai people, and of course, the large gold boats made by the Mu Iscar people. St. Augustine also has its own urban relics. As an intermediate zone connecting ancient American Andean civilization and Mesopotamian civilization, Colombia may be an important trade transit point. In fact, its gold production technology is far ahead of the northern Mesopotamian civilization, where Maya and Aztec gold were imported.

Ancient Italian civilization

There were many ancient inhabitants on the Apennine Peninsula in ancient Italy, among which the Romans were the most developed, but there were also Sabin, umbria, Liguria and other nationalities. These peoples came into contact with the Greeks who colonized southern Italy in the early days, thus entering a state of civilization and forming many city-states. One of the most famous is the Etruscans, who established the most developed civilization in the Apennine Peninsula before the Romans, and also influenced the Romans to a great extent. Some kings during the Roman monarchy even came from Etruscan. The following picture shows the most doomed Etruscan artwork, the bronze statue of Chimera, which is regarded as the most exquisite and moving sculpture in the ancient world. I think everyone knows what happened later, that is, the rise of Rome unified the whole Mediterranean, so I won't go into details.

On Ancient Southeast Asian Civilization

Let's talk about Southeast Asia first. It is generally believed that the earliest countries in Southeast Asia appeared in 1 century, about the Funan country in the Mekong River basin today. It is considered to be an Indian country established by the ancestors of Cambodians today, and later this area developed into a powerful Angkor Dynasty. In the ocean, early morning culture is mainly concentrated in Java, which is also a country influenced by India. Its earliest textual research date is the 4th century AD (the earliest country is said to be AD 1 century). However, it is also worth considering whether Southeast Asia has its own civilization before localization. In fact, around 1000 BC, a highly developed bronze culture-Dongshan culture was formed in northern Vietnam today. Dongshan culture is famous for making bronze drums, which are extremely beautifully decorated. In addition, there are a large number of Xiaoqing bronze figures and bronze bulls, as well as various bronze products and pottery. Dongshan culture has a wide influence, including Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangdong and other provinces in the southwest of China. In addition, it is also distributed in a vast area of Southeast Asia. Except for the Philippines, there are bronze drums in Southeast Asia. Although the ancient Dian State in Yunnan Province, China was founded by Chu people in literature, there is no trace of Chu culture from the art of Dian State so far. On the contrary, many arts are very similar to the ancient bronze culture in Southeast Asia. Some people think that the ancient bronze culture was created by Baiyue or Baipu people of the Sino-Tibetan language family in southern China in ancient times, others think that it was created by Austronesian people, and still others think that it was created by South Asian languages (Vietnamese, Khmer and Mongolian in Southeast Asia today). Among them, Dongshan culture in northern Vietnam is the center, and Vietnam has always been based on the civilized achievements it created for its ancestors.

On the Ancient Civilization in the Western Mediterranean

The islands in the western Mediterranean region have been inhabited for a long time, the most famous of which is the ancient Novaraj culture in Sardinia, which originated in BC 1800. Nowraji is not the name of a nation, but the name of a large number of tower-shaped megalithic buildings in Sardinia. It often develops a series of buildings around a tower-shaped building, similar to later castles, as shown in the following figure. In addition, the Nuoruoji people have also built various small bronze statues and large stone carvings, most of which reflect warriors, but some seem to be nobles wearing robes and artists playing musical instruments, showing their social differentiation. Nauraj culture also influenced the southern part of Corsica. Nowraji's culture continued until it was conquered by Rome. There are still some disputes about whether Nowraji culture is a civilization, but at present, more and more people support that this area is an ancient civilization.

But it is worth mentioning that Carthage, an ancient country founded by Phoenicians in today's Tunisia. Carthage, located in Tunisia, North Africa today, was a pre-Roman trade center in the western Mediterranean and a Phoenician colony. The Carthaginians targeted the silver trade in the Iberian Peninsula (now Spain). The Carthaginians exchanged their exquisite works of art or luxury goods for local minerals. It can be said that the trade activities of the Carthaginians brought great prosperity to the whole western Mediterranean, so it was not only the Carthaginians who developed, but the Iberians on the Iberian Peninsula developed large-scale cities and formed a unique art that integrated the oriental artistic style. The picture below shows the works of ancient Iberians, showing a woman wearing Iberian local costumes. However, the good times did not last long. With the conflict between Carthage and Rome, the two great powers stepped up their invasion of Iberia. Finally, the Roman Empire defeated Carthage and took control of the whole western Mediterranean. Carthage was destroyed, and the Iberians gradually assimilated with the Romans and disappeared.

Ancient Syrian civilization

Syria is adjacent to Mesopotamia, so it is also greatly influenced by Mesopotamia. But in 3000 BC, a powerful country, the country of Ebra, rose in Syria. Some scholars believe that Ebola may be the first truly regional country in the ancient world. Of course, this theory is difficult to explain clearly. However, Ebra was indeed strong for a period of time, almost monopolizing the trade links between Mesopotamia and the Western Mediterranean, which caused great dissatisfaction in Mesopotamia. Perhaps because of this, the first Ebra dynasty was later destroyed by the invasion of Akkadian kingdom in the East. A large number of mud manjusri have been unearthed at the site of Ebra, which shows that Ebra people use a branch of Semitic language. In the west, Ebra research with Ebra as the research object has arisen. The special reason is that it seems that animal husbandry has surpassed agriculture to become the leading economy of this city. The picture below shows the scene of Ebra in aerial photography. After the death of the first dynasty, Ebra experienced two more dynasties. However, since then, Ebra has lost its former strength and formed many small countries in Syria, which are subject to the neighboring countries such as Hittite, Egypt, Mitanni (a country founded by Dagnahuli people in western Mesopotamia) and Assyria. In the 10 century BC, the Aramaic people moved to Syria and established a series of countries, the most important of which was the Kingdom of Damascus, whose capital is now the capital of Syria. In the 8th century BC, Assyrians became strong and invaded the Levant. The kingdom of Damascus, the southern kingdom of Israel and several small Aramaic countries jointly resisted the Assyrians, but in 732 BC, Damascus was captured by Assyria. Since then, Syria has been ruled by Assyrians, Chaldeans, Persians, Greeks and Romans. During the reign of Byzantine Empire in the Middle Ages, it was Hellenistic, and after the conquest of Arab Empire, it was Arabized again.