Seek the whole history of some western countries and the United States.

Early civilization

More than 40,000 years ago, Indian ancestors traveled to Central America and South America via North America. When Columbus arrived in what he thought was the New World, about 30 million Indians lived in America. Today, about 654.38+50 million Indians live in the United States and Canada. The composition of these indigenous people is very different in heredity, language and society. It is estimated that in the15th century, there were at least 400 unrelated and distinctive cultural forms in the north of the Rio Grande, with various body types and language families. About 10000 years ago, another group of Asians moved to northern North America, which became the Eskimos. The first white people to come to America may be vikings. They are a group of adventurous fishermen. Some people think that they went to the east coast of North America before 1000 years ago.

Colonial period

1607, a colonial group of about 100 people established Jamestown in Schabik Beach, which was the first permanent colony established by Britain in North America. In the following 150 years, many colonists came in and settled in the coastal areas. Most of them came from Britain, but some came from France, Germany, the Netherlands and Ireland. European immigrants killed Indians on a large scale, plundered their property and occupied Indian land on a large scale. 1In the middle of the 8th century, 13 British colonies gradually formed, with their own government and parliament under the supreme sovereignty of Britain. Due to the differences in climate and geographical environment, these 13 colonies have different economic forms, political systems and concepts.

War of Independence

/kloc-In the middle of the 0/8th century, there was a rift between the British colonies in the United States and Britain. With the continuous expansion of the colony, they gradually realized the seriousness of the development of the situation, thus sprouting the idea of independence.

American scenery

1773, Boston Tea Party, dumping by anti-British colonists.

1774, 13 representatives of three states gathered in Philadelphia to hold the first continental congress, hoping to solve the problem peacefully with Britain. But the British king insisted that the colony must unconditionally submit to the British king and accept punishment. 1775, the war was ignited in Lexington, Massachusetts, and the North American War of Independence broke out.

1776 in may, the second continental congress was held in Philadelphia, which strengthened the determination of war and independence, and signed the famous declaration of independence on July 4, which was regarded as the beginning of the founding of the United States, and this day (July 4) was also regarded as the national day of the United States.

1778 In February, France signed a military alliance treaty with the United States, and France officially recognized the United States. France, Spain and the Netherlands went to war.

178 1 year, the battle of York city won a decisive victory. After the Battle of Yorktown, except for several battles at sea and sporadic battles on land, the war on the North American continent has basically stopped.

1787, a federal conference was held in Philadelphia, and Washington was promoted to chairman. They adopted the principle that the central power is general, but it must be carefully defined and explained. The national government must have the power to levy taxes, mint money, adjust commerce, declare war and conclude treaties. In addition, in order to prevent the central power from being too large, Montesquieu's political theory of balance of power is adopted, that is, three departments of equal cooperation and mutual checks and balances are set up in the government, that is, the legislative, administrative and judicial powers check and balance each other, and no power occupies a controlling position, commonly known as "separation of powers."

18 12 years, Britain invaded the newly established United States again, which is known as the Second War of Independence. After the war, American States became more United. [3]

Westward Movement

/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, thousands of people crossed the Appalachian Mountains and moved westward. Some pioneers moved to the border of the United States and even went deep into the territory of Mexico and Oregon between Alaska and California. The insatiable greed and the pursuit of interests of the colonists made the United States encroach on the surrounding areas step by step, bringing deep suffering and long-term trauma to neighboring countries.

1846, the US-Mexico War broke out and the United States expanded its territory.

the Civil War

The causes of civil war are not only economic, political and military issues, but also ideological conflicts. There is a dispute between the north and the south on the issue of slavery. The main policy of the south in national politics is to protect and expand the interests represented by the "cotton and slavery" system; In the northern States, manufacturing, commerce and finance are the main industries, and there is no need to rely on slaves. On the contrary, slavery severely restricted the flow of labor and greatly suppressed the industry and commerce in the northern States, which urgently needed a lot of labor.

This kind of economic and political conflict has a long history. 1In the early 1960 s, 1 1 Southern states broke away from the federation and formed the Confederacy; North Korea expressed its willingness to pay any price for reunification. 186 1 year, the southern planters provoked a civil war on the grounds that Lincoln became the president of the United States, and the civil war broke out. This is a bloody war facing Americans. 1863 on new year's day, all the slaves cheered and joined the northern army in succession. The reason is that Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, and the North got a powerful army. 1April 9, 865, the southern government ended in failure. This victory not only restored the unity of the United States, but also stopped slavery throughout the country.

Transformation and development

/kloc-at the beginning of the 0/9th century, the United States began to industrialize, but after the civil war, it entered a mature stage. In less than 50 years from the Civil War to the First World War, the United States changed from an agricultural country to an urbanized country. From 1890 to 19 17, this nearly 30 years is called the progressive period. 19 14, the first world war broke out; 19 17, the United States was involved in the whirlpool of war and tried to play a new role in the world.

1929 The Great Depression of capitalism affected not only the United States, but also all countries in the world. The economic panic caused millions of workers to lose their jobs, a large number of farmers were forced to give up their farmland, factories and shops closed, banks closed down and there was a depression. 1932, franklin roosevelt (1882 ~ 1945) was elected president, and fully implemented the "Roosevelt New Deal" with government intervention in the market as the main means. He advocated that the government should take action to end the economic panic, and then introduced a series of policies to temporarily solve many difficulties, but the American economy did not wake up until after World War II.

At the end of 1930, World War II broke out. 194 1 year 65438+February 7, after Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, the United States entered the war. After World War II, with the defeat of the Axis countries and the decline of the strength of Britain and France, the United States and the Soviet Union became superpowers, and the world was divided into two camps: East and West. The United States and the Soviet Union and their respective camps confronted each other in an all-round way in military, political, economic, propaganda and other aspects, just like wartime, which is called the "Cold War" in history.

Martin Luther King's Speech

1950, the Korean War broke out, and the US military entered the war and fought side by side with the newly established Chinese people's Volunteer Army. The two sides of the war finally signed an armistice agreement with the 38th parallel as the boundary. After the war, McCarthyism, whose main purpose was to fight against * *, dominated American foreign policy, and the Cold War escalated gradually. From 65438 to 0962, the Cuban missile crisis pushed the panic caused by the Cold War to its peak. 1969, Apollo 1 1 put a man on the moon for the first time, and the United States gradually surpassed the Soviet Union in the space race. [4]

In the mid-1960s, when the Vietnam War broke out, many Americans began to be dissatisfied with the government's foreign policy. Anti-war demonstrations were accompanied by various civil rights movements. In addition, due to the development of industry and the concentration of population, the pollution of ecological environment was widely concerned in the late 1960 s, and the economic depression caused by the energy crisis was the most serious in history in the early 1970 s. In the mid-1970s, the American economy once recovered, but in the late 1970s, inflation reappeared.

1976, the bicentennial of the founding of the United States, various celebrations were held all over the country. Because of its comprehensive advantages in global politics, economy and science and technology, the United States finally brought down the Soviet Union in the Cold War, 199 1 year. With the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the United States won the final victory of the Cold War and became the only superpower in the world. [3]