What are the famous buildings in Shandong?

Abstract: Ancient architecture is a precious cultural wealth left by our ancestors, which has many values in history, culture, science and technology, art and so on. Well-preserved ancient buildings are not only important materials for studying a certain stage of history and culture, but also historical testimony of social and cultural changes. So what are the famous ancient buildings in Shandong? What are the characteristic buildings in Shandong? This article will introduce the architectural culture of Shandong to you. Now let's have a look! Shandong province has a long history and culture. Shandong ancient buildings accompanied by Qilu culture are integrated with nature. The community is solemn and dexterous, with simple and elegant architecture, profound artistic conception and profound cultural connotation. More than 70 ancient buildings from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Ming and Qing Dynasties gathered here, bearing a long history of architectural culture. Ancient architecture is a precious cultural wealth left by our ancestors, which has many values such as history, culture, science and technology, art and so on. Well-preserved ancient buildings are not only important materials for studying a certain stage of history and culture, but also historical testimony of social and cultural changes. When introducing the ancient buildings in Shandong Province, Historical Relics of Shandong Province once divided the main existing ancient buildings in Shandong Province into four categories, namely, temples and halls, buildings and pavilions, towers and bridges and other ancient buildings, and these four categories were divided into eleven parts, namely, temples, pavilions, towers, bridges, houses, manors, former residences and other buildings. This classification method is obviously classified according to the function of ancient buildings, which basically summarizes all aspects of existing ancient buildings in Shandong.

Shandong has 7 1 historical relics protection units at or above the provincial level. Except social buildings and productive buildings, there are other 65,438+065,438+0 categories listed by Mr. Chai Zejun. But the above classification is not very strict, because some ancient buildings have multiple functions themselves. There are also some ancient buildings that are modular buildings or buildings, including many ancient buildings with different functions. Below we will mainly introduce the main famous buildings in Shandong.

1. Jinan quadrangle

Most of the traditional urban dwellings in Shandong are concentrated in Fuxian towns around the old times and distributed all over the province, but the scale is different. Most of the houses in the Qing dynasty are still preserved, and a few towns retain houses in the Ming dynasty. Among the urban residential buildings in various places, the most typical one should be the residential building built in Jinan. The old city of Jinan is located in the park around the city in Lixia District, with a history of 1000 years. The residential buildings in the old city have been developing along the traditional and stable trend, especially after the Ming Dynasty, the building scale has greatly exceeded the previous generation. The residential buildings in the old city of Jinan are typical northern quadrangles, which have many similarities with Beijing quadrangles in layout, structure and style. In the past, most of these quadrangles were distributed on both sides of the streets and alleys in the old city. Most of them are binary courtyards, which are divided into front yard and backyard. The gate is located in the southeast or northwest corner of the front yard and is called the gatehouse. The gatehouse in Jinan is tall and exquisite, and the doorpillows, rhinoceros heads and racing boards of the gatehouse are engraved with exquisite patterns. Most of the other shapes are similar to those of Beijing quadrangles, but the distribution of courtyards where the gatehouse is combined with local decorations such as tile ridges and water lanes, and the elegant color of gray walls and tiles make Jinan quadrangles different from the heavy and rigorous characteristics of northern houses, which reflects a kind of light and smart residential buildings in the south of the Yangtze River. In the past, there were several pomegranate trees and buttonwood trees in the quadrangles of Jinan, and many famous springs of spring city were scattered in the quadrangles of the old city. Clear spring water often flows through the water lane outside the courtyard, so the quadrangles in Jinan in the old days felt the endless changes of nature all year round.

2. Seaweed houses in coastal houses

Among the local houses, the characteristics of coastal houses in Jiaodong are the most obvious. Jiaodong Peninsula is located in the east of Shandong Province and belongs to the coastal hilly area. The history of the village here is not too long. Most of the villages were formed by immigrants or garrisons from the mainland after the Ming Dynasty, and the layout of the villages mostly kept the form of the original villages in the mainland, but the residential buildings were full of sad natural materials and combined with local natural conditions to form a unique architectural style.

Most of the houses here are built by mountains and seas, so most courtyards are built along slopes. Climb up step by step from front to back. Although the yard is small, almost every household can maintain good ventilation and lighting. The residential courtyards here are mostly in the form of three courtyards, that is, three main rooms with wings on both sides. The building materials of the walled gatehouse and the house are taken from the gifts of the mountains and the sea behind the courtyard.

The local seashore produces a kind of flexible and slender grass with long-lasting heat insulation and corrosion resistance. The roof made of it used to be warm in winter and cool in summer, rich and simple, and very fishy. The walls of these seagrass houses are made of dark red granite produced locally, and the walls are very thick, giving people a rough and simple feeling. In the past, the coastal fishing villages of Rongcheng generation in Jiaodong were almost all residential houses with purple-gray seaweed roofs and dark red stone walls. Looking at the film, the roof is domineering and the color is mild, and the whole village presents a warm and considerate atmosphere.

3. Qixia Moushi Manor

Moushi Manor was built in Yongzheng period of Qing Dynasty, and it didn't reach its present scale until 1935. The whole manor faces south and is divided into three groups, including six courtyards, covering an area of 20,000 square meters and having more than 480 halls. Looking at the overlap of many quadrangles, horizontally, the channels are alternating, with distinct levels and distinct priorities.

A variety of quadrangles, Qixia Moushi Manor, is dominated by courtyard layout, with large courtyards and small courtyards, which are connected by aisles (more roads) deviating from the central axis, seeking practicality rather than form. Along the north-south central axis, quadrangles have been built in six courtyards, namely, south penthouse, bungalow, living room, building, small building, north penthouse and east-west penthouse, forming a set of ancient buildings with typical northern residential architectural characteristics. The building technology of the manor is unique, with clear carving, exquisite carving, bright columns and bright windows, brilliant literary talent and beautiful scenery, and it has the artistic characteristics of "three sculptures", "six eccentricities" and "nine wonders".

The stone wall is as flat as a mirror, and the cracks are as thin as lines. It is said that when building a wall, the owner will send some copper coins and pot irons to the masons every day and embed them in the gaps between walls to make the walls smooth. If you look closely, you can often find copper coins embedded in the cracks in the wall. It is said that the average cost of each stone is a barrel of millet, and this wall consumes 446 barrels of grain.

There are flower walls and 386 hexagonal wall stones in the courtyard. Any one of them can form a hexagonal flower pattern with the surrounding stones, generally forming a continuous flower pattern. Its exquisiteness is amazing. Moushi Manor, with its large scale and profound connotation, has been appraised by many experts and scholars as "the treasure of traditional architecture", "the small folk palace in China" and "the land of spiritual reproduction for 600 years", and now it has become a famous tourist attraction.

4. Stone houses in the central mountainous area

The mountainous area of Luzhong Mountain has undulating terrain and narrow and flat land. In order to occupy less cultivated land, most of the residential villages there are located on steep slopes. Therefore, from a distance, the ups and downs of the residential courtyard are integrated with the green hills at the foot, and the scenery is very beautiful with the embellishment of vegetation in the four seasons. Most residential courtyards in mountainous areas are mainly three-in-one courtyards, which are free in layout, adaptable to local conditions and practical. Most houses are wet-based, and the stone houses there are very special. The whole yard, from the gatehouse to the fence, from the steps to the body, is made of large and small stone slabs. The eaves tiles on the roof are as long as 1m, which is quite imposing. This kind of stone residence with original wooden doors and windows gives people a feeling of simplicity and roughness, which is completely different from other residential styles in Shandong.

Stone dwellings in Shandong mountainous areas are economical, durable and convenient to construct, and still have good popularization and use value in economically underdeveloped mountainous areas. At present, due to the relatively backward economic and cultural development in Shandong mountainous areas, such folk houses are still well preserved in Taian, Linyi and other mountainous areas in Shandong.

5. Yard with straw and mud walls

Plain areas such as southwestern Shandong and northern Shandong have a long history and vast land. The residential courtyards there are very large, usually with five northern houses and three wing rooms. There are also barns, big straw sheds, pigsty and other living facilities in the hospital. In front of the courtyard, there is usually a small vegetable plot for growing fruits and vegetables. This small yard is full of the interest of farm life. This kind of houses are mostly made of adobe and wheat straw, that is, the walls of houses are mostly adobe brick walls, the walls are plastered with wheat straw mud bars, and the roofs are uneven, but the wheat straw is used as the top of the slope, and only decorative door pillows and overhangs are carved. Although this mud house is not as durable as brick-concrete tile house, the roof of the house is easy to maintain and repair, and the adobe house with grass reinforcement is far better than today's reinforced concrete building.

6. Take the boat as your home

In the Weishan Lake area in the southeast of Shandong Province, residents there have no habit of building houses, but every household takes boats as their home. The boathouses there are two or three feet long and a few feet short, all of which are called "family boats". Fishermen rely on this "family boat" for their daily diet and daily life. This boat-based lifestyle is determined by the special production activities of local fishermen, which is in Shandong folk houses. After the 1970s, the lifestyle of fishermen has also changed greatly, and many lakesides have established fixed residential areas. Nowadays, the number of people who really take boats as their home is gradually decreasing.

7. Qufu Confucius Temple

The Confucius Temple was founded in the 17th year of Lu Aigong (478 BC), and it was expanded in the dynasties. It is called "Three Holes" together with the neighboring Confucius House and Kong Lin in the north of the city. It is a temple where the feudal dynasty of China offered sacrifices to Confucius, a thinker, politician and educator in the Spring and Autumn Period. It is a group of ancient buildings with oriental architectural characteristics, large scale and magnificent momentum. The Confucius Temple in Qufu, the hometown of Confucius in Qufu City, Shandong Province, is also called "Queli to Shengmiao". With Nanjing Confucius Temple, Beijing Confucius Temple and Jilin Confucius Temple, it is also called the four major Confucius Temples in China. Confucius Temple in Qufu is called an "isolated case" in the history of world architecture by architect Liang Sicheng. Now it is a world cultural heritage, a national key cultural relic protection unit and a national AAAAA-level scenic spot. It ranks alongside the Forbidden City and chengde mountain resort as the three ancient buildings in China. The plane of Confucius Temple is rectangular, with an area of 6.5438+0.4 million square meters and a length of 0.7 kilometers from north to south. The entire building complex of Confucius Temple runs through with the central axis, which is symmetrical from left to right and has a rigorous layout. * * * There are nine courtyards, in front of which are Xingxingmen, Shengshimen, Hongdimen, Dazhongmen, Tongwenmen, Kuiwenge and Ming Tombs Pavilion. Starting from Dashengmen, the building is divided into three roads: Dachengmen, Xingtan, Dacheng Hall, Bedroom Hall, Shengji Hall and. East Road is the Holy Gate, Poetry Auditorium, Laojing, Ruby, Shengyan, Family Temple, etc. Most of them were places where Confucius ancestors were sacrificed in the last five generations; On the west road, there are buildings such as Shengkaimen, Jinsitang, Shengkaiwangdian and Bedroom, which are places where Confucius' parents are sacrificed. There are five temples, one hall, one pavilion, two halls, seventeen pavilions and fifty-three halls in the whole temple, with a total of 466 temples, which were built in the Jin, Yuan, Ming, Qing and Republic of China periods respectively. The most famous buildings of Confucius Temple are Lingxing Gate, Gate No.2, Kuiwen Pavilion, Xingtan, Dacheng Hall, Sleeping Hall, Monument Hall and Poetry Auditorium.

8. Wei's Manor

Weishi Manor is located in the southeast town of Binzhou City, Shandong Province. It is a unique group of castle-style residential buildings and an outstanding representative of ancient northern residential buildings in China. It is as famous as Yantai Moushi Manor and Sichuan Dayu Liu Landlord Manor, and is also known as the three major manors in China. Wei's manor covers an area of more than 40 mu, and its layout is in the shape of "I", which consists of five parts: residence, garden, pond, ancestral temple and square. The residence of the manor combines the ancient wall buildings with military defense function in China with the quadrangles in Beijing, forming a group of castle buildings with unique artistic style. The building plane of the city wall is rectangular, 84 meters long from north to south and 46 meters wide from east to west. In the southeast corner and northwest corner of the city wall, there are two bunkers protruding from the city wall, which are divided into upper, middle and lower floors. Stone communication holes are set between floors to facilitate information transmission. The outer height of the city wall is10m, the inner wall is 7m, and the inner foundation is 3m. This is specially designed by the owner to prevent the Yellow River from flooding. The Yellow River is less than 5 kilometers south of the manor. The wall foundation is 3.8m thick and the top is1.5m wide. In the middle of the top of the city wall is a runway with different widths, which can bypass the city wall along the runway. Build a crib and a shooting hole outside the city wall. There are railings inside. There are 40 drainage stone troughs around the city wall. There are 13 niches around the inner wall of the city wall for armed men to shoot outside. The parapet of the north city wall is serrated, and only one person can walk at the narrowest part, which embodies the military defense thought of "one person guards it and ten thousand people can't force it". However, some feng shui scholars say that this floor is actually a mountain, and the back mountain is exquisite. The residential group * * * has three hospitals, and * * * has 256 houses. There are 6 courtyards and more than 40 houses. The house is built as a hard mountain, which is divided into two ways: roof and flower ridge, with unique form and style. Courtyard group consists of middle courtyard and east and west courtyards respectively. The Intermediate People's Court is the main building, which belongs to a typical Beijing quadrangle residence. There are private schools, tailor schools and kitchen schools on both sides. There are passages between courtyards, and the rooms are connected with the back passages through walls. Water is supplied to the inner room through the stone flow, and the offerings depend on the wall holes communicated with the inside and outside. In winter, the rooms are heated by the traditional kang type in China. There are more than 50 granaries in the castle, which can store a lot of grain and oil. A lot of coal is buried underground, and there are two brick wells. In case of war or famine, even if the city gate is closed for years, there is enough living guarantee. In addition, there are suspension bridges on the hard hills at the east and west ends of the North Hall of the Inner Hall, connecting the top of the city wall.