Where is the birthplace of Hakka dialect, where is the main branch of population, how many dialects are there, and where is the same pronunciation?

Hakka is a branch of the Han nationality, with remarkable characteristics, and it is also one of the widely distributed and far-reaching nationalities in the world. Starting from the Yongjia Rebellion in the Western Jin Dynasty, Han residents in the Central Plains moved southward on a large scale, and arrived at the junction of Guangdong, Jiangxi and Fujian, where they mixed with local aborigines and intermarried with each other. After thousands of years of evolution, a relatively stable Hakka clan has finally formed. Since then, the Hakkas have taken Meizhou as their base and moved abroad in large numbers to various provinces in South China and even around the world. The four Hakka States are Meizhou, Ganzhou, Tingzhou and Huizhou. The stone wall in Ninghua, Fujian is the center of Hakka legend, and it is called "Hakka ancestral land". At present, there are two main views on the origin of Hakka dialect: (1) it was migrated from the northern Han people; (2) The Han people who migrated from the north to the south merged with a few southern aborigines. & lt/B& gt； In the eyes of ordinary people, Hakkas are a branch of the northern Han immigrants who migrated to the south. In the long years, they have been displaced from place to place and experienced hardships. By integrating local minority indigenous people, they have formed, evolved and developed into a large clan with a population of tens of millions. (1) The formation of Hakka dialect. This is a tool for exchanging ideas and an important symbol. According to various studies, Hakka dialect was formed at the latest in the Southern Song Dynasty. Immigrants who moved to the south retained part of the local accent of their hometown in the Central Plains, while those who stayed in the Central Plains retained another part of the original accent of ancient Chinese. This does not mean that there is no ancient Chinese factor in the northern languages now. Among the branches of Min dialect, there are some obvious expressions of ancient Jiangnan dialect (ancient Wu dialect) and the Central Plains of the Three Kingdoms and the Jin Dynasty. Cantonese, with some obvious ancient sounds of Qin and Han dynasties and the expression of the Central Plains in Sui and Tang Dynasties; The pronunciation of Hakka dialect inherited many central plains accents from the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty. Cantonese inherits two languages, North and South, so it is similar to Min dialect and Hakka dialect. Hakka dialect has different names in different places, such as Hakka dialect, Hakka dialect and Cantonese in eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong (it is precisely because Hakka dialect in eastern Guangdong is also called Cantonese that Hakka dialect in Sichuan is called Tukan dialect); In western Guangdong and southeastern Guangxi, it is called Ya dialect, Majie dialect and Xinmin dialect. Liuyang, Hunan calls guests' surnames; In Sichuan, it is called Tukan people; It is called' Tingzhou Dialect' in Zhejiang, because the ancestors of Hakka people in Tingzhou, Zhejiang are all from Minting House. But commonly known as Hakka. This is claiming to be one with him. Hakka dialects are mainly divided into three categories according to their accents, namely Lingbei dialect, Lingnan dialect and tea dialect. The following three categories are compared with the past eight categories: Lingbei Jiangting Branch. Taking Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province as the center, it includes Tingzhou, Fujian Province in the east and Shaozhou, Guangdong Province in the west. Jiang refers to Jiangxi; Ting refers to Tingzhou. In the past, this category was divided into five parts: Peyo film, Ninglong film, Yugui film, Tonggu film and Tingzhou film. In Jiangxi province, it is generally believed that there are three representative voices: Hakka, local Hakka and Ningshi Hakka. Hakka dialects in Fujian are divided into Meihang small piece (belonging to Guangdong and Taiwan) and Tingzhou piece (belonging to Lingbei): Changting, Liancheng, Ninghua, Liu Qing and Mingxi County. Although influenced by Minnan dialect, many words have also changed, but the main features of Hakka dialect are basically preserved, that is, Tingzhou films. Lingnan is a branch of evolution, which was previously classified as Guangdong and Taiwan Province movies. In Lingnan area, the Hakka dialect in Chixi-Shenzhen-Shaonan-Yongding line can communicate without barriers, which is called Cantonese. Hakka dialects, such as Ai dialect, Rao-Zhao dialect, Cantonese dialect and land-sea dialect, are difficult to fully understand each other's meaning when they are in initial contact with the accent in the core area. Hakka dialects in Shanghang, Yongding and Wuping counties of Fujian Province (once called Fulaoke) are influenced by Minnan dialect, and generally cannot communicate with Hakka dialects in other areas of Fujian Province, belonging to Lingnan category. Tea dialect actually refers to Dongjiang dialect, also called Phok-Low-Hva, not Minnan dialect. The word "tea" is homophonic with "snake", and Dongjiang dialect is also called Seruo dialect. Named after the ancient name of Dongjiang Tea Stream; Boluo County was called Tea City in ancient times. Some people think Dongjiang dialect should be classified as Cantonese. In the past, Hakka studies generally divided tea talk into Cantonese films and Huizhou films, which are recorded here for reference. In the past, Guangdong and Taiwan were divided into Chengxiang, Xinhui, Shaonan, Xingning (or Jichang, including Flower Town), Woods (including Hepo Town), Ling Jie, Hailu, Raozhao, Aihua, Meihang (Yongding, Tai Po). Some scholars believe that Lingnan Hakka dialect can be divided into Guangfu Hakka dialect and Fulao Hakka dialect. New Conversation, Shaonan Dialect and Ai Dialect (including Guangxi Xinmin Dialect) all belong to Guangfu Hakka Dialect. Meixing small pieces (Yongding, Shanghang and Wuping in Fujian) belong to Fulaoke; Rao Pian (Rao Ping and Zhao An) is the most typical Fujian guy; Cheng Xiang, Woods, Ling Jie and Lu Hai also belong to Frock. Xingning area (including Huacheng Town in the north of Wuhua County) still belongs to Lingnan category as a whole, but it has some characteristics of Lingbei category. [Edit this paragraph] Hakka distribution in China and Hakka distribution in China Hakka areas are divided into pure Hakka counties and impure Hakka counties. It is generally believed that in daily work, people who only speak Hakka dialect without using other dialects account for 89% of the county's total population ("other dialects" does not include Mandarin), and the county culture is still a typical Hakka culture and a pure Hakka county. Others think that it needs to reach more than 94%. In short, there are fewer pure Hakka counties. There are 18 pure Hakka counties and cities in Jiangxi: Ganxian, Nankang, Xinfeng, Shangyou, Dayu, Chongyi, Anyuan, Longnan, Quannan, Dingnan, Ningdu, Du Yu, Xingguo, Ruijin, Huichang, Xunwu, Shicheng and Tonggu. There are 20 non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Ganzhou, Guangchang, Yongfeng, Ji 'an, Jishui, Taihe, Wan 'an, Suichuan, Jinggangshan, Ninggang, Yongxin, Wanzai, Yifeng, Fengxin, Jing 'an, Xiushui, Wuning, Pingxiang, Hengfeng and Wuyuan. The pure Hakka counties and cities in Fujian are Changting, Ninghua, Liu Qing, Mingxi, Liancheng, Shanghang, Wuping and Yongding. Non-pure Hakka counties and cities such as Jianning, Jiangle, Taining, Chong 'an, Guangze, Shaowu, Shunchang, Shaxian, Yong 'an, Sanming, Nanjing, Pinghe and Zhaoan 10. Guangdong pure Hakka counties and cities include Meixian, Yingde and Meijiang, Meizhou, Dapu, Jiaoling, Pingyuan, Xingning, Wuhua and Heyuan, Guangdong Puning Hakka Weilongwu, Dongyuan, Zijin, Longchuan, Heping, Li Anping, Liuhe, Xinfeng, Shixing, Nanxiong, Wengyuan, Huiyang, Huicheng and Lechang. Non-pure Hakka counties and cities include: Shenzhen, Dongguan, Lechang, Fengshun, Liannan, Jiexi, Huilai, Puning, Lufeng, Haifeng, Lianshan, Yangshan, Lianzhou, Fogang, Renhua, qujiang district, Longmen and Zengcheng. And Dianbai, Huazhou, Gaozhou, Xinyi, Yangxi and Yangjiang in Maoming, western Guangdong. Non-pure Hakka counties and cities in Guangxi: Hepu, Fangcheng, Qinzhou, Bobai, Pubei, Luchuan, Lingshan, Ningming, Chongzuo, Fusui, Yongning, Yulin, Hengxian, Beiliu, Rongxian, Wuming, Guigang, Binyang, tengxian, Guiping, Pingnan, Wuxuan, Mashan and Cangwu. Baxian, Fuling, Chongqing, Hejiang and Hechuan in Chongqing are not pure Hakka counties and cities in Sichuan: Tongjiang, Daxian, Bazhong, Yilong, Guang 'an, Lu Xian, Luzhou, Neijiang, Fushun, Longchang, Weiyuan, Zizhong, Anyue, Renshou, Jianyang, Chengdu, Xinjin, Shuangliu, Xindu, Wenjiang and Jintang. Non-pure Hakka counties and cities in Guizhou: Zunyi and Rongjiang. There are 17 non-pure Hakka counties and cities in Hunan: Linxiang, Pingjiang, Liuyang, Liling, Chaling, Yanling, Youxian, Anren, Changning, Leiyang, Yongxing, Guidong, Rucheng, Jiangyong, Jianghua, Chenzhou and Yizhang. Non-pure Hakka counties and cities in Hainan: 8 counties including Danxian, Chengmai, Ding 'an, Lingao, Qionghai, Wenchang, Wanning and Sanya. Hakka dialects in Taiwan Province Province, Taiwan Province Province are mainly distributed in towns south of Taoyuan, towns in Zhongli, Hsinchu, Zhudong and Miaoli, some towns in Pingtung County and Meinong Town in Kaohsiung County. Non-pure Hakka counties and cities: Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Miaoli, Nantou, Taichung, Pingtung, Chiayi, Kaohsiung, Changhua, Hualien, Yunlin, Taitung and Taipei. Hakkas from Hong Kong and Macao live together everywhere in Hong Kong and Macao, accounting for a considerable proportion of local residents. Many Hakkas have returned to Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi in southern Shaanxi, and there are many Hakka settlements with a population of 200,000. It is not yet possible to determine non-pure Hakka counties and cities. There are many Hakkas returning from Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi Hakka areas in Xinyang, Henan Province, and it has not yet been determined which are non-pure Hakka counties. The dialect in this area is no longer Hakka, and only a small amount of Hakka remains. Non-pure Hakka counties in Zhejiang include Yunhe, Songyang, Qingtian, Lishui (Liandu), Xuanping (now under the jurisdiction of Liandu, Songyang and Wuyi), Longquan, Suichang, Jingning, Jinyun, Taishun, Cangnan, Tangxi (Jinhua) and Jiangshan. The total population is over 654.38+00,000. [Edit this paragraph] The distribution of Hakka dialect outside China can be divided into five regions: Asia, Africa, Europe, America and Oceania. Among them, there are 3.5 million people who speak Hakka in Asia, mainly in Indonesia, Vietnam, Myanmar, India, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore and other countries. There are 54,000 overseas Chinese in Africa, distributed in Mauritius, Reunion, South Africa and other countries 12. About 460,000 people in the United States speak Hakka, which is distributed in 2 1 countries and regions such as Peru and the United States. There are 1600 and 44000 overseas Chinese in Europe and Oceania respectively. China, Asia, 70 million people, Indonesia, 6.5438+0.2 million people, Malaysia, 6.5438+0.25 million people, Thailand, 600,000 people, Singapore, 600,000 people, Philippines, Vietnam, 6.5438+0.5 million people, Myanmar, 55,000 people, Cambodia, 25,000 people, Laos, 5,000 people, Saudi Arabia, 33 Trinidad and Tobago, 6,000 people, Panama Ten thousand people Guatemala 0.0 1 10,000 people Dominica 0.120,000 people Canada 8 1 10,000 people Bolivia 0.0 1 10,000 people Peru 200,000 people Brazil 0.24 million people Chile 0.12,030 people Britain 152000. 000 Swiss 0 1000 Belgian 04300 Portuguese 0500 Swedish 02400 former Yugoslavia 02400 Czech 0 1000 Austria 065438. +00,000 Spain 00,200 Luxembourg 00,200 Madagascar, Africa 00,200 Mozambique 00,300 Nigeria 00,200 Sierra Leone 00,600 Zambia 00,200 Ghana 00,200 Reunion18,000 Mauritius 35,000.