How do British investment immigrants turn positive?

High school geography compulsory 2 knowledge points

The first chapter of population change knowledge reproduces the logical connection of knowledge points in this chapter:

1. 1 population change

1. The natural population growth in a region is determined by the birth rate and death rate. [memory]

2. Several important population days: 6 billion World Population Day (1999/112); China has a population of1300 million (2005/ 1/6).

3. The historical stage of population growth (understanding and memory): the characteristics and reasons of population changes during the period.

Before the agricultural revolution, the population was small, the population growth was slow, the productivity level was low and the mortality rate was high.

During the agricultural revolution, the population increased rapidly, and the level of productivity, medical conditions and life expectancy all improved.

After the beginning of the industrial revolution, the world's population growth rate has obviously accelerated, productivity and quality of life have been continuously improved, and the mortality rate has gradually decreased.

4. Reasons for the rapid population growth since the 20th century, especially in the past 100 years: (Understanding memory)

/kloc-in the past 0/00 years, with the progress of production tools and social productivity, the scope of human development, utilization and transformation of the natural environment has been continuously expanded, and the ability to resist various disasters and diseases has been continuously improved, which has enhanced human utilization and adaptability to the natural environment and further reduced the mortality rate. After World War II, most developing countries experienced rapid economic development, political independence, medical and health progress and decreased mortality.

The number of natural population growth in a certain area is influenced by the natural population growth rate and the size of population base. (Understanding memory)

China, India, the United States, Indonesia, Brazil,

Pakistan, Russia, Bangladesh, Japan, Nigeria

6. Comparison of population changes between developed and developing countries: (Understanding memory)

Analysis on the characteristics of population growth at the level of natural growth rate: an example of typical countries in the future.

Developed countries maintain a low level of slow growth, a sound social security system, and a relatively stable change in the concept of fertility. The population of some countries such as Russia, Germany and Japan will gradually decrease.

The relatively high-level population in developing countries is growing rapidly. Among the new population in the world, developing countries account for more than 80%, with political independence, national economic development, progress in medical and health undertakings, declining population mortality and slow population growth. Many countries have implemented population control measures in China, India and Pakistan.

7. The population growth pattern consists of three indicators: birth rate, death rate and natural growth rate. Formula: natural growth rate = birth rate-mortality rate

8. Characteristics of three population growth models (memory) Characteristics of population models

Original high birth rate, high mortality rate and low natural growth rate

Traditional high birth rate, low death rate and high natural growth rate

Modern low birth rate, low mortality rate and low natural growth rate

Changes in the way of population growth: [Memory] The way of population growth is from primitive to traditional, and then to modern.

Transformation factors: productivity level, national policy, social welfare, natural environment, cultural concept and religious belief.

10, most developed countries (represented by Europe and North America) are modern, most developing countries are traditional, China is modern, and the world is a transitional stage from traditional to modern. [memory]

1 1. The reasons why the population growth model of most developing countries has not yet entered the modern model are: a, the level of productivity is low, and the concept of rural fertility is backward; B, the level of urbanization is low, C, the status of women is low, there are few educational opportunities and low cognition; D. Different population policies

1.2 Spatial change of population

1. Population migration: People's residence has changed internationally or domestically. [Memory] Judgment of population migration: whether there has been geographical mobility (change of administrative location); Whether there is any change of residence; The change of time (usually one year)

2. Types of population migration (according to whether it crosses national boundaries): international migration and domestic migration.

3. Comparison of international population migration before and after World War II: [Memory] Migration reasons and special migration routes.

Before World War II, 1. Colonialist expansion and capitalist development. Great geographical discovery and opening of new routes 1. From the Old World to the New World II. From known developed countries to underdeveloped regions 1. Europeans to America and Africa II. Black Africans were trafficked to the United States. People from East and South Asia were recruited to the United States.

Uneven economic development among countries after World War II 1. From developing countries to developed countries, 2. Settled immigrants decreased, and migrant workers (foreign workers) increased by 65,438+0. Latin Americans go to work in North America, 2. South Asians, South Europeans and Africans go to work in West Asia, 3. Southern Europeans and Africans went to Western Europe.

Population Migration since the Founding of New China in China: [Memory] Reasons, Characteristics and Direction of Migration

Before the mid-1980s, 1. Planned economic system. Implement a strict household registration management system in a planned and organized manner. China dispatched all kinds of personnel from eastern cities to support the construction of inland and border areas in the west. A large number of rural population moved from the densely populated areas in the east to the northwest and northeast.

Since the mid-1980s, the policy of reform and opening-up has spontaneously moved towards 1. Inland to coastal areas. Mountain to plain 3. From poor areas to developed areas, there are also "migrant workers".

5. The significance of population migration [Understanding] Adjust the spatial distribution of population and the shortage of talents, strengthen ethnic integration and cultural exchanges, promote economic development, and narrow regional differences.

6. The impact of population migration on the place of immigration and emigration [Understanding Memory] The impact on the place of emigration: Good effects include reducing the population density of the place of emigration and reducing the pressure of population on the environment, while bad effects include the loss of talents and labor.

For the place where people move in: the good influence is the inflow of talents, providing cheap labor, which is conducive to economic development.

The bad effects include the increase of population density and the increasing pressure of population on the environment.

Factors affecting population migration: [memory] (1) changes in natural environment and socio-economic environment (2) changes in personal needs for life or occupation. Among the factors affecting population migration, economic factors often play an important role. 8. Factors of population migration in ancient China and recent decades: [Understanding and Memory]

Ancient times: mainly wars (Yongjia Rebellion, Anshi Rebellion, Jingkang Difficulty), followed by frontier expansion, exile, frontier defense, etc. War, religion, ecological environment, better economic treatment

In recent decades: mainly national policies, social changes, economic development, personal needs, etc.

The reasonable capacity is 1.3 population.

1, the relationship between environmental carrying capacity and population capacity [understanding] Environmental carrying capacity refers to the number of people that the environment can continuously support. An important index to measure environmental carrying capacity is the number of environmental population.

2, the concept of environmental population capacity and constraints [memory] environmental population capacity is a country or region in the foreseeable period, the use of local resources and other resources, intelligence and technology and other conditions, in order to ensure that the material living standards meet social and cultural norms, the country or region can continue to support the population. Constraints: resources (in direct proportion), the level of scientific and technological development (in direct proportion) and the level of living and cultural consumption (in inverse proportion).

3, the concept of reasonable population capacity: [memory] according to a reasonable lifestyle, to ensure a healthy standard of living, while not hindering the future quality of life of the population, the most suitable population in a country or region.

4. The urgency of maintaining a reasonable population capacity: [Memory] The increasingly serious problems of excessive population growth, urbanization and urban population aging.

5. Measures to maintain a reasonable population capacity: [Memory] (1) The international community advocates controlling the population within a reasonable scale as much as possible, establishing a fair order, and ensuring that most people have equal rights to pursue a high-quality life.

Chapter II Cities and Urbanization

1, the concept of urban form: [Memory] The city occupies a certain space and has a specific external contour form.

2. Urban form type: [Memory] type block strip cluster distribution area The plain area is forced to extend along the hilly and mountainous areas with rugged terrain such as railways or rivers and valleys. For example, Chengdu and Hefei in China, Lanzhou, Luoyang, Xining, Yichang in Washington, and Chongqing in the United States.

3. Agglomeration effect of urban land use [Understanding] The same land use mode often has the same demand for land space and location, which will lead to the agglomeration of the same activities in urban space.

4. There is no clear boundary between functional areas. A functional area is dominated by a certain land use mode, and there may be other types of land. [memory]

5. Functional area comparison [Understanding and Memory]

6. Urban regional structure model: [memory] concentric circle model, multi-core model, sector model.

7. Economic factors are the main factors that affect the urban internal spatial structure, which is reflected in the ability to pay the rent for various activities. The main factors affecting the ability to pay rent are: the convenience of transportation and the distance from the city center. [Understanding memory]

8. Schematic diagram of decreasing rent-paying capacity of various land use types with distance [understanding]

9. Other factors affecting the urban spatial structure: [Memory] The income level leads to the differentiation of residential areas, the reputation of history, culture or economy, the influence of race or the early land use mode of religious groups (Chinatown, etc.). )

10, the spatial structure of the city gradually forms and changes with the development of the city [Understanding] In the early stage, the functional distinction was not obvious. After the city center attracted a certain scale of industrial agglomeration by virtue of market and transportation advantages, factories and enterprises moved out, and problems such as land shortage, traffic congestion and environmental pollution led to changes in the spatial structure of the city.

2.2 Service functions of cities of different grades

1, urban classification and basis: [Memory] Urban classification is generally divided into: market towns, cities, big cities and megacities. The classification of China is: megacities (more than 654.38+0 million), megacities (500-654.38+0 million), medium-sized cities (200,000-500,000) and small cities (500,000).

2, the relationship between city level and service scope [understanding] The city level is low, the types of services are few, and the service scope is relatively small; The city has a high level, a wide range of services and a wide range of services.

3. Influencing factors of Shanghai's urban taste and service scope [Understanding memory] Shanghai is located at the midpoint of the north-south coastline of China, at the mouth of the Yangtze River. Shanghai has a developed railway network, which makes Shanghai have sufficient raw materials, labor, agricultural products and a huge market. Shanghai is located in the Yangtze River Delta, with a flat and open terrain.

4. City Grade: [Memory] The service types and scope of a city correspond to the city grade. In the same area, the spatial distribution of cities is also closely related to the city level. These different levels of city stewardesses combine to form a regional city level.

5. the relationship between city ranking and the number of cities and their mutual distance [understanding] the number of cities with higher rankings is small and far apart; There are more cities with lower grades and they are closer. (Take southern Germany as an example)

6. Central place theory [understanding] Premise: Plain areas with almost the same environment, uniform population distribution and unified traffic conditions, circular service scope, tangent service scope and hexagonal service scope.

2.3 Urbanization

1, the meaning of urbanization [understanding] The urbanization of land (rural land is transformed into urban land) and the urbanization of population (rural population is transformed into urban population) is the process of urban grade upgrading and the formation of regional urban grade system.

2. Motivation of population migration to cities: [Memory] Thrust: Rapid population growth has brought great pressure on land, natural disasters, low income and lack of social services; Motivation: Many employment opportunities, high degree of social welfare, complete cultural facilities and convenient transportation.

3, measure the level of urbanization: the proportion of urban population to the total population [memory]

4. Significance of urbanization: [Memory] (1) The economic center of urban regional development can promote regional economic development, and the improvement of regional economic level can promote urban development. (2) It can promote the change of settlement form, mode of production, lifestyle and values.

5. The process of urbanization in the world [Understanding and Memory] The common problems of regional expansion trend in the urbanization stage are that the initial stage is less than 25%~30%, and the functional land in low and slow cities is mixed, and the functional distinction is unclear. In the middle stage, it is 30%~70%, and in the later stage, it is more than 70%, such as traffic congestion, environmental deterioration, housing shortage, etc., which continues to aggravate the hollowing out and anti-urbanization of big city centers.

6. Comparison of urbanization between developing countries and developed countries Developing countries: start late and develop fast; Low level; Unreasonable development (abnormal development); Developed countries in the early and middle stages: start early; High level; There is anti-urbanization phenomenon; At a later stage

7, the impact of urbanization on the geographical environment [memory] The source of smoke and dust that harms air pollution emitted by urban residents; Smoke and dust emitted by industrial and mining enterprises; Exhaust pollutants emitted by various vehicles include smoke, dust, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, lead and other harmful substances, which pollute the air and endanger health (London fog and haze incident, photochemical pollution, acid rain). Industrial wastewater and domestic sewage worsen rivers, lakes, oceans and groundwater, which is harmful to human health and animal and plant reproduction (bone diseases, etc.). ). Solid waste pollutes industrial production, urban construction and residents' consumption, and is harmful to human health and the environment (white pollution, waste batteries, etc. )

8. How to build an "eco-city": [Memory ]( 1) In urban construction, it is necessary to develop low-pollution and energy-saving buildings and green transportation, reduce environmental pollution, make urban landscape as harmonious as possible with natural landscapes such as mountains, rivers, lakes, seas and vegetation, and establish a virtuous circle ("harmony between man and nature").

Chapter III Formation and Development of Agricultural Regions

3. 1 location choice of agriculture 1, the concept of agriculture: [Memory] Humans use the natural productivity of land to cultivate plants or raise animals to obtain the products they need.

The meaning of agricultural location: [understanding and memory] (1) the location of agricultural production (2) the relationship between agriculture and geographical environment.

The main location factors of agriculture: [Memory] Natural factors: climate, topography, soil, water resources, and socio-economic factors: market, labor force, transportation, policy, machinery, and science and technology are important factors that determine the type and scale of agricultural activities.

The Essence of Agricultural Location Choice: Rational Utilization of Agricultural Land [Memory]

Judging the dominant location factors of agricultural activities [understanding] Rice is mainly distributed in the monsoon region. "Oranges born in Huainan are oranges, and oranges born in Huaibei are bitter oranges" (climatic factors) Since the reform and opening up, the changes of agricultural landscape in subtropical coastal areas of China (market and policy) are suitable for tea planting in acidic red soil in the south (soil factors), and dairy farming and gardening along highways in big cities (traffic factors).

Changes in agricultural location factors [Understanding and Memory] Natural factors are relatively stable, and socio-economic factors are developing rapidly. Examples of scientific and technological transformation of natural factors: cultivating improved varieties to promote agricultural development (Yuan Longping expands the planting scope of hybrid rice and rubber trees); Improve local natural conditions and develop agriculture (greenhouse agriculture produces out-of-season vegetables). The development of transportation and the progress of refrigeration technology make the world agriculture specialized and localized.

The meaning of agricultural region: [Memory] An agricultural production region formed under the comprehensive action of social, economic, scientific and technological, cultural and natural conditions at a certain historical development stage. The formation of agricultural areas is the result of developing agriculture according to local conditions and making rational use of agricultural land.

8. Factors affecting agricultural regional types: [Memory] (1) Different geographical distribution of animals and plants (2) Natural conditions (3) socio-economic conditions.

9. Location conditions of mixed agriculture in Australia: [Memory] Natural location conditions: mild climate and moderate precipitation; Fertile soil; Flat terrain; Social and economic conditions with sufficient water resources: broad market (the main producing areas of wheat and livestock products in the world); Adequate labor force; Advanced production mode and technology

10. The main characteristics of mixed agriculture in Australia: [Memory] Production structure: mixed agriculture (wheat and sheep husbandry) management mode combining planting and animal husbandry: application of science and technology in family farms: rotation grazing, planting high-quality forage, specialization of rotation grazing and high level of regionalization. Development measures: East-to-West Water Diversion.

3.2 Planting-oriented agricultural regional types

1. Agricultural distribution and crop [memory] distribution of monsoon paddy field: crops in Asian monsoon region (distributed in East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia): rice is the main crop (rice habit: like temperature and humidity).

2. Location conditions of monsoon paddy field agriculture: [Memory] (1) The climate is dominated by monsoon, with high temperature and rainy weather, which is suitable for rice growth; (2) Flat terrain, suitable for paddy field management; (3) Dense population and abundant labor force; (4) Living habits lead to a large demand for food; (5) Rice production has a long history (7000 years).

3. Characteristics of monsoon paddy field agriculture [memory ]( 1) Small-scale farming (small production scale) (2) High yield per unit area and low commodity rate (3) Low mechanization and scientific level (4) Large amount of water conservancy projects.

4. Agricultural distribution [memory] distribution of commodity grain and crops: United States, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Russia and Ukraine: wheat and corn.

5. Location conditions of commodity grain agriculture [memory] (1) Superior natural conditions (mild climate, flat terrain and fertile soil) (2) Convenient transportation (3) Broad market (4) Broad land and sparsely populated (5) High degree of mechanization (6) Advanced agricultural science and technology.

6. The main characteristics of commodity grain agriculture [memory] The production scale is large, the commodity rate is high, and the level of mechanization and technology is high.

3.3 Agricultural regional types based on animal husbandry

1. Animal husbandry distribution and production target [memory] Distribution: United States, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa (arid and semi-arid climate zone) Production target: cattle and sheep.

2. The location conditions of pasture animal husbandry [memory] (1) The climate is warm and the grass is lush (2) The land is vast and sparsely populated, and the land price is low (3) It is close to the seaport and has convenient transportation.

3. The characteristics of ranch animal husbandry [memory] Large production scale, high commodity rate and high degree of specialization

4. Development measures of pasture grazing in Argentina [Memory] (1) Fencing grazing, rotational grazing, planting feed, opening up water sources (2) Cultivating fine cattle and strengthening the research on bovine diseases.

5. Distribution of dairy industry and distribution of agricultural products [Memory]: Agricultural products in the five great lakes of North America, Western Europe, Central Europe, Australia and New Zealand: milk and dairy products.

6. Dairy location conditions [memory] (1) The climate is cool and humid, suitable for the growth of succulent pasture; (2) Due to the high level of urbanization and the influence of living habits, there is a great demand for dairy products.

7. The main characteristics of the dairy industry [memory] high commodity rate; High degree of mechanization; High degree of intensification; Most of them are distributed around big cities. Chapter IV Formation and Development of Industrial Zones

4. 1 industrial location factors and location selection I. Economic benefits From the perspective of economic benefits, factories should choose places with obvious location advantages to obtain the highest profits at the lowest production cost. Type Name Typical Industry Advantage Development Regional Raw Material Oriented Industries Sugar Industry, Aquatic Products Processing Industry and Fruit Processing Industry Rich in Raw Materials Regional Market Oriented Industries Bottled Beverage Industry, Furniture Manufacturing Industry and Printing Industry Close to Product Consumption Market Regional Power Oriented Industries Non-ferrous Metal Smelting Industry, Chemical Industry with Adequate Energy Supply Cheap Labor Oriented Industries Ordinary Clothing, Electronic Assembly, Packaging, Umbrella Making and Shoe Making Industries have a lot of cheap labor, and technology oriented industrial integrated circuits, aerospace, aviation, precision instruments and advanced industries.

The influence of national policy changes on social benefits: from the great development of coastal industries in China in the 1980s to the great development of western China in the early 20th century. National defense needs: In the 1950s and 1970s, China established some large industrial bases in the Mainland, mainly heavy industry and military industry. The influence of personal preference: A large number of overseas Chinese have invested and set up factories in their hometown. The influence of industrial inertia: it may be due to the high cost of factory relocation, the influence of the government, the consideration of local economy and so on. It is often seen that a factory is located irrationally, but it still stays there. This is called industrial inertia ⅲ.

Environmental Benefits Read the textbook P6 1 Location Selection Map of Heavy Pollution Industries, and analyze how to choose the location of heavy pollution industries. Analysis process: a factory-pollution type-how to control it. Four. The overall analysis of factory location: economic benefits, social benefits and environmental benefits.

4.2 Formation of Industrial Regions I. Industrial Linkage-Industrial Agglomeration-Industrial Regions

Industrial linkage (1) Input-output linkage The first linkage is that the output of enterprise A is the input of enterprise B, such as spinning, weaving, printing and dyeing, and clothing manufacturing. The connection between different processes in the same factory also belongs to this kind of connection, such as production line. (2) Non-productive spatial linkages Some factories are not interconnected in the production process, but are interconnected in geographical space. The spatial connection between these factories, some for * * * using infrastructure, some for * * * using cheap labor, such as different industrial enterprises in some economic and technological development zones.

Industrial agglomeration in industrial development, industrial agglomeration often occurs in some factories with industrial ties. The advantages of industrial agglomeration can make full use of infrastructure, strengthen mutual information exchange and technical cooperation, reduce the transportation cost and energy consumption of intermediate products, and finally reduce production costs, improve profits and obtain economies of scale.

The concept of industrial region (1) The region formed by industrial agglomeration is called industrial region. (2) Formation of industrial zones According to the different formation processes, industrial zones can be divided into two categories: ① Spontaneous industrial zones are mainly formed by spontaneous agglomeration of industrial enterprises with input-output relations in production; (2) The planned industrial zone belongs to the same type as the former, and it is also formed by gathering different industries under the condition of absorbing the same infrastructure. (3) The nature of industrial regions According to the different degrees of development, industrial regions can be divided into two categories: ① The industrial regions with low degree of development (such as food industry) are mainly local agricultural and sideline products processing industries, with simple industrial links, small scale and few factories. (2) Highly developed industrial zones (such as iron and steel industrial zones), with complex industrial links, large area, many cooperative enterprises and large production scale, can often form highly specialized industrial cities. Many famous "Steel City", "Oil City" and "Automobile City" in China and even in the world. The regional relationship between industrial decentralization and industry In recent years, some industries with high technology content and complex technology (such as aircraft, automobile manufacturing and electronics industry) have begun to show the trend of decentralization. Multinational enterprises look for the best location conditions around the world, reduce costs, and finally get the greatest comprehensive economic benefits.

4.3 traditional industrial zones and new industrial zones i. traditional industrial zones

Distribution: Ruhr area, central England, industrial zone in northeastern United States, industrial zone in central and southern Liaoning, China, etc.

The characteristics of traditional industrial zones (1) are generally based on rich coal and iron resources, with textile, coal, steel, machinery, chemical industry and other traditional industries as the mainstay; (2) Take large enterprises as the axis, and gradually develop; Industrial distribution is highly concentrated.

History: It began to decline in 1950s, especially after 1970s, after which many countries underwent long-term transformation.

Development, Decline and Transformation of Ruhr District (see textbook map)

Location characteristics of development (1) Rich coal resources (2) Close to iron ore (3) Rich water resources (4) Convenient transportation (5) Broad market Ruhr area is based on coal industry, mainly iron and steel industry, and a few heavy industry departments are highly concentrated.

The main reason for the decline After the 1950s, the economy began to decline. The reasons are as follows: (65,438+0) Five traditional industrial sectors in Ruhr area with single production structure: coal, electricity, steel, machinery and chemical industry; (2) The energy status of coal is declining; (3) the world steel surplus; (4) the influence of the new technological revolution; (5) Land shortage and serious environmental pollution.

Comprehensive renovation measures In the 1960s, Ruhr District began to implement the general rules of comprehensive renovation, mainly from five aspects. A, adjust the industrial structure B, adjust the industrial layout C, develop the tertiary industry D, and optimize the environment

Concept and distribution of emerging industrial zones

Concept: Emerging industrial zones refer to flexible industrial zones for small and medium-sized enterprises gradually formed in some rural areas of developed countries after 1950s.

2. Main distribution: in northeast and central Italy, southern Germany, "Silicon Valley" in the United States and "Silicon Island" in Japan (Kyushu Island).

Fourth, the new industrial zone in Italy (see the map in the textbook)

1. The main conditions for the development of new industrial zones in Italy ① A large number of cheap labor is the condition for local development; (2) The sharp rise in the prices of raw materials and energy in 1970s was an international condition for development; ③ Developed credit system ④ Italy's highly open economy ⑤ Strong government support.

2. Developing characteristic industrial zones The production scale of traditional industrial zones in Italy's emerging industrial zones is mainly small and medium-sized enterprises, and large enterprises are the main industrial sectors. The production process of light industry and heavy industry is scattered and concentrated, the concentration of production capital is low, and the industrial distribution is scattered in small towns or rural areas.

3. The unique development model-industrial community (1) refers to the mutual trust, relatively stable cooperative relationship and production, supply and sales system gradually established by small and medium-sized enterprises (between production enterprises and production enterprises, between production enterprises and non-production enterprises) in a region according to the needs of modern operation, centering on a business activity. (2) Function helps to strengthen specialization, improve production efficiency, reduce production costs and enhance competitiveness in domestic and foreign markets.

Five, the United States "Silicon Valley" (see the textbook map)

1. Features Since the middle and late 20th century, driven by the new technological revolution, some emerging industries with high technology content have developed rapidly. (1) talents: high level of employees (2) products: high R&D expenses; (3) rapid growth and renewal; (4) The products are geared to the international market.

2. The reasons for its rise are (1) superior geographical location and beautiful environment (2) pleasant climate. Here belongs to the Mediterranean climate, warm and humid. (3) Institutions of higher learning. Stanford University (4) has convenient transportation and fast access. Mainly road and air transportation. (5) Military orders: special conditions!

Traffic layout and its influence I. Main traffic modes and their characteristics:

Advantages and disadvantages of transportation mode

Railway transportation is one of the most important modes of transportation in modern times. Large volume, high speed, low freight rate, little influence by natural factors, good continuity, high construction cost, large consumption of metal materials, wide geographical area and high short-distance transportation cost.

Highway transportation is the fastest developing, most widely used and increasingly important mode of transportation. Flexible, quick turnover, convenient loading and unloading, strong ability to adapt to various natural conditions, small transportation volume, high energy consumption, high cost and expensive freight.

Waterway transportation is the oldest mode of transportation, which has the advantages of large capacity, low investment, low cost, slow speed, poor flexibility and continuity, and is greatly influenced by natural conditions such as waterway hydrology and meteorology.

Air transportation is the fastest and most efficient modern transportation mode, with small volume, high energy consumption, high freight rate, large equipment investment and strict technical requirements.

A new mode of transportation in which pipeline transportation tools and lines are integrated. The goods are mainly crude oil, refined oil, natural gas, coal slurry and other ore pulp. The gas does not volatilize, the liquid does not flow out, the loss is small, the continuity is strong, it is stable and safe, the management is convenient, it can be all-weather, and the traffic flow is large. Pipeline transportation needs to lay special pipelines, which has large equipment investment and poor flexibility.

The formation and development trend of traffic network: traffic network formed by one way, traffic network formed by more than two ways and comprehensive traffic network in different regions. (See P80 in the textbook)

Development trend: transportation is not only increasingly networked and internationalized (the world's two major Eurasian continental bridges and four major shipping routes), but also increasingly high-speed, large-scale and specialized (container transportation saves packaging costs, facilitates the mechanization of loading and unloading operations and ensures the safety of cargo transportation).

Location factors of traffic lines and stations;

Location factors affecting railway construction: economic and social factors become decisive factors. Take the Beijing-Kowloon Railway as an example (1, rational transportation network layout, 2, promoting economic development along the route, 3, maintaining long-term stability and prosperity of Hong Kong, and 4, advanced science and technology as a guarantee).

B. Location factors affecting highway construction: to build a highway, 1. We should make full use of favorable natural conditions and avoid sections with complex terrain, geology and hydrological conditions. 2. Try to occupy less cultivated land and handle the relationship with urban development.

E. Conditions for port construction: The port location is not only affected by water conditions (such as navigation conditions and berthing conditions), but also by land conditions (such as port construction conditions and hinterland conditions).

The main location factors of Shanghai Port are:

First, Shanghai Port is the seaport and seaport of the Yangtze River Delta. The main port areas are distributed along Huangpu River, and the delta is flat and open, which provides conditions for port construction. On the one hand, the Yangtze River provides fresh water for the port, on the other hand, it ensures the navigation space for ships. However, the slope of the delta is small, and the sediment is easy to deposit and block the river.

Second, the economic hinterland of Shanghai Port is the most developed area in China.

Third, Shanghai Port is based in Shanghai.