What is the kingdom of Pan in China's dynasties?

1 Korea: Since the Western Han Dynasty, all countries on the Korean Peninsula have been vassals of China. Before the rise of the Qing Dynasty, North Korea maintained a traditional close relationship with the Ming Dynasty (in the first year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang sent an envoy to North Korea to send a letter, thus establishing the relationship between the two countries). 1636, Huang taiji led a new army to Korea and captured Seoul, Kyoto, North Korea. Facing the national survival, korean king Li Zhuo accepted the surrender of the Qing army, stopped using the title of the Ming Dynasty, severed all ties with the Ming Dynasty, and took the Qing Dynasty as the patriarch. After the Qing Dynasty made Beijing its capital, envoys from both sides exchanged visits every year. On the North Korean side, apart from four regular tributes to Dong, He Zhengshuo, He and Nai, there are various irregular envoys coming to China every year. After the Meiji Restoration in Japan, the aggression was directed at North Korea. 1876 65438+ 10, on the one hand, Japan sent an expedition to invade North Korea and coerced North Korea to contract trade. On the other hand, send someone to China to negotiate. At that time, the Prime Minister's yamen replied that China had never interfered in North Korea's internal affairs and diplomacy. Japan takes this opportunity to make it clear that China has not asked about North Korea's affairs, and the so-called "client country" is just a hollow name. Japan insisted on treating North Korea as an "independent country", so it forced North Korea to sign the Asahi Jianghua Treaty on February 26th, 1876. The Jianghua Treaty clearly exposed the Japanese ambition of rejecting China's suzerainty in North Korea. Since then, Japan has accelerated the pace of aggression against North Korea, and successively brewed 1882 "Renwu mutiny" and 1884 "Shen Jia coup". "Although the rapid action of the Qing army quelled these two incidents, Japan took this opportunity to force North Korea to sign the Incheon Treaty of 1882 and the Seoul Treaty of 1885, which expanded Japan's rights and interests in North Korea. Because Japan is not satisfied with these interests. After it is ready; It launched the Sino-Japanese War of 1894- 1895, invaded Korea and then invaded China. After the defeat of the Qing army, the Qing government was forced to sign the treaty of shimonoseki with Japan to confirm the independence of Korea, and the relationship between the Qing dynasty and Korea ended.

2 Ryukyu: Ryukyu is Okinawa in Japan today. The suzerain-vassal relationship between China and Ryukyu has a history of more than 500 years. The relationship between Ryukyu and China has been very close since the Ming Dynasty. Ryukyu has been paying tribute to China, and all the kings of Ryukyu have accepted the knighthood of China.

1372, Zhu Yuanzhang, Emperor Taizu of Ming Dynasty, sent a letter to King Chadu of Zhongshan. Northern Shaanxi, Zhongshan and Shannan paid tribute to the Ming government. Ryukyu became a vassal of the Ming Empire. Ming Chengzu also presented 36 Minnan people with surnames to Ryukyu.

1644 years later, the Ryukyu envoy came to China on 1646 and was received by the emperor shunzhi. Since then, Ryukyu envoys have been in constant contact with the Qing court. Every time the new Ryukyu king succeeded to the throne, the envoys of the Qing Dynasty went to celebrate, 1663 (the second year of Kangxi) and 1756 (the twenty-first year of Qianlong). The Qing emperor gave the seal to the Ryukyu King twice, and the seal given by Qianlong was written with the words "Ryukyu King Seal". Until the 65438+60s, Ryukyu always admitted that it was a vassal of the Qing Dynasty.

1872, Emperor Meiji of Japan ascended the throne, satirizing and waving congratulations. The king of Ryukyu sent his son to a party in Tokyo. Under the imperial edict of the Japanese Emperor, Ryukyu was regarded as a vassal and was listed as a county in 1873. 1875 in may, the Japanese forced the Ryukyu king to stop paying tribute to China and send troops to Ryukyu. In June, Ryukyu was forced to change its name to Japan in order to disappear the trace of "suzerain-vassal relationship". 1876, Japan set up a judicial institution in Ryukyu, and in fact put Ryukyu under its rule.

The king of Ryukyu couldn't bear the Japanese aggression. In April 1877, he sent the purple towel official Dehong and others to China to submit a state secret letter, pleading to stop the Japanese annexation. What the Qing court sent to Japan to negotiate was fruitless. 1879 In March, the Japanese government sent troops to occupy Ryukyu, and on March 30, it officially declared Ryukyu as Okinawa Prefecture. 1On July 3rd and 23rd, 879, the King of Ryukyu ordered Purple Towel Officer Xiang Dehong to visit Li Hongzhang twice in Tianjin, demanding that the Qing government punish Japan. On October 24th, 65438/KLOC-0, Mao Jingchang, an official in charge of Ryukyu's eyes and ears, and others went to Beijing's Premier's yamen to "kneel down and wail, sobbing and crying", hoping that the Qing government would send troops to rescue Ryukyu in the name of "caring for jade for 200 years". 1894+0894 ~ 1895 After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, China not only lost its right to speak on Ryukyu, but was also forced to cede Taiwan Province Province and Penghu Islands to Japan. 1945 Japan was defeated in World War II. The Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Proclamation stipulate that Japan must give up the land acquired through aggression and only keep Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku. Subsequently, the United States hosted Diaoyu Island and Ryukyu Island, but in 1970, the United States and Japan signed the San Francisco Peace Treaty and gave it to each other privately. Japan stole Ryukyu Island (now Okinawa) and our Diaoyu Island. Up to now, the sovereignty of Ryukyu Islands has not been decided, and China has never recognized Japanese sovereignty over it. Since World War II, there has also been a "Ryukyu Renaissance Movement".

Viet Nam: From the Western Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, 1000 has been the territory of China for more than one thousand years. For Jiaozhi County, Annan is the capital of the government, and a large number of immigrants from the Central Plains live here. It was not until the rebellion in the late Tang Dynasty that Vietnam became a country in 939. After defeating the army of Nanhan in China, it became independent and could not be recovered in the Northern Song Dynasty. China was called Annan in ancient times (before the Southern Song Dynasty, it was called the "toe-crossing country"), and claimed to be Daqu Yue and Da Yue. In the early Ming Dynasty, Viet Nam once became the territory of China, but only 20 years later, it declared its independence again and became a vassal state of the Ming Dynasty. /kloc-At the beginning of the 6th century, it split into two opposing feudal groups. The northern group controlled the Li Dynasty, while the southern Ruanhuang Group controlled the Li Dynasty. In order to deal with the Ruan clique in the south, Zheng clique was anxious to pacify the Qing court. 1660 (the seventeenth year of Shunzhi), the Li Dynasty sent envoys to pay tribute to the Qing Dynasty, and the Qing Dynasty immediately agreed to canonize Li Weiqi as King Annan. By the end of 17, the Ruan clique, which was originally split in the south of Annan, completely annexed the southern city-occupying country. Car 1702, Ruan Fu? He sent an envoy to China to ask the Qing court to be knighted, but the Qing government refused, so he became king on his own. 1803, Nguyn Phuc Anh changed Annan to Vietnam, and the Qing government ordered Kibson, the provincial judge of Guangxi, to go to Vietnam and canonized Nguyn Phuc Anh as the king of Vietnam. 19 In the 1940s and 1950s, France began to carry out armed aggression against Vietnam. 1862 In June, Vietnam was forced to sign the first Saigon Treaty, turning six southern provinces of Vietnam into French colonies. 1874 In March, France forced Vietnam to sign the second Saigon Treaty, and France "recognized" Vietnam's "independence" on the condition that France presided over Vietnam's diplomacy, thereby denying China's "suzerainty" and establishing France's privileged position in Vietnam. 1875 in may, the French informed the Qing government of this treaty and asked China to restrain the black flag army. The Qing government has repeatedly stressed that China has the responsibility to protect the "sovereign state" of Vietnam, and pointed out that the Vietnamese army went to "suppress bandits" at the request of the King of Yue. 1877, Vietnam sent envoys to pay tribute to China as usual, but the French did not stop them. From 65438 to 0883, France invaded Vietnam in an all-round way, forcing Vietnam to sign the Treaty of Hue in Vietnam, and Vietnam recognized and accepted France's right of protection. 1In June, 884, France forced Vietnam to sign the second Vietnam-France Hue Treaty, which established France's colonial rule over Vietnam. After the end of the Sino-French War, in June 1885, China and France formally signed the Sino-French Vietnam Treaty (the Sino-French New Testament), and the Qing government recognized the treaty concluded between France and Vietnam and gave up its suzerainty over Vietnam.

Sulu: Sulu is the sulu archipelago of the Philippines today. During the Ming Dynasty in China, the ancient Sulu countries began close and friendly exchanges with China. In the 15th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 14 17), three kings of sulu archipelago, Ba Du Gebala, Mahara Gemadin and Ba Du Gebala, led a 340-member friendly delegation to China for a friendly visit, which was received by Emperor Yongle of Ming Dynasty (Ming Judy). 1726 (the fourth year of Yongzheng), King Sulu sent envoys to pay tribute to the Qing court. 1754, King Sulu requested that Suludian and Dinghu be included in the China edition, which was politely declined by Emperor Qianlong. 185 1 year, Spain occupied Lehe Island, and the traffic between Qing Dynasty and Sulu Kingdom was interrupted.

Myanmar: Myanmar became a vassal state of China in the Yuan Dynasty. In the early Qing Dynasty, he sent troops to Myanmar many times. 1769, the Qing government sent Fu Heng, a great scholar, to Myanmar, and Meng Wang of Myanmar refuted his fears and made peace. After the two sides made peace, Myanmar sent envoys to pay tribute to the Qing Dynasty, expressing their submission to China. 1790, the Qing court sent an envoy to Myanmar and made Meng Yun king of Myanmar. Since 1824. Britain launched a war of aggression against Myanmar. In the process of the British government creating troubles and provoking the invasion of Myanmar, the Qing government made representations. On the one hand, the British government claimed that it didn't know China's suzerainty over Myanmar in advance, which would not harm China's rights in Myanmar, on the other hand, it stepped up its aggression against Myanmar. In 1885 and 65438+February, Britain sent troops to capture Mandalay, the capital of Myanmar, and captured the king and queen of Myanmar. 1 886,65438+1October,1,Britain announced the annexation of upper Myanmar to British India, thus completing the annexation of the whole Myanmar. After Britain annexed Myanmar, the Qing government protested and China and Britain negotiated. 1In July, 886, the Myanmar Clause was signed in Beijing. The Qing government recognized Britain's privilege in Myanmar, and Britain agreed that Myanmar would "submit things to China as usual" every ten years. Although the Qing government met the negotiation requirements for Britain to "not stop paying tribute", in fact, the suzerain-vassal relationship between the Qing dynasty and Myanmar no longer exists.

Nanzhang: Nanzhang is Laos today. /kloc-At the beginning of the 8th century, Nanzhang was divided, and the Luang Prabang Kingdom was established in its north, which is still called "Nanzhang" by the Qing Dynasty. 1729 (the seventh year of Yongzheng), the kingdom of Luang Prabang began to pay tribute to the Qing court. 179 1 year, Luang Prabang Kingdom was intervened by Zhao Haoqi South of Vientiane, and King Anulu of Luang Prabang was forced to flee to Bangkok. Soon, with the help of the Qing Dynasty, Anulu returned to Luang Prabang. Until his son Mantatula came to power, he kept close contact with the Qing court, which also awarded him seals and imperial edicts. From 65438 to 0893, Luang Prabang became a "protectorate" of France, and the relationship between Qing Dynasty and Nanquan came to an end.

Siam: Siam is Thailand today. 1652 (the ninth year of Shunzhi), Siam sent envoys to pay tribute to the Qing Dynasty, which opened the exchanges between the two countries. 1767, Burmese troops invaded Siam and conquered the capital of Siam. Pierre Daxin, the rich magistrate of Dacheng Dynasty, organized the Siamese people to repel the invading Burmese army, unified Siam and was made king. 1768, Marsh sent an envoy to the Qing Dynasty, requesting the Qing court to make him King of Siam, but the Qing court thought that he was taking the opportunity to usurp the throne and refused.

However, Marsh continued to show kindness to the Qing government, and the Qing government finally recognized the dynasty established by Marsh in 1777, allowing Siamese envoys to pay tribute to the Qing court. 1823 (the third year of Daoguang), the Qing government presented the memorial tablet of "being buried in the sea forever" to the Buddha Lotra Naboulet, king of Siam. 1855, the British representative and Hong Kong Governor Pauling forced Siam to sign the Anglo-Siam Trade Treaty (Pauling Treaty). Since then, France, the United States, Italy and other countries have followed the example of Britain and forced Siam to sign similar treaties. Siam became a semi-colony of western colonial countries, and its relationship with the vassals of the Qing Dynasty gradually ended.

Hao Han: Hao Han was a feudal khanate founded by Uzbek people in Central Asia in the18th century. 1759 (twenty-four years of Qianlong), the Qing army had a direct relationship with Khan Erdene in the process of pursuing the great filial piety and Zhuo of Xinjiang rebels. Erdene took the initiative to attach himself to foreign governors and paid tribute to the Qing court. By the beginning of the19th century, Hao Han still pretended to show "respect" to the Qing Dynasty, but in fact he constantly invaded China and annexed the territory of China. 1876, Russia annexed a vast country and established Fergana province. The suzerain-vassal relationship between Hao Han and the Qing Dynasty ceased to exist.

Afghanistan: In the early Qing Dynasty, Afghanistan was divided. 1759, Boluo, east of Badak, sent envoys to pay tribute to the Qing Dynasty. 1878, when Britain occupied Afghanistan, the communication between the Qing Dynasty and Afghanistan was interrupted. The suzerain-vassal relationship between Qing Dynasty and neighboring countries and its termination were basically the same. In addition, issues concerning Tibet and Outer Mongolia also need to be discussed here. As we all know, the Qing government exercised complete sovereignty in Tibet and outer Mongolia. At that time, Britain, Russia and other countries have been trying to replace China's sovereignty in these areas with suzerainty. Britain has repeatedly denied China's sovereignty in Tibet, believing that the Qing government only has suzerainty in Tibet. Britain ignored the facts and was resolutely opposed by the Qing government, and its plot never succeeded. Before the independence of Outer Mongolia, China also exercised full sovereignty in Outer Mongolia. After the Revolution of 1911. Russia instigated the "independence" of Outer Mongolia, forcing Yuan Shikai's Beiyang government to conclude the Sino-Russian Declaration with Russia, which made the China government lose its territory and sovereignty in Outer Mongolia and only retained the name of suzerainty, which seriously violated China's interests. Therefore, we must have a clear understanding of sovereignty and suzerainty. We must not say that China's sovereign areas are suzerainty just because the Qing Dynasty has suzerainty over neighboring countries. We must resolutely oppose confusing suzerainty with sovereignty and resolutely oppose replacing sovereignty with suzerainty.

Nepal: Nepal, the last suzerain of the Chinese Empire for thousands of years.

After the founding of the Republic of China, Yuan Shikai wanted to invite Nepal to join the five ethnic groups. Unfortunately, Nepal was controlled by Britain and India at that time. The suzerain-vassal relationship between the Qing Dynasty and Nepal is a very realistic international strategic relationship.

In the early Qing Dynasty, Ladakh, Zhemengxiong, Bhutan and other countries outside the Himalayas were vassals of China. After Britain and India began to annex and invade these countries, all countries rushed to China. Britain and India were called "Pileng" in their newspapers. The confused Qing Dynasty didn't even know that Pileng was Britain, but thought it was a small country far away, but ignored it. Ladakh, Zhemengxiong, Bhutan and other countries outside the Himalayas fell to Britain one after another, and Britain further pointed its aggression at China, Tibet and Nepal. At this time, the Qing Dynasty had a clear understanding of the international situation and formulated policies to stabilize Nepal and maintain its vassal status in order to curb British and Indian aggression and policies. Nepal has also punished Yin Jian, which was overthrown by other southern countries, and actively maintained its relations with China.

10 Doris * * * and China.

: Lan Fang and China were the first * * * and China founded by China people. 1770, Luo Fangbo, a Hakka from Meizhou, Guangdong Province, established Lanfang Company in West Borneo (now west of Kalimantan) in Southeast Asia. 1777, Luo Fangbo changed the name of "Company" to "* * * and Country" and became "Lanfang * * and Country". As the invasion of Nanyang by the Dutch and other western colonialists intensified, Luo Fangbo complied with the current situation and the requirements of local Chinese and backward ethnic groups to protect their right to subsistence. 1770, established the Republic of Lanfang * * (1777 ~ 1884), with its capital in Jin Dongwan. Due to Luo Fangbo's deep nostalgia for the motherland and foreigners' scruples about the Qing Dynasty, at the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, he sent people to Beijing to report the relevant situation to the Central Committee, and immediately surrendered to the Qing Dynasty and paid tribute to the Party. Later, they sent envoys back to China many times to meet the emperor, requesting to be a vassal, and wanted to bring the land of Borneo (kalimantan island) into the territory of the Qing Dynasty or become a vassal country. At first, the Qing emperor refused to accept it, and later accepted the tribute. Failure to do this really makes foreigners feel great scruples and stop harassing local people. On the other hand, the tribes that did not join in the early days, seeing the success of the Southern Republic, also expressed their willingness to join as member tribes. At its peak, the sphere of influence of the Southern Republic occupied the whole of kalimantan island.

Later, due to repeated diplomatic failures in the Qing Dynasty, westerners began to realize that the Qing Dynasty was weak and unable to manage foreign affairs. Taking advantage of the outbreak of the Sino-French War, the Netherlands began to redeploy its occupation. In A.D. 1884, the Netherlands invaded the Republic of Doris. Although the Doris Republic resisted, the remnants fled to Sumatra because they were outnumbered. But still afraid of the reaction of the Qing government, the Netherlands did not publicly claim to occupy Lanfang, but set up another puppet rule. It was not until 19 12 that the Qing Dynasty perished and the Republic of China was founded that the Netherlands officially declared its occupation of Lanfang. Doris and this country perished on their own. * * * has experienced more than one hundred years.